ʻO ka ululāʻau i ʻike nui ʻia, a i ʻole ka ʻāhiu nānā (lat. Dendroosoros major) he manu nui nui ia na nā lunamakaʻāinana kaulana loa o ka ʻohana Woodpecker a me ka genus ʻIʻike i nā ululāʻau mai ke kauoha Woodpecker.
Hōʻike o ka ululāʻau i ʻike ʻia
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻāhiu i ʻike ʻia kona kala.... ʻO nā manu ʻōpio, me ka nānā ʻole i ka wahine, he ʻano maoli kona "pāpale ʻulaʻula" ma ka ʻāina parietal. ʻO ka Great Spotted Woodpecker kahi ʻumikūmālua mau ʻāpana:
- ʻO D.m. Mаjоr;
- ʻO D.m. Brevirostris;
- ʻO D.m. Kаmtsсhaticus;
- ʻO D.m. Рinetоrum;
- ʻO D.m. Hispanus;
- ʻO D.m. harterti Arrigoni;
- ʻO D.m. ʻO Canariensis;
- ʻO D.m. thаnnеri le Rоi;
- ʻO D.m. Mаuritаnus;
- ʻO D.m. Numidus;
- ʻO D.m. Poelzami;
- ʻO D.m. Jaronicus;
- ʻO D.m. ʻO Cabanisi;
- ʻO D.m. ʻO Strеsеmаnni.
Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala pono ʻia nā ʻauhau ʻauhau ʻāpana o ka lāʻau ʻāpana nui, no laila, ʻokoʻa nā mea kākau like ʻole mai ka ʻumikūmāhā a i ka iwakāluakūmāono mau lāhui ʻāina.
Helehelena
ʻO ka nui o ka lāʻau spp woodpecker e like me ka thrush. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kahi manu makua o kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa ma waena o 22-27 knm, me ka ʻēheu o 42-47 cm a me ke kaumaha o 60-100 g. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kala o ka manu e kahi nui o nā kala keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele, kahi e hele maikaʻi me nā kala ʻulaʻula a pinkish o ka undertail. Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona āpau i nā ʻāpana āpau. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo, a me ka ʻāpana o ke kua a me ka huelo o luna e loaʻa i kahi plumage ʻeleʻele me ka sheen bluish.
Māhele keʻokeʻo, nā papalina, ʻōpū a me nā poʻohiwi... Ma kahi o nā poʻohiwi, aia nā māla keʻokeʻo nui me kahi kaula ʻeleʻele i waena o lākou. ʻEleʻele nā hulu lele, me nā kiko keʻokeʻo ākea, no ka mea i hana ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelima i nā ʻēheu pelu. ʻEleʻele ka huelo, koe ka lua o ka hulu keʻokeʻo huita keʻokeʻo. ʻEleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha nā maka o ka manu, a he pali ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻia ka nuku. Hoʻomaka kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i haʻi ʻia ma ke kumu o ka nuku, a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻāʻī. Pākuʻi kahi ʻeleʻele i ka papalina keʻokeʻo.
ʻOkoʻa nā kāne mai nā wahine i ke alo o kahi ʻulaʻula transverse ma ke kua o ke poʻo. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka palai e kahi kalaunu ʻulaʻula me ka striae longitudinal ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele. Inā ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui o nā ululāʻau ʻōpio i ke kala plumage. ʻO ka huelo he waena ma ka lōʻihi, kiko a ʻoʻoleʻa loa. Lele maikaʻi nā Woodpeckers a lawa koke, akā i ka hapanui o nā hihia makemake lākou i ka piʻi ʻana i nā kumu lāʻau. Hoʻohana nā mea ʻāhiu ʻokoʻa i kā lākou mau ʻeheu e lele wale mai kahi mea kanu a kekahi.
Ka nohona a me ka lawena
ʻIke ʻia nā manu ʻāhiu i ʻike nui ʻia a walaʻau hoʻi, e noho pinepine ana i nā wahi kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, alakaʻi kēlā mau manu i kahi nohona mehameha, a me kahi hōʻuluʻulu nui ʻana o nā ululāʻau ke ʻano o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā ʻāpana nominative. Loaʻa i nā mākua sedentary kahi wahi hānai hoʻokahi. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka wahi o ka forage mai ʻelua a i iwakālua hectares, a kaukaʻi ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka wao nahele a me ka helu o nā conifers.
Hoihoi ia! Ma mua o ka hakakā ʻana me kahi malihini i kāna wahi hānai ponoʻī, lawe ka haku i ka mea i kapa ʻia he confrontation, kahi a ka nuku o ka manu e hāmama iki ai, a ʻo ka hulu ma ke poʻo e loaʻa i kahi helehelena pupule.
Hiki ke lele i nā kāne a me nā moe kolohe i ka wā o ka hānau hānau i nā wahi pili, a hele pū me nā hakakā ma waena o nā manu. ʻO ka helehelena o nā malihini e hoʻonāukiuki i nā hakakā, kahi e paʻi ai nā manu kekahi i kekahi me nā pā maoli me ko lākou nuku a me nā ʻēheu. ʻAʻole makaʻu ka hele ʻana o ka poʻe mai ka ululāʻau i nā manawa a pau, no laila hiki i ka manu ke piʻi wale i ka ʻāpana o ke kumu kokoke i luna a lele i kahi lālā ma luna.
Ehia mau mea ulu lāʻau ʻokoʻa
Wahi a nā ʻike kūhelu a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka awelika o ke ola ʻana o nā lāʻau ʻāhiu i ʻike ʻia i ka nāhelehele ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i nā makahiki he ʻumi. ʻO ke ola kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia o kahi mea hihiu he ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki a me ʻewalu mau mahina.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Uhi ka ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka woodpecker ʻike i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka Palaearctic. Loaʻa nā manu o kēia ʻano ma ʻApelika, ʻEulopa, ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Balkans a ma Asia Minor, a ma nā mokupuni ʻo Mediterranean a me Scandinavia. Noho ka lehulehu ma Sakhalin, ka hema o Kuril a me nā mokupuni Kepani.
No ka mahele o nā ʻano lula ea ka spect Woodpecker, no laila hiki ke maʻalahi maʻalahi i kēlā me kēia ʻano biotope me nā kumulāʻau, e like me nā mokupuni ulu lāʻau liʻiliʻi, nā māla a me nā pāka. ʻOkoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka hoʻolaha manu ʻana:
- ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, makemake ka manu i nā ulu lāʻau ʻoliva a me ka poplar, nā ululāʻau kedera, nā ululāʻau paina, nā lau ākea a me nā ulu lāʻau i hui ʻia me ka ʻoka cork;
- i Polani, noho pinepine i ka ulu lāʻau alder-lehu a me ka lāʻauʻoka, nā pāka a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau ulu me ka nui o nā kumulāʻau kahiko;
- i ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o ko mākou ʻāina, nui ka ʻāpana lāʻau i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau like ʻole, e like me nā ululāʻau paina maloʻo, nā ululāʻau spruce, nāhelehele coniferous, hui a me nā lau ākea.
- i ka Urals a me Siberia, hāʻawi ʻia ka makemake i nā ululāʻau huikau a me nā conifers me ka hapa nui o ka pine;
- ma ka mokuna o ka Hikina Loa, nā manu o kēia laha e hāʻawi i ka makemake i ka wāwae wāwae a me nā mauna deciduous a me nā lāʻau kedera-deciduous;
- i Iāpana, noho nā ulu lāʻau i ʻike ʻia i nā ulu lāʻau deciduous, coniferous a kāwili.
Hoihoi ia! E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā nānā wā lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe ʻana o nā manu ʻōpio, a haʻalele iki nā mea ʻāhiu kahiko i ko lākou wahi noho pūnana ʻia.
Hiki ke hōʻemi i ka helu o nā ululāʻau i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka biotope i mau manawa, a he mau makahiki ka hana o ka hoʻōla lehulehu.
ʻO ka papaʻai o Woodpeckers i ʻike ʻia
ʻO nā kumu meaʻai o ka mea ʻāhiu i ʻike ʻano ʻokoʻa loa, a ʻo ke bias i ka nui o nā meaʻai o nā mea kanu a holoholona hoʻi e pili pono i ke kau.
Loaʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka meaʻai i nā ʻano panalāʻau ʻokoʻa. I ka wā o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, ʻai nā mea ʻūlau i nā nui he nui i nā mea kolo like ʻole, a me kā lākou larva, i hōʻike ʻia e:
- barbel;
- nā mea gula;
- nā nalo ʻili;
- nā ʻalā stag;
- nā nalo lau;
- ladybirds;
- weevil;
- nalo nalo;
- ʻenuhe;
- imago o nā butterflies;
- nā huelo pepeiao;
- aphids;
- coccids;
- na naonao
ʻO ka manawa maʻamau, ʻai nā mea ʻeneki i nā crustacean a me nā molluscs. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopena o ke kau, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu o kēia ʻano ma kahi kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka, kahi e ʻai ai nā manu i ka meaʻai i nā mea hānai a i ʻole i kekahi mau manawa, hānai i ke kino make. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia e luku aku nā mea ʻalā i nā pūnana o nā manu mele, e like me ka flycatcher i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka redstart maʻamau, nā tits a me nā finches, a me nā warblers.
Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻai ma ka kumu lāʻau a ma ka honua... Ke loaʻa nā nāhelehele, hoʻopau ka manu i ka ʻili e nā pā ikaika o kona nuku a i ʻole e hana maʻalahi i kahi ʻūlū hohonu, a laila lawe ʻia ka mea pio me kona alelo. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka hama ʻohana Woodpecker, ma ke ʻano he kumu, ʻo ka lāʻau wale nō o nā lāʻau maʻi a me nā mea make i hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea ʻino. I ka pūnāwai, hānai nā manu i nā mea kolo terestrial, e hōʻino ana i nā anthills, a hoʻohana pū i nā hua i hāʻule a i ʻole ke kino make no ka meaʻai.
I ka wā hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka papaʻai o kahi ʻāhiu e nā meaʻai mea kanu i waiwai i nā protein, e like me nā ʻanoʻano o nā conifers, nā acorn a me nā nati. No nā manu moa o kēia ʻano, he ʻano hana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano hua nutritious mai nā pine a me nā spruce cone ka hoʻohana ʻia o kekahi ʻano "smithy". Hōʻoki kahi mea hihi i kahi cone mai kahi lālā, a ma hope o ka nuku ia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi niche-anvil i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia, i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā māwae maoli a i ʻole nā puka hollowed ma ka ʻāpana kumu luna. A laila hahau ka manu i kahi puʻupuʻu me kona nuku, a laila ʻiniki ʻia nā unahi a unuhi ʻia nā ʻanoʻano.
Hoihoi ia! I ke kakahiaka nui, ke kaupalena ʻia ka helu o nā kolo, a pau loa ka hua o ka ʻai, haki ka poʻe lāʻau i ka lāʻau i nā lāʻau deciduous a inu i ka wai.
Ma ka panalāʻau i noho ʻia e hoʻokahi mea ʻāhiu i ʻike ʻia, hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o ke kanalima mau ʻano "anvil" kūikawā, akā ʻo ka hapanui pinepine ʻole o nā mea ʻehā i hoʻohana ʻia e ka manu. I ka hopena o ka wā hoʻoilo, hōʻiliʻili ka mauna holoʻokoʻa o nā cones haki a me nā unahi ma lalo o ka lāʻau.
ʻAi pū nā manu i nā ʻanoʻano a me nā hua o nā mea kanu e like me ka hazel, ka beech a me nā lāʻau ʻoka, ka ʻohewi a me nā ʻalemone. Inā pono, hānai nā mea ulu lāʻau ʻokoʻa i ka lāʻau aspen palupalu a me nā ʻōpuʻu paina, ka gooseberry a me nā pulp currant, nā cherry a me nā plum, ka juniper a me nā huaʻalani, buckthorn a me ka lehu.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I kēia lā, aia kahi ʻike liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka ʻāhi lāʻau i ʻike ʻia e nā holoholona lele wale i nā latitude wela. Aia kekahi mau hihia kaulana i ka wā e hoʻouka kaua ʻia ai nā mea ʻili e nā mea ʻepelu hulu, i hōʻike ʻia e nā sparrowhawks a me nā goshawks. Ma waena o nā ʻenemi kū honua maoli ka pine marten a me ka ermine paha.
Ma waho o nā wahi ululāʻau, hoʻoweliweli nā falcons peregrine i ka ululāʻau kahihi nui.... Ma mua, ua hiki mai ka ʻike i hōʻike ʻia i ka luku loa ʻia ʻana o ka lehulehu o nā mea ʻāhiu e nā peregrine falcons ma ka Yamal tundra. Hoʻopau ʻia nā pūnana manu e ka squirrel maʻamau a me ka dormouse, a hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ke ao ʻulaʻula i ka nui o nā holoholona e weliweli no nā mea ulu lāʻau motley.
Mai kahi lua i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pūnana, hiki i kahi manu ke ʻomi ʻia e kahi starling maʻamau. I loko o nā pūnana o ka lāʻau ʻino i ʻike nui ʻia, loaʻa kekahi mau ʻūlū omo koko, e like me ka ʻutu ʻo Ceratorhyllus gallinae, Lystosoris Camrestris, Entomobrija marginata a me Entomobrija nivalis, nā mea ʻai i lalo o Meenorophilia dienoplus Dienoroni ʻEha pinepine nā pūnana i nā hōʻeha a nā midges a me nā ʻūlū nahu. I kekahi mau wahi i ka waha o ka ululāʻau, loaʻa nā mites cavitary Sternostoma hylandi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka maʻa mau, he manu monogamous ka ʻāleka i ʻike ʻia, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo polyandry ma Iapana. Hoʻomaka kahi hapa nui o nā manu e hana kope i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki, a ʻo kekahi o nā hui i hana ʻia, ʻoiai ma hope o ka wā hānau, noho pū a hiki i ka puna aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā lā lūlū ma waena o ka heluna o ka heluna a me ka ʻākau. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana moʻa a hiki i ka waena o Malaki, a i ka waena o Mei ua pau ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pālua, no laila hoʻomaka nā manu e kūkulu i kahi pūnana i kahi lua, kahi e kū ai, ma ke ʻano he kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻewalu mika.
Hoihoi ia! I ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ʻole i nā lā he ʻumi o Mei, ua waiho ka wahine o ka ʻāhi lāʻau i ʻike ʻia mai ʻehā a ʻewalu mau hua keʻokeʻo ʻōlinolino. Lawe ʻia ka Incubation e ka wahine a me ke kāne no ʻumikūmālua mau lā, a laila hānau makapō a ʻōlohelohe hoʻi, hānau ʻia nā keiki kōkua ʻole loa.
I ka makahiki he ʻumi mau makahiki, hiki i nā pīpī ke piʻi i ka puka komo, e hoʻohana ana i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae he kākoʻo... Hānai nā mākua ʻelua i nā moa. Noho nā moa i ka pūnana a hiki i ka makahiki o ʻekolu mau pule, a ma hope e aʻo lākou e lele, a ma kahi o ka ʻāpana e ukali ai ka wahine, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e hahai i ke kāne ʻO nā moa i aʻo i ka lele e hānai ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua no nā lā he ʻumi, a ma hope iho ua loaʻa i nā manu ke kūʻokoʻa piha.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kēia manawa, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka Great Spotted Woodpecker i ke kūlana palekana Least Concern e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature.
