Ke kapa ʻole nā meaolaola i ka pterodactyl (kahi dinosaur lele, kahi moʻo lele, a me kahi deragona lele kekahi), ua ʻae lākou ʻo ia ka mea kolo eheu ʻēheu i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia a, ʻo ia paha ka kūpuna o nā manu o kēia au.
Hōʻike o pterodactyl
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Latina ʻo Pterodactylus e hoʻi i nā aʻa Helene, i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he "manamana ʻēheu": ua loaʻa i ka pterodactyl kēia inoa mai ka manamana ʻehā elongated o nā forelimbs, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka ʻeheu ʻili. Pili ʻo Pterodactyl i ka genus / suborder, kahi ʻāpana o ka papa nui o pterosaurs, a manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ia wale nō ka pterosaur i hōʻike mua ʻia, akā ʻo ka moʻo lele e haʻi nui ʻia i ka moʻolelo o paleontology.
ʻIke, nā ana
ʻO ka pterodactyl ke nānā aku me he mea lā o ka mea kolo ma mua o ka manu clumsy me kahi nuku nui (e like me ka pelican) a me nā ʻeheu nui... ʻO Pterodactylus antiquus (ka mea mua a kaulana loa i ʻike ʻia) ʻaʻole kū i ka nui - 1 mau mika kona eheu. ʻO nā ʻano pterodactyls ʻē aʻe, e like me nā paleontologists nāna i kālailai ma luna o 30 mau koena fossil (nā iwi iwi a me nā ʻāpana āpau), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mākua digitalwing kahi iwi poʻo lōʻihi a lahilahi hoʻi, me nā ā ālina, pololei, kahi e ulu ai nā niho kuʻi kiki (ua helu nā mea noiʻi he 90).
ʻO nā niho nui i mua a hele liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ka iwi poʻo a me nā ā o ka pterodactyl (ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano e pili ana) pololei a ʻaʻole wili i luna. Ua noho ke poʻo ma ka ʻāʻī maʻalahi, elongated, kahi i loaʻa ʻole nā iwi ʻaoʻao, akā ʻike ʻia ka iwi kuamoʻo. Ua kāhiko ʻia ke kua o ke poʻo me kahi kualapa wīwī kiʻekiʻe, i ulu aʻe i ka ulu ʻana o ka pterodactyl. ʻOiai ka nui o ko lākou nui, ua lele maikaʻi nā ʻēheu uila - hāʻawi ʻia kēia manawa kūpono e nā iwi māmā a me nā hollow, i pili nā ʻēheu ākea.
Mea nui! ʻO ka ʻeheu he pelu ʻili nui ia (e like me ka ʻēheu o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa), hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka manamana ʻehā a me nā iwi o ka lima. ʻO nā lālā o hope (me nā iwi i hoʻopili ʻia o ka ʻūhā o lalo) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i ka lōʻihi i mua, kahi i hāʻule ai ka hapalua ma ka manamana ʻehā, kau ʻia ka lei me ka māiʻu lōʻihi.
Ua pelu ʻia nā manamana lima lele, a ʻo ka membrane ʻēheu i haku ʻia me nā mākala lahilahi, uhi ʻia i ka ʻili i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kualono keratin ma waho a me nā olonā collagen ma loko. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino o ka pterodactyl me ka kukui i lalo a hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka aneane kaumaha ʻole (e kūʻē i ke kua o nā ʻeheu ikaika a me kahi poʻo nui). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā reenactors āpau i kahi pterodactyl me kahi kino ʻiki - e laʻa me Johann Hermann (1800) pena iā ia me ka momona.
ʻOkoʻa nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka huelo: manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi mau paleontologists he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia a ʻaʻole ia he kuleana, ʻoiai e kamaʻilio ana kekahi e pili ana i kahi huelo maikaʻi i nalowale i ke kaʻina o ka evolution. Kamaʻilio nā mea hoʻomana o ka lua o ke kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka indispensability o ka huelo, ka mea a ka pterodactyl i hoʻokele ai i ka lewa - ka maneuvering, e iho koke ana a piʻi koke paha i luna. "Hoʻopiʻi" nā biologists i ka lolo no ka make ʻana o ka huelo, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia ai ka hōʻemi a me ka nalo ʻana o ke kaʻina huelo.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Pterodactyls ma ke ʻano he holoholona i hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia, e ʻōlelo nei ua alakaʻi lākou i kahi ala diurnal a me ka nohona. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia inā hiki i nā pterodactyls ke pale pono i ko lākou mau ʻēheu, ʻoiai ke kānalua ʻole ka manuahi manuahi - ua kākoʻo maʻalahi ʻia ka ea volumetric i nā membrane māmā o nā ʻeheu i hohola ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua akamai loa nā ʻēheu manamana i nā mīkini o ka lele lele ʻana, ʻokoʻa ia i nā manu o kēia mau lā. Ma ke ala o ka lele, ua like paha ka pterodactyl me kahi albatross, e leʻaleʻa e lele ana i kona mau ʻeheu i kahi arc pōkole, akā e pale ana i nā neʻe koke.
Hoʻopau ʻia ka lele lele ʻana e ka manuahi manuahi. Pono wale ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻaole lōʻihi o ka albatross a me kahi poʻo nui, ʻo ia ke kumu i hiki ʻole ai i ke kiʻi o kāna neʻe ke 100% kūlike me ka lele o kahi pterodactyl. ʻO kekahi kumuhana hoʻopaʻapaʻa (me ʻelua mau kahua hoʻomoana o nā mea kūʻē) ʻoiai he maʻalahi no ka pterodactyl e hemo mai kahi papa pālahalaha. ʻAʻohe kanalua o ka hoʻomoana mua ua hemo maʻalahi ka moʻo ʻēheu mai kahi pae, e like me ka ʻilikai o ke kai.
Hoihoi ia! Koi aku ko lākou mau hoa paio e pono i kahi pterodactyl i kahi kiʻekiʻe (pōhaku, pali a i ʻole kumulāʻau) e hoʻomaka ai, kahi i piʻi ai me nā ʻūhā paʻa, hoʻolei ʻia, luʻu i lalo, hohola i nā ʻeheu, a laila ʻo ka lele koke nō ia
Ma ka laulā, piʻi maikaʻi ka ʻēheu manamana ma luna o nā puʻu a me nā kumulāʻau, akā hele mālie a wiwo ʻole hoʻi i ka ʻāina pae: pelu nā ʻeheu pelu a me nā manamana lima lena i lawelawe ʻia me ke kākoʻo hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia me ia.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻauʻau - ua hoʻololi ʻia nā membrane ma nā wāwae i nā peʻa, mahalo i ka wikiwiki a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouka ʻana... Ua kōkua ka maka maka makaʻu i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka wā e ʻimi nei i kahi pio - ua ʻike ka pterodactyl i kahi e neʻe nei nā kula iʻa ʻōlinolino. Ma ke ala, aia i ka lani kahi i palekana ai nā pterodactyls, ʻo ia ke kumu a lākou e hiamoe ai (e like me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa) i ka lewa: me ko lākou mau poʻo i lalo, e hoʻopaʻa ana i kahi lālā lālā / pōhaku me kā lākou mau wāwae.
Wā ola
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana he pterodactyls he holoholona wela i ke koko (a ʻo nā kūpuna paha o nā manu o kēia mau lā), pono e helu ʻia ko lākou ola ʻana e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke ola o nā manu o kēia au, e like ka nui me kahi ʻano make. I kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e kaukaʻi i ka ʻikepili ma nā aeto a i nā ʻalā e noho ana no 20-40, a i kekahi manawa he 70 mau makahiki.
ʻIke moʻolelo
ʻO ka iwi mua o ka pterodactyl i loaʻa ma Kelemania (ka ʻāina ʻo Bavaria), ʻoi aku ka pololei ma nā limana limahana o Solnhofen, aia ma kahi kokoke iā Eichshtet.
Mōʻaukala o nā kuhi hewa
I ka 1780, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā koena o kahi holoholona i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻepekema i ka hōʻiliʻili o Count Friedrich Ferdinand, a ʻehā mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehewehe ʻia lākou e Cosmo-Alessandro Collini, ka mea kākau moʻolelo Farani a me kā Voltaire kākau ʻōlelo. ʻO Collini ka luna o ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe (Naturalienkabinett), i wehe ʻia ma ka hale aliʻi o Charles Theodore, Elector o Bavaria. ʻIke ʻia ka mea kolo e like me ka ʻike mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā pterodactyl ʻelua (i ka manaʻo haiki) a me kahi pterosaur (i kahi ʻano laulā).
Hoihoi ia! Aia kekahi iwi ʻē aʻe i koi i ka mua - ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "specimen o Pester", i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 1779. Akā ua hāʻawi mua ʻia kēia mau koena i kahi laha makehewa o crustaceans.
ʻO Collini, ka mea i hoʻomaka e wehewehe i ka hōʻike mai Naturalienkabinett, ʻaʻole makemake e ʻike i kahi holoholona lele i loko o kahi pterodactyl (hōʻole paʻakikī i ka like me nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa a me nā manu), akā ua koi ʻo ia no kāna meaola wai. Kākoʻo ʻia ke kumumanaʻo o nā holoholona wai, pterosaurs, no kekahi manawa.
I ka makahiki 1830, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala e ka mea loea Kelemania ʻo Johann Wagler e pili ana i kekahi mau amphibians, i kākoʻo ʻia e ke kiʻi o kahi pterodactyl, nona nā ʻeheu i hoʻohana ʻia me he mau palaka lā. Hele hou ʻo Wagler a hoʻokomo i ka pterodactyl (me nā vertebrates wai ʻē aʻe) i loko o kahi papa kūikawā "Gryphi", aia ma waena o nā mea hānai a me nā manu..
ʻO ke kuhiakau o Hermann
Ua kuhi ka mea hulihonua Palani ʻo Jean Herman e pono ai ka manamana wāwae ʻehā e ka pterodactyl e paʻa ai i ka membrane ʻēheu. Eia hou, i ka puna o 1800 na Jean Hermann ka mea nāna i hoʻomaopopo i ka mea kuʻuna wahine Palani ʻo Georges Cuvier e pili ana i ke ola o nā koena (i hōʻike ʻia e Collini), e hopohopo nei e lawe nā koa o Napoleon iā lākou i Palisa. ʻO ka leka, i kamaʻilio ʻia iā Cuvier, ua loaʻa pū ka wehewehe o ka mea kākau i nā fossil, me kahi kiʻi - he kiʻi ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo o kahi mea ola me nā ʻeheu ākea a puni, e hohola ana mai ka manamana lima a nā wili wāwae.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ua kau ʻo Herman i kahi membrane ma waena o ka ʻāʻī a me ka pulima, ʻoiai ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻāpana membrane / lauoho i ka hāpana ponoʻī. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Herman kahi manawa e nānā ponoʻī ai i nā koena, akā ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka holoholona make i nā mea hānai manu. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua ʻae ʻo Cuvier me ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kiʻi i hāpai ʻia e Hermann, a ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi hoʻi ia ma mua, i ka hoʻoilo o 1800 a paʻi pū ʻia kāna mau memo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa ʻo Hermann, ua koho ʻo Cuvier i ka holoholona make me he mea kolo lā.
Hoihoi ia! I ka 1852, kterodactyl keleawe i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonani i kahi māla mea kanu ma Palisa, akā ua hoʻopau koke ʻia ka papahana. Ua kau ʻia nā kiʻi o nā pterodactyls, akā ʻelua mau makahiki ma hope (1854) ʻaʻole ma Palani, akā i ʻEnelani - i ka Crystal Palace, i kūkulu ʻia ma Hyde Park (Ladana).
Pterodactyl i kapa ʻia
I ka makahiki 1809, ua kamaʻāina ka lehulehu me ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ka moʻo ʻēheu mai Cuvier, kahi āna i hāʻawi ai i ka loaʻa o ka inoa ʻepekema mua ʻo Ptero-Dactyle, i loaʻa mai nā aʻa Helene πτερο (ʻēheu) a me δάκτυδάκτος (manamana). Ma ka manawa like, ua luku ʻo Cuvier iā Johann Friedrich Blumenbach i ka manaʻo e pili ana i nā ʻano manu o kahakai. I ka like like, ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia nā fossil e ka pūʻali koa Farani, akā ua loaʻa iā ia ke kauka lāʻau Kelemania ʻo Samuel Thomas Semmering. Nānā ʻo ia i ke koena a heluhelu ʻo ia i kahi leka i kākau ʻia ma 12/31/1810, e pili ana i ko lākou nalowale ʻana, a ma Ianuali 1811 ua hōʻoia ʻo Semmering iā Cuvier ua paʻa ka loaʻa.
I ka makahiki 1812, ua paʻi ka Kelemania i kāna haʻiʻōlelo ponoʻī, kahi āna i wehewehe ai i ka holoholona ma ke ʻano he waena waena ma waena o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa a me kahi manu, e hāʻawi ana i kona inoa ʻo Ornithocephalus antiquus (poʻo poʻo poʻo manu).
Kūʻē ʻo Cuvier iā Semmering i kahi ʻatikala kūʻē, e ʻōlelo ana no ke koena nā mea kolo. I ka makahiki 1817, ua kiʻi ʻia ka lua, ka specter pterodactyl liʻiliʻi ma ka waihona Solnhofen, kahi (ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka ihu) Sömmering i kapa ʻia ʻo Ornithocephalus brevirostris.
Mea nui! ʻElua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka 1815, ka mea ʻimi kino ʻAmelika ʻo Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā hana a Georges Cuvier, i manaʻo e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo ʻo Pterodactylus e hōʻike ai i ka genus.
I kēia manawa i ko mākou manawa, ua kālailai pono ʻia nā ʻike āpau i ʻike ʻia (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole), a ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena noiʻi ma 2004. Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema aia hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o pterodactyl - Pterodactylus antiquus.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Pterodactyls i ka hopena o ka wā Jurassic (152.1-150.8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a ua luku ʻia ma kahi o 145 miliona mau makahiki i hala, aia i ka wā Cretaceous. ʻOiaʻiʻo, manaʻo kekahi mau mea kākau moʻolelo ua hala ka hopena o ka Jurassic i hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki ma hope (144 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ʻo ia hoʻi ua ola ka moʻo lele a make i ka wā Jurassic.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koena fossilized i loaʻa i loko o nā limestones Solnhofen (Kelemania), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāina o kekahi mau mokuʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa a ʻekolu mau ʻāinapuniʻole (ʻApelika, Australia a me ʻAmelika).
Hōʻike nā mea i loaʻa i nā pterodactyls i maʻa mau ma ka hapanui o ka hona honua.... Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka iwi iwi pterodactyl a hiki i Rūsia, ma kapa o ka Volga (2005)
Meaʻai Pterodactyl
ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o ka pterodactyl, ua hoʻoholo ka paleontologists e pili ana i ka noho wikiwiki ʻole ʻana ma waena o nā kai a me nā kahawai, me nā iʻa a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e kūpono i ka ʻōpū. Mahalo i kona mau maka maka, ua ʻike kahi moʻo lele mai kahi mamao aku e pili ana nā kula iʻa i ka wai, nā moʻo a me nā amphibians e kolo ai, kahi e peʻe ai nā meaola wai a me nā mea kolo nui.
ʻO ka meaʻai nui o ka pterodactyl ka iʻa, liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka nui, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka makahiki / ka nui o ka mea hahai holoholona iā ia iho. Hoʻolālā ka pterodactyl pōloli i ka ʻili o ka waihona wai a kāʻili aku i ka mea i mālama ʻole ʻia me nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi, mai kahi e aneane hiki ʻole ke puka - ua paʻa paʻa ʻia e nā niho kui.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Ke hele nei i ka pūnana, pterodactyls, ma ke ʻano he ʻano nohona holoholona, hana i nā kolone he nui. Kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana kokoke i nā waihona wai kūlohelohe, pinepine pinepine ma nā pali kahakai o nā kahakai. Kuhi nā meaolaola he kuleana o nā mea kolo lele i ke kope, a laila no ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki, hānai i nā keiki iʻa me nā iʻa, aʻo i nā mākau lele, a pēlā aku.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- Megalodon (lat.Cararodon megalodon)
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO nā Pterodactyls mai kēlā manawa a kēia manawa i lilo i mea pio i nā mea ʻaihue kahiko, nā ʻāina a me nā ʻēheu hoʻi... Ma waena o nā hope, aia kekahi mau ʻohana pili o ka pterodactyl, ramphorhynchia (pterosaurs huelo lōʻihi). Ke iho nei i ka honua, pterodactyls (ma muli o ko lākou lohi a lohi) ua lilo i mea maʻalahi no nā dinosaurs carnivorous. Ua hele mai ka hoʻoweliweli mai nā compsognaths makua (kahi ʻano dinosaurs liʻiliʻi) a mai nā dinosaurs like me ka moʻo (theropods).
