ʻO Viperidae, a i ʻole viperidae, kahi ʻohana nui nui e hoʻohui i nā nahesa ʻona, kahi i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo nā ʻāpala. ʻO ia ka moʻo kipi ʻo ia ka nahesa weliweli weliweli loa o kā mākou latitude, no laila he mea nui ia e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau mea kolo kolo mai nā nahesa maikaʻi ʻole i ke kanaka
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka viper
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpala āpau e ke kū ʻana o kahi lua hollow o loko a me nā canine lōʻihi lōʻihi, hoʻohana ʻia e hūnā i ka lāʻau make i hana ʻia e nā puka wai ʻona kūikawā, aia ma hope pono o ka iwi ā luna. Aia kēlā me kēia mau ʻīlio ʻelua i mua o ka waha o ka nahesa, a aia ia ma ka iwi maxillary e huli nei.
Ma waho o ka hoʻohana, pelu ʻia nā canine i hope a pani ʻia me kahi pepa kūikawā... Hoʻohuli kūʻokoʻa nā canine ʻākau a me nā hema o kekahi i kekahi. I ka wā o ka hakakā, hiki i ka waha o ka nahesa ke wehe i kahi kihi a hiki i nā 180 kekelē, a kū ka iwi kuapo i kāna mau canine i mua. Kū ka pani o nā ā i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo nā mākala ikaika a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia e pili ana i nā aʻa ʻona i ʻike maopopo ʻia, a ʻo ia ke kumu e hemo ai ka lāʻau make. ʻIke ʻia kēia hana koke ʻia ma ke ʻano he nahu, a hoʻohana ʻia e nā moʻo e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i kā lākou mea pio a i ʻole i ka pale pilikino.
ʻO ke poʻo o ka nahesa he ʻano triangular poepoe me ka welelau o ka ihu a me kahi kihi kūwaho e ʻike maka ʻia ana. Ma ka piko o ka ihu, ma waena pono o nā puka ihu, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano e ke kū hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā pā i ulu ʻia e nā unahi. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano moʻo ʻē aʻe i nā wahi o nā mea ulu like i luna o nā maka. I kēia hihia, hana lākou i mea like me nā pepeiaohao maʻamau.
Liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā maka o nā mea kolo, me kahi haumāna i hoʻokū ʻia i luna, kahi hiki ke wehe ʻaʻole wale i ka laulā piha, akā pili pū hoʻi kokoke, mahalo i nā nahesa hiki ke ʻike pono i kekahi kukui. Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, aia kahi kualapa liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā maka, kahi unahi.
Hāʻawi kahi lola hoʻomohala maikaʻi i ka nahesa i kahi ʻano kolohe a koʻikoʻi paha. Pōkole ke kino o ka mea kolo a mānoanoa i ka hapa waena. Hoʻololi ke kala i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka nohona a me nā ʻano laha, akā ke kākoʻo mau nei a hūnā i ka nahesa i ke kāʻei o ka ʻāina kūlohelohe.
Helehelena
ʻO ka ʻohana wahine Burmese fairy viper, a i ʻole ka ʻāpua Pākē (Azemiops feae), no ka laha o nā moʻo nāhesa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā mākua i 76-78 cm, a aia nā pale nui ma ke poʻo. He ʻoliva ke kino o luna. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino momona, a aia nā kaha melemele transverse ma nā ʻaoʻao. Melemele ke poʻo a ʻeleʻele i ke kala. ʻO nā lālā āpau o kēia subfamily no ka waeʻano o nā oviparous vipers.
ʻO Toad vipers (Causus) kahi ʻohana monotypic me ka genus Causus wale nō. ʻO kēlā mau moʻohe no ka mahele o nā lunamakaʻāinana a me nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana ma muli o ke kū ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona aʻe.
- oviparous;
- nā hiʻona kūkulu o ka mea hana lāʻau make;
- scaling ʻokoʻa o ke poʻo;
- haumana poepoe.
Liʻiliʻi iki i ka nui, nā nakinaki nahelehe, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kāna i ka mika, he ʻano kūpikū, paukūʻolokaʻa a palahu iki paha, ʻaʻole kino manoanoa. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻohe o ke koʻikoʻi o ka paʻa o ka haʻi. Pōkole ka huelo. Uhi ʻia ke poʻo me nā scutes nui, symmetrically o ke kinona kūpono, ma muli o kahi ʻano like me nā nahesa a me nā nahesa i loaʻa ai i nā ʻāpala. He ākea a nui ka pale intermaxillary, i kekahi manawa huli ʻia. Pālahalaha nā unahi ma ke kino a i ʻole haʻi palupalu i nā iwi ʻaoʻao (nā lālani dorsal). Poepoe nā haumāna o nā maka.
ʻO Hole-poʻo, a i ʻole nā ʻāhiu hihi (Crotalinae) kahi ʻohana ʻohana o nā moʻo nahesa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kū ʻana o kahi lua o nā lua wela-ʻāwīwī infrared aia ma waena o nā puka ihu a me nā maka. I kēia lā, ua wehewehe ʻia ma luna o ʻelua mau ʻano laha o kēia subfamily.... Me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana, loaʻa nā poʻo puha āpau i nā niho puha a lōʻihi lōʻihi hoʻi. He poʻo triangular ke poʻo, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻo nā haumāna o nā maka he ʻano kaulike. ʻO kekahi lua o nā lua thermoreceptor ma ke poʻo e makaʻala i ka radiation infrared, e ʻae ai i nā moʻo o kēia ʻohana e ʻike i kā lākou mea pio e like me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kaiapuni a me ka mea pio. ʻO ka nui o nā kumu waina lua mai 50 cm a 350 cm.
ʻO ka ʻohana Viper i kēia manawa he ʻumikūmālua nā kūpuna a ʻoi aku ma kahi o ʻumikūmālua mau hanana:
- ʻAilā wahie (Atheris);
- Nā ʻīlio mauna (Adenorhinos);
- ʻĀpapa ʻApelika (Bitis);
- Chiper viper (Daboia);
- Horned vipers (Cerastes);
- Efi (Есhis);
- ʻIppala nunui (Masrovipera);
- Vipers hoʻopaʻapaʻa (Еristicophis);
- Vipers Kenyan mauna (Montatheris);
- Mele wahaheʻe wahaheʻe (Pseudocerastes);
- Swamp vipers (Proatheris);
- Nā moonihoawa maoli (Virera).
ʻAʻohe lua thermosensitive (infrared) nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka subfamily, a hiki ke loli ka lōʻihi o nā mākua ma waena o 28-200 knm a ʻoi paha. Loaʻa i kahi ʻano o nā ʻeke he ʻeke sensory e noho ana ma ka ihu o ka nahesa. ʻO kēlā ʻeke he ʻili pelu ia ma waena o ka ihu a me nā pā supra-nasal, pili i ke aʻalolo cranial ma ke kaʻina orbital.
ʻO ka inoa Lūkini maʻamau ʻo "rattlesnake" ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi lūlū kūikawā i ka lua o ka moʻokūʻauhau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo Yamkogolovye (Crotalus a me Sistrurus), aia ma ka hopena o ka huelo. ʻO kēia ʻano rattle ua hoʻololi ʻia nā unahi i hana i nā ʻāpana neʻe. Ke kani nei kahi kani "rattling" kūikawā loa ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ke kaʻina hana o ka oscillation maoli o ka piko o ka huelo.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Vipers i ka poʻe hoʻokūkū i ka holo ʻana... Lohi pinepine kēlā ʻano mea kolo, a hiki ke hoʻolilo i ka lā holoʻokoʻa ma kahi kūlana wahaheʻe wale nō, me ka ʻole o nā neʻe pono ʻole. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ahiahi, hoʻoulu ʻia nā nahesa a i kēia manawa hoʻomaka lākou i kā lākou leʻaleʻa punahele loa, ʻo ia ka ʻimi holoholona. Makemake ka poʻe nui loa e moe me ka neʻe ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi, ke kali nei no ka hāʻule ʻana o kekahi mea pio i loko o ka wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole e hala ka viper i ka manawa e ʻahaʻaina ai, no laila hoʻouka ikaika lākou i kā lākou mea pio.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "swamp teeming with vipers", hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka ʻōlelo colloquial, i ka hapanui o nā hihia he ʻoiaʻiʻo a ʻaʻole nele i ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau.
ʻO ka hiʻona hiʻona nui o nā moonihoawa ko lākou hiki ke ʻau pono, no laila hiki i kēlā mau mea kolo kolo ke ʻauʻau ma kēlā wahi a kēia kahawai a ākea paha. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā moʻo ʻiʻo ma kahakai o kahi nui o nā waihona kūlohelohe, a mai hōʻole hoʻi i nā kahawai.
Ehia mau moonihoawa e ola nei
Ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻo ka awelika o ke ola ʻana o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana viper ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe he ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki, akā hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e kahi ola holoʻokoʻa o ka hapahā o ke kenekulia a ʻoi iki paha.
Dimorphism moekolohe
I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻohe kūlohelohe ka moekolohe ma nā ʻano nāhesa he nui, koe wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kāne i ka huelo mānoanoa - kahi ʻano "mālama" no kā lākou hemipenis. I kēia manawa, dimorphic ka moʻo wahine. ʻIke ʻia nā kāne ʻokoʻa moekolohe o nā kāne ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona, e like me ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka nui o ke kala. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻike ʻia nā kāne kāne makua o nā ʻāpī e nā kala ʻokoʻa aʻe, a ʻo nā wahine i ka pinepine o nā aniani mālamalama a momona i ke kala. Me ke kala melanistic, ʻaʻohe kokoke ka moekolohe dimorphism.
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma kahi o 10% o nā kānaka cryptic, me ka nānā ʻole i ka wahine, he ʻano kala o ka wahine ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā wahine o nā laha he nui i ka nui o ka nui a loaʻa i kahi huelo lahilahi a pōkole hoʻi, kahi poʻo pōkole a ākea hoʻi. ʻO ke poʻo poʻo i nā wahine ʻoi aku ka nui, a ʻo kona ʻano kokoke i ka hiʻohiʻona o kahi triangle like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kāne e kahi poʻo ʻikiʻī a elongated, nā laina ākea e kūlike i ke ʻano o ka triangle isosceles.
Nā ʻano ʻāpala
I ka papa Reptiles, ka Scaly order a me ka ʻohana Viper, aia ʻehā mau ʻohana ʻohana e kū nei.
- Vipers Burmese (Azemiopinae);
- Vipers Toad (Causinae);
- Punawai-poʻo (Crotalinae);
- ʻO Viperinae.
Ua manaʻo mua ʻia nā Pit-poʻo ma ke kūlana o kahi ʻohana, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia aia ma lalo iki o ʻekolu haneli mau ʻano.
ʻĀpala kik Viper
Ma muli o nā peculiarities o kāna haku mele ʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lāʻau ʻona viper a he waiwai waiwai i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonani kaulana. ʻO ka lāʻau ʻawa Snake kahi cocktail ʻano nui loa i hoʻopili ʻia me nā protein, lipids, peptides, amino acid, sugars a me kekahi mau paʻakai paʻakai ʻole.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau i loaʻa mai ka lāʻau make o ka viper ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻoluʻolu ʻeha loa no ka rumatika a me ka neuralgia, i ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi ʻili a me ke kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea lapaʻau e like me ka maikaʻi i ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā hōʻeha o ka hānō hānō, me ke kahe ʻana o ke koko, a me kekahi mau hana hoʻāla.
Komo ka nahesa Snake i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka a holoholona paha ma o ka ʻōnaehana lymphatic, a ma hope a kokoke komo koke i ke kahe o ke koko.... ʻO nā hopena i haʻi nui ʻia o ka nahu viper e like me ka ʻeha o ke ahi, ʻulaʻula a me ka pehu a puni ka ʻeha. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, nalo nā hōʻike kūwaho a pau o ka ona ʻona ma hope o nā lā ʻelua me ka ʻole o nā hopena koʻikoʻi a weliweli hoʻi i ke ola.
Hoihoi ia! Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻona o kekahi viper he mea weliweli loa i nā kānaka, a ʻo ka nahu ʻana o kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana no ka ʻohana Viper hiki ke make.
I nā ʻano ʻona koʻikoʻi, ʻike nui ʻia nā ʻōuli. Ma kahi o ka hapahā o ka hola ma hope o ka nahu ʻana o ka nahesa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli vivid, i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻōpule, ka pīhoihoi a me ka waha e koi aku ana, nā haʻalulu a me nā palpitations. ʻO ka hopena o kahi hoʻonui nui ʻia o nā mea ʻona e maʻule, nā lūlū, a me ka coma. Hoʻoweliweli ʻo Vipers i ka wā hānau, mai kahi o Malaki a i ka hoʻomaka o Mei.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO nā wahi noho a nā lunamakaʻāinana o kahi ʻohana nui e hui pū nei i nā nāhesa ʻawaʻawa, ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpala, he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo Vipers ma kahi ʻāpana nui o ka moku ʻApelika, a ma ʻAsia hoʻi a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa. Manaʻo nui ʻo Vipers ʻaʻole wale i nā steppes maloʻo loa, akā i nā ʻano pae aniau o nā nahele equatorial.
Hiki i nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻohana ke noho i nā pali kuahiwi pōhaku, a noho pinepine hoʻi i nā ululāʻau ʻākau. Ma ke ʻano he rula, makemake nā ʻāpala e alakaʻi i kahi ola honua. Eia nō naʻe, i waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona honua huna. ʻO kahi lunamaka makaʻāinana o ia ʻano ʻano, ʻo ia ka viper honua, no ka lāhui nui ʻo Hairpins (Atractaspis).
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoilo o kahi moʻo e pili pono ana i ka wahi, no laila ʻo ka ʻākau o ka hoʻoilo viper ma kahi o ʻeiwa mau mahina o ka makahiki, a no ka poʻe noho i nā latitude mahana, puka i waho nā mea kolo i ka papa ma kahi o Malaki-ʻApelila, ke hoʻomaka lākou i ka hana kope.
Hibernate ʻo Vipers, ma ke ʻano he rula, e hoʻomaka ana mai ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Ma ke ʻano he hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi loa "apartment" scaly reptiles koho i nā ʻano lua i hele i ka lepo. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka hoʻoilo o nā moʻo i nā mika ʻelua, i ʻae ai nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Viper e hoʻolilo i ka hoʻoilo ma kahi mahana maikaʻi. I nā kūlana o ka nui o ka lehulehu, ʻākoakoa pinepine ʻia he mau haneli mau mākua i loko o hoʻokahi lua.
ʻAiʻai Viper
Kaulana nā moʻo ʻana ʻo Vipers, nocturnal ka hapanui o ka pō, a hoʻouka ʻia ka mea pio e nā nahesa pinepine pinepine mai ka hoʻohālua... Hoʻouka ʻia ka mea pio me kahi kīloi wikiwiki loa, a ukali ʻia e ka nahu me nā ʻāpana ʻino. Ma lalo o ka mana o ka lāʻau make, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka nahesa make maoli i loko o kekahi mau minuke, a ma hope e hoʻomaka ka ʻai a ka viper.
I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, moni wale ʻia ka mea pio. ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi nui o ka viper e hoʻopili pū ana i nā meheu ʻaʻole nui loa, a me nā moʻo a me nā newts, nā rana pū a me kekahi mau ʻano manu. ʻAi pinepine nā moonihoawa liʻiliʻi i nā beetles i lawa ka nui i ka nui, ʻai i nā ʻūhini, a hiki ke hopu i nā butterflies a me nā ʻenuhe.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka holoholona hihiu a Schlegel e ʻimi ai i kāna mea pio ma kahi kau kaula, e noho ana ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau, a ʻo ka piko ʻōlinolino o kona huelo he maunu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Aia ke kau moʻo o nā moʻo nahesa i ka puna, ma Mei nui, a me ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana o ka viper, a me nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe mai ka papa reptile, pili pono i nā kūlana anilā a hiki ke pae mai ʻekolu a ʻeono mahina. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā moʻo hāpai ke hibernate.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hānau ʻia mai ka ʻumi a ka iwakālua cubs, kahi e hoʻoilina koke ai i ka lāʻau ʻawa mai ko lākou mau mākua mai. I kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, molt nā nahesa ʻōpio. Noho nui nā ʻōpala i nā litter deciduous nahele a i ʻole nā lua nui, a hoʻohana i nā mea kolo no ka hānai ʻana. Ua oʻo piha nā moʻo wahine i nā makahiki ʻehā paha.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I ka nohona kūlohelohe, he nui nā ʻenemi o nā ʻenekini. ʻAʻole makaʻu ka hapa nui o lākou i nā niho ʻawaʻawa o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kahi ʻohana nui nui e hoʻohui i nā moʻo nahesa. Nā ʻalopeke a me nā ʻino, nā boars hihiu a me nā ferrets, nona ka mana palekana i ka hana o nā toxins i loaʻa i loko o ka lāʻau make o ka ʻāpala, ʻahaʻaina koke i ka ʻiʻo nahesa. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i kēlā mau mea kolo kolo ke lilo i waiwai pio no nā manu manu lele, i hōʻike ʻia e nā pueo, nā heona, nā ʻūhū a me nā aeto nāhesa.
Hoihoi ia! Hopu ʻia nā mea kolo Scaly i mea e loaʻa ai kahi lāʻau make makepono a waiwai hoʻi no ka lāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻimi ikaika ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano ʻiona o ka mooniho e ka poʻe terrariumist makemake ʻole hiki ʻole.
ʻO nā hedgehogs nahele, ʻaʻole ia he holoholona ʻai nahesa, komo pinepine i ka hakakā me nā moonihoawa. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo ia nā hedgehogs i kū aʻe mai nā kaua e like me nā mea lanakila lanakila ʻole. ʻO ka ʻenemi nui o nā laha he nui o ka viper he kanaka i kēia manawa. ʻO ka poʻe ia e hoʻopau pinepine a make loa i nā nahesa a lākou e hui ai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻo Vipers i nā ʻano barbaric, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻano hopu manu ʻole.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ke emi mau nei ka helu o kekahi ʻano liona.ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka heluna nui o ka viper maʻamau e hōʻole nui, ma lalo o ka mana o ka hana kanaka. Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka helu o kēlā me kēia kanaka e ka hoʻomohala hana o nā wahi maʻamau o nā nāhesa, ka hoʻokahe ʻana i nā wahi kai a me nā kahe ʻana o nā kahawai kahawai, ka waiho ʻana o nā ala ākea ākea a me nā loli kūwahi like ʻole.
ʻAʻole emi iki ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lako o ka meaʻai no nā mea kolo kope.... ʻO ia mau kūlana i lilo i kumu nui no ka fragmentation, a me ka nalo nui ʻana o kēlā me kēia heluna kanaka i nā panalāʻau e haku ʻia e nā kānaka. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau a palekana ke kūlana no nā mea kolo kolo, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka viper maʻamau i loko o ka Red Book o kekahi mau wahi i ka manawa hoʻokahi, e like me Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod a me Orenburg.
I nā ʻoihana hana ʻEulopa hana, ke emi wikiwiki nei ka helu o nā ʻāpala. I kēia manawa, maopopo leʻa nā ʻano maikaʻi o ke ola kūlohelohe o nā mea kolo kope. Pili kēlā mau nahesa i ka hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o ka helu o nā rodents transmiting maʻi weliweli, e hoʻopuka i nā mea waiwai no ka hana o nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau a me ka serum kūikawā "Antigadyuka".
