Kaulana ʻia kēia mau manu nahele no kā lākou hana maikaʻi i ka piʻi lāʻau. Holo nā Nuthatches ma nā pahu ma ʻō a ma ʻō, zigzag, diagonally a me kahi spiral, iho i lalo i lalo a kau i luna ma luna o nā lālā.
Hōʻike o nuthatches
ʻO ka genus Sítta (nuthatches ʻoiaʻiʻo) he ʻohana nuthatches (Sittidae), i hoʻopili ʻia i ka papa nui o passerines... ʻAno like nā nuthatches me kekahi (i ka lawena a me ka helehelena), akā ʻokoʻa i nā nuances kala ma muli o ka wahi. ʻO kēia nā manu liʻiliʻi me ke poʻo nui a me ka nuku ikaika, ka huelo pōkole a me nā manamana lima ikaika e kōkua ai i ka piʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā papa pōhaku.
Helehelena
ʻAʻole hiki i nā lunamaka o ka nui o ka laha i ka sparrow hale, ke ulu nei a 13-14 knm. Paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i ka palena ma waena o ke poʻo a me ke kino no ka nui o ka nuthatch, plumage ākea a me ka ʻāʻī pokole. Hoʻohui, manuahi ka wili ʻana o nā manu i ko lākou ʻāʻī, makemake e mālama i ko lākou mau poʻo i ke kino, me he mea lā ʻaʻole ia he maʻalahi.
ʻO ka nuku, ʻo ka nuku pololei, he like me ka chisel a hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻia i ka chiselling. He hulu paʻa ko ka nuku e pale ai i nā maka (ke loaʻa ka meaʻai) mai ka ʻili lele a me ka ʻōpala. Ua poepoe ka nuthatch i nā ʻeheu pōkole, kahi kāwili, hoʻopōkole ʻia o ka huelo a me nā wāwae ikaika me nā māiʻuʻuku keu e hiki ke neʻe maʻalahi i nā kumu, nā pōhaku a me nā lālā.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka piko o ka nuthatch maʻamau hina / hina-polū a i ʻole blue-violet (i ka tropical tropical Asian species). No laila, ʻo ka nuthatch nani, e noho nei ma ka hikina o ka Himalayas a i Indochina, e hōʻike ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka azure a me nā hulu ʻeleʻele.
Hoʻonani ʻia kekahi mau ʻano me nā pāpale o nā hulu ʻeleʻele, a ʻo kekahi he "mask" - kahi kaula ʻeleʻele e kau ana i nā maka. Hiki ke kala i ka ʻōpū ma nā ʻano like ʻole - keʻokeʻo, ʻōlani, fawn, chestnut a ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hulu o ka huelo he bluish-hina hina me nā ʻeleʻele, hina a keʻokeʻo paha, "kanu" ma nā hulu o ka huelo (koe wale no ka paʻa waena).
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
He manu wiwo ʻole kēia, ʻeleu a pīhoihoi hoʻi, maʻalahi i ka noho ʻana a noho i ko lākou panalāʻau. I ke kau anuanu, hui lākou i ka hui o nā manu ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, tits, a lele pū me lākou e hānai i nā kūlanakauhale / nā kauhale. ʻAneʻane hilahila ʻole ka poʻe, a i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea leʻaleʻa lele lele pinepine lākou i ka puka aniani a noho hoʻi ma ko lākou mau lima. Hoʻoikaika nui nā Nuthatches a makemake ʻole e noho mālie, akā hāʻawi lākou i ka hapa nui o ka lā ʻaʻole i nā lele, akā i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea ʻai. Hele wale nā manu me ka luhi ʻole i nā kumu a me nā lālā, e ʻimi ana i kēlā me kēia puka o ka ʻili, kahi e hūnā ai kahi larva a i ʻole kahi hua. ʻAʻole like me ka wahie, e kau mau ana ma kona huelo, hoʻohana ka nuthatch i kekahi o kona mau wāwae ma ke ʻano he kū, hoʻonohonoho i mua a i hope paha.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole hiki i kahi manu i loaʻa ke ʻai ke hoʻokuʻu iā ia mai kona nuku, ʻoiai inā e lawe ke kanaka i ka lima, akā e holo wikiwiki i ke kūʻokoʻa me ka ipu. Hoʻohui, holo wiwo ʻole nā nuthatches e pale i ka pūnana a me ka ʻohana.
Nui loa ka leo o nā Nuthatches a loaʻa nā ʻano o nā leo, mai nā trill gurgling a me nā pupuhi i ka mele o ka pepeiaohao. Ua aʻo ka Kanada nuthatch, pili i ka tit-black capped, e hoʻomaopopo i kāna mau hōʻailona hōʻailona, ke pane nei iā lākou e pili ana i ka ʻike i lawe ʻia. Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke mālama i nā meaʻai no ka hoʻoilo, peʻe i nā hua ma lalo o ka ʻili, nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi a me nā māwae: hoʻomanaʻo ka nuthatch i kahi o ka hale waiho waiho ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. ʻAi wale ka ona ona i nā mea o ka hale ukana i ke anuanu anuanu a me nā wā maikaʻi ʻole, ke hiki ʻole ke kiʻi i nā meaʻai hou. I hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, i ka hopena o ke kau pūnana, molt nuthatches.
Ehia mau nuthatches e ola nei
Manaʻo ʻia aia i ka nāhelehele a me nā pio pio nā ola no 10-11 mau makahiki, kahi mea nui loa no kēlā manu.... Ke mālama nei i kahi hale, hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke ka nuthatch i kahi kanaka, a lilo i ke ʻano piha. ʻO ka kamaʻilio pū ʻana me ia kahi mea leʻaleʻa maikaʻi. Holo ka manu me ka leʻaleʻa ma luna o nā lima, nā poʻohiwi, ke poʻo a me nā lole, e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa i kahi lāʻau i loko o nā ʻeke a me nā pā.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO kahi ornithologist a i ʻole kahi naturalist ʻike i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa wahine i nā nuthatches. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kāne mai ka wahine wale nō e ke kala o ke kino haʻahaʻa, e nānā ana i nā kani hapa ma ke kumu o ka huelo a me ka huelo.
Lāhui Nuthatch
Huikau ka taxonomy o ka genus a helu mai 21 a 29 mau ʻano, ke kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hana i hoʻohana ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka nuthatch poʻo ʻeleʻele, e noho ana ma ka hema hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i kapa ʻia ka liʻiliʻi. Kaupaona ka manu ma kahi o 10 g me ke kiʻekiʻe o 10.5 knm. ʻO ka nuthatch ʻoi loa kahi pilikua (19.5 cm ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia a 47 g), e noho nei ma Kina, Thailand a me Myanmar.
Hoʻohui ke kūlana pahu i 5 mau ʻano nuthatch:
- poʻo poʻo ʻeleʻele;
- ʻAlekelia;
- Kanada;
- Ōlelo Kokia
- kūpilikiʻi.
He ʻano ʻokoʻa ko lākou, akā he morphology kokoke, nā biotopes pūnana, a me ka leo. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nuthatch maʻamau, i mahele ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻano Āsia (S. cinnamoventris, S. cashmirensis a me S. nagaensis) ma ke ʻano he superspecies ʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Ornithologist P. Rasmussen (USA) iā S. cinnamoventris (ʻano ʻĀkia Hema) i ʻekolu mau ʻano - S. cinnamoventris sensu stricto (Himalayas / Tibet), S. neglecta (Indochina) a me S. castanea (nā Ganges lalo).
I ka 2012, ua kākoʻo ka British Ornithologists 'Union i ka noi a nā hoa hana e unuhi iā S. e. arctica (East Siberian subspecies) i ke kūlana o nā laha. Manaʻo ʻo Ornithologist E. Dickinson (Great Britain) e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano tropical S. solangiae, S. frontalis a me S. oenochlamys i loko o kahi genus kūikawā. Wahi a ka ʻepekema, azure a nani nuthatches pono e lilo i monotypic genera.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO nā ʻano nuthatch āpau i ʻike ʻia ma Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā genus e noho ana i nā tropic a me nā wahi mauna o ʻAsia.... ʻO nā biotopes makemake ʻia nā ululāʻau o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, nā mea nui coniferous a i ʻole evergreen deciduous species. Ua noho ka nui o nā ʻano ma nā kuahiwi a me nā kuahiwi, a ʻelua (ʻuʻuku a liʻiliʻi nā pōhaku nui) i hoʻopili i ke ola i waena o nā pōhaku ʻole.
Makemake nā nuthatches he nui e noho i nā wahi me kahi anuanu maikaʻi. Noho ka lā ʻākau i ka pāpū, ʻoiai noho ka poʻe hema ma nā kuahiwi, kahi i ʻoi aku ke anuanu o ke ea ma mua o ke awāwa. No laila, ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka nuthatch maʻamau ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ʻoiai ma Morocco e noho ana ia mai 1.75 km a 1.85 km ma luna o ka pae kai. ʻO ka nuthatch maka ʻeleʻele wale nō e noho ana ma ka Hema a me ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia e hōʻike nei i kahi predilection no ka ulu lāʻau tropical.
Hoihoi ia! Noho kekahi mau ʻano nuthatches i ko mākou ʻāina. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka nuthatch maʻamau, pūnana mai ke komohana a i nā palena hikina o Lūkia.
Ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o ka Greater Caucasus, loaʻa ka nuthatch poʻo ʻeleʻele, a ma nā mokuʻāina ʻo Central Asia a me Transcaucasia, he mea maʻamau ka nuthatch pōhaku nui. Noho ka Yuthut nuthatch ma Yakutia a me nā wahi e pili ana o Siberia Hikina. Ua koho ka shaggy nuthatch iā South Primorye.
ʻAiʻai Nuthatch
Hōʻike nā mea i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia i ka mahele o ka meaʻai i nā holoholona (i ka wā o ka hānau hou) a me nā mea kanu (i nā wā ʻē aʻe). I ke kauwela a hiki i ke kau waena, ʻai nui nā nuthatches i nā kolo, ka hapanui he xylophages, i loaʻa i loko o ka wahie, nā ʻāhae naha, nā koʻi lau a i ʻole nā kahawai pōhaku. I kekahi mau ʻano (ʻo kahi laʻana, ma ka nuthatch Carolina), ʻo ka hapa o nā protein holoholona i ke kau moʻo e hoʻokokoke i 100%.
E kuapo nā manu i nā mea kanu kokoke loa i ka hāʻule, e like me ka papa kuhikuhi:
- nā hua coniferous;
- nā hua momona;
- nā nati;
- ʻākala.
Lawe ka Nuthatches i ko lākou nuku, hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūpū a me nā nīnū kī / nā nalo nui. Ua aʻo ka Karolinska a me nā nuthatches poʻo-ʻeleʻele i ka hana ʻana me kahi ipukukui ma ke ʻano he lever, e wehe ana i nā hakahaka ma lalo o ka ʻili a wehe paha i nā mea kolo nui. Mālama ka mea hana lima i kāna mea kani i kona nuku ke lele mai kahi lāʻau a kahi kumu.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻai ʻana e hana i nā nuthatches i like me nā rana dart, pikas, nā mea lāʻau a me nā hoopoes lāʻau. E like me lākou, nānā ka nuthatch i ka meaʻai ma lalo o ka ʻili a me kāna mau pā.
Akā kahi mamao aku o ka mānoanoa mai ke ala hoʻokahi wale nō e ʻimi ai i nā meaʻai - lele pinepine nā nuthatches i lalo e nānā i ka papahele o ka nahele a me ka honua. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pūnana, lele aku nā nuthatches mai kā lākou wahi mahi ʻai ponoʻī, e hoʻopili ana i nā manu nomadic.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
He monogamous nā Nuthatches, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hāʻawi i ka polygyny kekahi. Mākaukau nā manu no ka hānau ʻana ma ka hopena o ko lākou makahiki mua... ʻO nā nuthatches āpau, koe wale nō he mau ʻano pōhaku ʻelua, "kūkulu" i nā pūnana i nā lua, e uhi ana iā lākou me ka mauʻu a me nā lau, a me ka limu, ka ʻili, ka hulu hipa, ka lepo lāʻau a me nā hulu.
ʻO Canada, Algerian, Corsican, nā poʻo ʻeleʻele a me nā shuthgy nuthatches e puka i kahi puha a i ʻole noho i nā kūlohelohe kūlohelohe. Noho nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i nā lua o ka wā kahiko, e like me nā hale ʻāpala haʻalele. ʻO Barnacle lāua ʻo Caroline nuthatches (e makaʻu ana i nā squirrels a me nā parasite) e hoʻopili i ke anawaena o ka puka o nā beetles blister, e honi ana i kahi ʻala o cantharidin.
Hana nā Rocky Nuthatches i nā pālolo pālolo a me nā ipu lepo a i ʻole nā kīʻaha: ʻO nā hale nui ʻo Rocky Nuthatch ke kaumaha a 32 kg. Hana ka nuthatch Kanada me ka resin o conifers: aia i waho ke kāne, a aia ka wahine i loko o ka hollow. Hana ʻia ka uhi hollow e like me ke ʻano - i ka lā a i kekahi mau lā.
Hoihoi ia! Ke uhi nei i nā paia o loko o ka hollow, ʻaʻole ʻai ka wahine i kekahi mea, akā inu ... maple a i ʻole ka wai birch, e huki ana iā ia mai ke kīʻaha ʻana, hollowed e kahi ʻeneki.
I ka paʻa he 4 a 14 mau hua keʻokeʻo me nā kiko melemele a ʻulaʻula paha. Hoʻokomo ka wahine iā lākou no 12-18 mau lā.
Hānai nā mākua ʻelua i ka pua. Hoʻonui mālie nā moa Nuthatch ma mua o nā passerines ʻē aʻe a lawe i ka ʻeheu ma hope o 18-25 mau lā. Ua lele i waho o ka pūnana, ʻaʻole haʻalele ka ʻōpio i ko lākou mau mākua i ka manawa koke, akā ma hope o 1-3 mau pule.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
He mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe nā Nuthatches ma waena o nā mea ʻaihue o nā manu a me nā mea momona. ʻIke ʻia nā manu makua e nā ʻio, nā pueo, a me marten. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā ʻoka a me nā paʻa e nā pueo like a me nā martens, a me nā ʻūlū, nā ʻaka a me nā jays.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka mana hou loa o ka IUCN Red List papa inoa i nā kūlana no 29 mau ʻano nuthatch, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou ʻaʻole hopohopo i nā ʻoihana mālama.
Wahi a ka IUCN (2018), aia he 4 mau ʻano ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka make.
- Sitta ledanti Vielliard (Algerian nuthatch) - noho i Algeria;
- Sitta insularis (Bahamian nuthatch) - noho i nā Bahama;
- Sitta magna Ramsay (nuthatch nunui) - nā kuahiwi o ke komohana hema Kina, komohana ʻākau o Thailand, waena a me ka hikina o Myanmar;
- Sitta victoriae Rippon (nuthatch keʻokeʻo) - Myanmar.
Noho ka laha hope ma ka wāwae o Mount Nat Ma Taung, ma kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i 48 km². ʻO ka ululāʻau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 km ua ʻoki loa ʻia ma aneʻi, ma waena o 2 a me 2.3 km i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻike ʻia, a noho mau ʻole ʻia i ke kāʻei kiʻekiʻe wale nō. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui mai ka slash a puhi ʻana i ka mahiʻai.
ʻO ka heluna kanaka o ka Algerian nuthatch e noho ana ma Taza Biosfir Reserve a me Babor Peak (Tell Atlas) ʻaʻole i hiki aku i kahi mau tausani manu, e hōʻike ana i kona ʻano pilikia. I kēia wahi liʻiliʻi, ua pau nā kumu lāʻau i lalo, ma kahi o kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā mea kanu kedera, ʻoiai makemake ka nuthatch i ka ulu lāʻau hui.
Ke emi nei ka heluna kanaka o ka nunui nunui ma muli o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau o nā ululāʻau paina mauna (hikina o Myanmar, komohana hema o Kina a me komohana komohana o Thailand). Kahi e pāpā ʻia ai ke kālai ʻana (Yunnan), wehe ka heluna kanaka i ka ʻili mai nā kumulāʻau, e hoʻohana ana iā ia no ka hoʻomehana. Ma kahi e ulu ai nā pine, ulu nā lāʻau eucalyptus ʻōpio, kūpono ʻole i nā nuthatches.
