ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka pāʻani hulu i uka, ka ʻaukā lāʻau, ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia he pahu waiwai o ka mea hahai holoholona. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke kī ʻana i kahi manu o kēia manawa - i ka huhū o ke aloha, lilo ka makaʻala āpau.
Hōʻike o ka lāʻau grouse
ʻO Tetrao Linnaeus - ʻo kēia ka inoa o ka genus manu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me capercaillie... No ka ʻohana o nā pheasants a me ke kauoha o nā moa, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, i ʻelua ʻano pili pili, nona nā ʻano he 16.
Helehelena
ʻO kēia kekahi o nā manu moa nui loa a ʻo ka mea nui (kūʻē i ke kumu o ka grouse ʻeleʻele, ka hazel grouse, woodcock a me ka ʻāpana manu) manu pāʻani hihiu. Ke ulu nei nā kāne kāne o ka lāʻau grouse maʻamau a 0.6-1.15 m me ka nui o 2.7 a 7 kg (ʻūhā 0.9-1.25 m), ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine - ma kahi o ka hapalua mika me ke kaumaha o 1, 7-2.3 kg.
He kakaka ikaika kā ke kāne (e like me ka manu o ke pio) nuku māmā a me ka huelo lōʻihi lōʻihi. He uuku a ʻeleʻele hoʻi ka nuku o ka wahine (kopalukha), poepoe ka huelo a nele i kahi notch. Ulu wale ka ʻumiʻumi (lōʻihi ma lalo o ka nuku) i nā kāne wale nō.
Hoihoi ia! Mai kahi mamao aku, ʻo ka capercaillie me he mea lā he monochrome, akā kokoke "wāwahi" i nā kala ahupapaʻa: ʻeleʻele (poʻo a me ka huelo), hina ʻeleʻele (kino), brownish (ʻēheu), ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele (umauma) a ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (kuʻemaka).
ʻEleʻele ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻaoʻao, akā he kīkaha keʻokeʻo ko kekahi mau manu ma ka ʻaoʻao. Subspecies T. u. ʻO uralensis, ka mea e noho ana ma nā Urals Hema a me Siberia Komohana, ʻike ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo / ʻōpū me nā kaha ʻeleʻele. Holo nā ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo ma nā uhi o ka huelo o luna, ʻike ʻia kahi kiko keʻokeʻo ma ke kumu o ka ʻēheu, a loaʻa nā ʻōlelo keʻokeʻo i nā hulu o ka huelo. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻopili ʻia kahi mamana keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i waenakonu o nā hulu o ka huelo.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka lāʻau grouse e nā plumage variegated me nā kahawai ākea ākea (okana a keʻokeʻo) a me kahi bib ʻulaʻula, kahi e ʻike ʻole ʻia i kekahi poʻe. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka capercaillie pōhaku ma mua o ka mea maʻamau a ʻaʻole e ulu aʻe ma mua o 0.7 m me ka nui o 3.5-4 kg. ʻAʻohe lou kaulike ma kona nuku, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka huelo. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ke kāne e ke kala ʻeleʻele me ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma ka huelo / ʻēheu, melemele ʻulaʻula ka wahine, kōkua ʻia e nā kaha ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO Capercaillie kahi manu kūmau e neʻe nei i nā neʻe o ke kau. Lele ikaika ʻo ia, no laila pale ʻo ia i nā lele mamao loa, neʻe mai nā mauna i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa a hoʻi i hope.
ʻAi a hiamoe ia i nā kumulāʻau, e iho mau ana i ka honua i ka lā. I ke kauwela hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e noho kokoke i nā māla berry, nā kahawai a me nā anthills. Ma kahi kokoke i nā kino o ka wai, ahu nā capercaillie ma luna o nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi, e kōkua ai i ka wili ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻoʻoleʻa (nā ʻōpuʻu, nā lau a me nā wana).
I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ka pō i loko o nā hau, e hele ana ma laila mai ke kauwela a mai kahi kumulāʻau paha: i ka hele iki ʻana i ka hau, peʻe ka capercaillie a hiamoe. I ke anuanu a me ka hau nui e noho ai i ka hau (kahi he 10 mau degere mehana a ʻaʻohe makani) no nā lā. Huli pinepine ka peʻe i crypt. Hana ʻia kēia ke kuapo ʻia ka wai e ka hau a paʻa ka hau i loko o ka pahu hau (pulu), mai kahi e pakele pinepine ai nā manu.
Hoihoi ia! Hāmau ka ʻaukā wahie, a hōʻike hōʻike wale i ka ʻike i kēia au. ʻO kahi serenade pōkole o kēia manawa i mau kekona kekona, akā ua mahele pono ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana.
Hoʻomaka ka mea mele me nā kaomi pālua maloʻo, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā wā liʻiliʻi, a huli koke i kahi trill kaomi paʻa. Ke kāomi ʻana, ke kani ʻana e like me "tk ... tk ... tk - tk - tk-tk-tk-tk-tk-tktktktktktktk", me ka hooki ole i ke kahe i loko o ka pae ʻelua (3-4 kekona), i kapa ʻia ʻo "huli", "wili" a i ʻole "wili ".
Aia ia i ka "huli" ʻana e pau ka capercaillie i ka hopena i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki kūwaho, e lilo i pahu hopu maʻalahi. I nā manawa ʻē aʻe, lohe a ʻike pono ka manu a hana akahele loa. Keʻike nei i ka ʻīlio, ʻo ka grouse wahie e "holoholo" me ka huhū ʻole, pakele mai ke kanaka me ka leo ʻole, akā e hana ana i kahi kani ʻokoʻa me kona mau ʻeheu.
Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ʻo ke alapine o kā lākou kahe ʻana i ʻoi aku i ka hanu o ka manu, ʻo ia hoʻi, e ʻūpī wale ia mai ka nele o ka oxygen.... Akā ʻaʻole kēia e hana ma muli o ka ʻōnaehana hanu mana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mumū a me 5 paʻa o nā ʻeke lewa. ʻO kahi nuance nui - hāʻawi ka hapa nui o ka ea i ka huʻihuʻi ʻana i ka lele, a hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia no ka hanu
Ehia mau ʻauʻau e ola nei
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ola ma mua o 12 mau makahiki, akā aia he ʻike e pili ana i nā kāne i hālāwai me ko lākou piha makahiki 13th. I ke pio ʻana, ua ola kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i 18 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole noho nā ʻauʻau lāʻau i ka lāʻau kahi i pepehi ʻia ai ko lākou hoahānau. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kahi wehewehe kūpono no kēia. Ua ʻike ka poʻe kūlohelohe i ka grouse o ka wahie e hoʻololi mau nei no nā kenekulia, a me nā kumulāʻau "pilikino", i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia manu.
Kupanaha ʻaʻole wale nā mea hōʻike o kona make ʻana, akā ʻo nā kāne ʻōpio hoʻi, i piha i ke au i kēlā me kēia makahiki, mai hoʻohālikelike i ka lāʻau o ka capercaillie kī. Noho manuahi ka lāʻau make no 5 a i 10 mau makahiki paha.
Lāʻau grouse
ʻO ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Tetrao Linnaeus (e like me ka hoʻohālikelike mua ʻana) i loaʻa he 12 mau ʻano. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻomaka ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻau lāʻau i nā ʻano 2 wale nō:
- Tetrao urogallus - ka lāʻau grouse maʻamau;
- Tetrao parvirostris - ʻalā lāʻau pōhaku.
Noho i nā kihi ʻokoʻa, ua loaʻa i nā manu i ko lākou ʻano leo.... ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻohālike nā ʻaʻa lāʻau mai ʻEulopa Komohana i ka pulupulu o kahi cork e lele ana mai kahi ʻōmole. ʻO ke kani like e kope ʻia e nā ʻauʻau wahie e noho ana ma nā Baletika. Kāhea nā Ornithologists i ka "mele" o ka South Ural lāʻau grouse kahiko.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka Zoological Institute of Russia ʻo kā homeland grouse ka taiga o nā Southern Urals (Beloretsky, Zilairsky, Uchalinsky a me Burzyansky mau wahi). ʻOiai ke emi nui ʻana o nā holoholona, nui ka laulā o ka capercaillie a uhi ʻia i ka ʻākau o ka pae ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, a ʻo Central / West Asia.
Loaʻa ka manu ma Finilana, Kuekene, Kekokia, Kelemānia, ke Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Pokukala ʻĀkau, Sepania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus a me ke komohana hema o Ukraine. Noho ka ʻauʻau lāʻau maʻamau i ka ʻākau o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia, e pālahalaha aku ana i Siberia Komohana. Noho ka lua o nā lā ma Siberia, ka capercaillie pōhaku, nona ka pae i kūlike me nā ʻāpana o ka larch taiga.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka lāʻau grouse makemake i nā ululāʻau coniferous / huikau kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ka deciduous), e pale ana i nā ululāʻau mokupuni ʻōpio me kahi wahi liʻiliʻi. Aia ma waena o nā wahi punahele nā mākala wai i loko o nā ululāʻau ulu, kahi e ulu ai nā hua he nui.
Papaʻai grouse lāʻau
ʻO ka capercaillie ka papa kuhikuhiʻilihune loa i ka hoʻoilo. I nā hau ʻawaʻawa, ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i nā kui a me nā nila kuʻi, e hele ana i waho e ʻimi i nā meaʻai i hoʻokahi lā i ka lā (ma ke awakea). I ka hakahaka / hemahema o nā pine a me nā kedera, kuapo nā manu i nā nila o ka fir, ka juniper, nā wana a me nā ʻōpuʻu o nā lāʻau deciduous. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana, hoʻi ka lāʻau grouse i ka papaʻai kau wela, e pili pū me:
- koʻokoʻo blueberry;
- hoʻonui i ka hua a pala hoʻi;
- na anoano a me na pua;
- mauʻu a me nā lau;
- ʻōpuʻu nā lāʻau a me nā wana;
- invertebrates, me nā mea kolo.
I ka waena o Kepakemapa, lele nā manu i ke one a me nā larches melemele, nā nila a ka capercaillie i makemake ai e hānai i ke kau.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hāʻule ʻo Capercaillie i kēia manawa ma Malaki - ʻApelila... Lele nā kāne i ke au kokoke i ke ahiahi, ke kuhi hewa nei i ko lākou mau ʻeheu ke hoʻokokoke aku. ʻO ka maʻamau mai 2 a 10 mau "suitors" e ʻākoakoa ma kahi hoʻokahi, akā i nā mānoanoa hohonu aia kahi au i kēia manawa (1-1.5 km2), kahi e hīmeni ai nā mea noi he nui.
Eia naʻe, hoʻohanohano lākou i ka wahi pilikino o haʻi, e noho kaʻawale ana mai ko lākou mau hoanoho ma mua o 150-500 m a hoʻomaka i ka mow a kakahiaka. Me nā kukuna mua o ka mālamalama, iho ka poʻe mele i ka honua a hoʻomau i ke mele, ke keʻakeʻa nei i kekahi manawa no ke kū ʻana a me ka lele ʻana me ka lele ʻana o nā ʻeheu nui Ke hui nei nā capercaillies ma ka huli a hoʻomaka i kahi hakakā, e pili ana i ko lākou ʻāʻī me ko lākou nuku a pili kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou mau ʻeheu.
Hoihoi ia! Ma ka waenakonu o ke kau moʻo, hōʻea nā wahie wahie i kēia manawa, hana nui ʻia me nā pūnana hale (i ka mauʻu, ma lalo o nā ululāʻau, a ma ke ākea hoʻi). Hōʻike ke kopalukha i kona mākaukau no ka moena ʻana me ke kōkua o nā squats, e hana ana i kēia a hiki i ka iho ʻana o ke kāne i ka hana kope. He polygamous ka lāʻau grouse a i ke kakahiaka hiki i ka hoa me ʻelua o nā kumu lāʻau ʻekolu.
Pau nā wili ke ʻikea nā lau hou. Noho ka wahine ma luna o nā hua (mai 4 a 14), e hoʻouluulu ana iā lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. Kūʻokoʻa loa nā moa a mai ka lā mua e hānai lākou iā lākou iho, e ʻai i nā mea kolo, a ma hope iki nā hua a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. I nā makahiki he 8, hiki iā lākou ke lele ma nā lālā i ʻoi ʻole ma mua o 1 mika, a i hoʻokahi mahina hiki iā lākou ke lele. Hoʻomaka ka makua kāne makua e hoa kāne mai 2 makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka wahine i ka makua mai 3 mau makahiki, no ka mea frivolous nā ʻōpio - nalowale kā lākou mau hua a haʻalele paha i nā pūnana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Nui nā ʻenemi o nā wahie i waena o nā manu a me nā mea konohiki ʻāina e hoʻoweliweli ʻole nei i nā mākua ma kā lākou keiki. ʻIke ʻia ka makemake o ka sparrowhawk e ʻahaʻaina i nā moa, ʻo ke koena o nā carnivores e luku i nā pūnana capercaillie me ke kuko.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻauʻau lāʻau:
- ʻalopeke a me nā pāpale;
- ʻīlio lākihi;
- weasel a me marten;
- hedgehog a me ferret;
- manu koraka a me nā manu koraka;
- goshawk and peregrine falcon;
- pueo keʻokeʻo a me ka pueo aeto.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano o nā mea ʻaihue ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻea i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻaʻa wahie. Pēlā nō ia e alualu ai nā ʻalopeke i nā ulu lāʻau. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano like me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻīlio raccoon.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Manaʻo nā mea mālama ʻEulopa i kēia manawa ka helu kuhi o capercaillie ʻokoʻa i ke kaha o 209-296 tausani mau pālua.
Mea nui! Ua helu ʻia ka manu ma ka Papa Kuhikuhi I o ka European Union Directive e pili ana i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā manu hihiu, kahi e loaʻa ai nā lāhui laha ʻole a palupalu hoʻi, i kaha ʻia ʻo "endangered." Pale pū ʻia ka wahie wahie e Appendix II o ka Berne Convention.
ʻO ke ʻano weliweli i ka hāʻule mau o ka helu o nā ʻaukā lāʻau i wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mau mea:
- ʻimi holoholona kalepa;
- hoʻonui i ka helu o ka puaʻa hihiu;
- wao nahele (ʻoi aku ma nā kahe a me nā wahi hoʻonohonoho);
- ka uhi ʻana i nā auwai kahe;
- make o nā broods ma muli o ka hewa o ka poʻe ʻohiʻohi i nā lau / hua.
ʻO ka ʻaukā lāʻau i ke kūlana o kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane pau pū kekahi i loko o nā Red Data Books o ka Russian Federation, Belarus a me Ukraine.... Hāʻawi ʻo Belarusian ecologists i kahi o nā ana e mālama ai i ka lehulehu capercaillie ma ka wahi ma hope o Soviet. I ka manaʻo o nā Belarusian, pono e hoʻolilo i nā pūnaewele nui i kēia manawa i mau mālama liʻiliʻi me ka pāpā o ka hāʻule ʻana, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea lāʻau mai nā mea kaua pū.
