Nani nā holoholona maʻalea a ma ka manawa like "noke" o nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau. Eia nō naʻe, lawe mai ka poʻe noho ma nā kula manuahi i ka pīhoihoi a me ka hōʻeha i ka mahiʻai a me nā home. ʻO nā holoholona i aloha ʻia e nā pōpoki a aloha ʻole ʻia e nā wahine a me nā mahiʻai kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻokoʻa kūlohelohe.
Nui ka honua no nā laha āpau, pono wale ʻoe e noho pū me ke akamai. E ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka iole kahua, kāna mau maʻamau, hiki i ka weliweli a me nā ʻano o ka hakakā.
Hōʻike ʻiole kahua
Hele mai kaʻiole kahua i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma waena o kona ʻohana pili.
- maʻamau - ke ʻano maʻamau;
- ʻulaʻula - kahi kamaʻāina o nā steppes wela nui o ʻAsia;
- ululāʻau, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā wahi o ka ululāʻau o nā ʻāina ʻo Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema.
- lalo honua - kahi kamaʻāina o nā kamaʻāina o ke kaona a me nā ʻāina e pili ana.
ʻOiai ka ʻokoʻa, pili lākou āpau i ka genus of voles, ka ʻohana hamster, ke kaʻina o nā rodents a me ka papa o nā mea mammal.
Ke ʻano o ka ʻiole kahua
ʻO nā ʻano voles āpau he elongated, ʻūlū oi, maka maka ʻeleʻele (ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha), pepeiao kolohe a me kahi huelo lōʻihi, e waiho ana ma kahi o ka loa o ke kino. ʻO kēia ke koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka maximum 13 cm ka lōʻihi, pinepine a 10 cm, ʻaʻole helu i ka huelo. Kaona kaumaha ma kahi o 15 g... Ma nā papalina kiʻekiʻe, he mau pterygoid nāʻiole, me he mea lā he dimples ko lākou ma ko lākou mau papalina. Liʻiliʻi nā paws, me nā wāwae ma kahi o 1.5 - 2 knm. Pōkole nā kui, ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ka ʻeli mau ʻana.
ʻO ka hulu o ka holoholona ma ke kua i kala brownish-buffy. ʻAʻole palupalu ia, akā ʻano liʻiliʻi, pōkole; i nā hiʻohiʻona kahiko ua lilo ia i mau nila "palupalu", e like me nā hedgehogs. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā voles kahi ʻāpana pouli ma ka ʻiwi. Ma ka ʻōpū, hina hina ke kapa.
Hoihoi ia! Pili ka ikaika o ke kala i ka makahiki o ka ʻiole. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā poʻe hanohano ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa ʻōpio; aia kekahi mau oho hina i waena o nā lauoho.
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka vole kāne ma waho o ka wahine. I mea e huikau ʻole ai ka ʻiole kahua a me kona ʻohana brownie, e hoʻolohe i kā lākou ʻokoʻa.
| ʻIole hale | ʻIole hōʻiliʻili |
|---|---|
| Liʻiliʻi, a 10 cm | ʻOi aku ka nui, a i 13 cm |
| Hinahina-ʻeleʻele ke kua, ʻeleʻele | ʻEleʻele ka hope me kahi kaha i waenakonu |
| ʻAno keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū | Hinahina māmā ka ʻōpū |
| Puʻupuʻu pōkole | Mīkini kuhikuhi |
| Nui nā pepeiao, poepoe | Liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao, triangular |
| Hōʻea i 60% o ke kino | Hōʻea i 70% o ke kino |
Noho paha nā ʻiole kahua i ka hale a i ka māla, a me nā mea kūloko - i ka nahelehele.
Nohona Vole
Ma ke ala o ke ola, ua like nā ʻiole kahua me nā mole liʻiliʻi: ʻeli lākou i nā lua kokoke i ka ʻili o ka honua a neʻe pū me lākou. Ke ʻeli ʻana, hoʻolei nāʻiole i ka honua i ko lākou ʻaoʻao, no laila palahalaha ka puʻu ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, a ʻo ka "komo" i loko ʻaʻole ia mai luna, e like me ka mole, akā mai ka ʻaoʻao. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe lākou ma lalo o ka uhi o ka hau.
Mea nui! ʻAʻohe manawa o nā voles o ka hoʻoilo i hoʻoiho ʻia i ka hoʻoilo; ʻoiai i ke anuanu, pono lākou e neʻe a nānā i ka meaʻai. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana nāʻiole i nā lako i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ke kauwela i nā pūnana-pūnana.
Noho lākou i nā lua a i nā hale kūpono kūpono: ma lalo o nā lālā, ahu nā mauʻu, i loko o nā hale, a pēlā aku. Inā kūkulu kahi ʻiole i kahi lua nona iho, hana ia a ākea a lālā. Ma kahi hohonu o 5 a 35 cm, aia kahi labyrinth mai 4 a 25 m ka lōʻihi me nā lumi waiho a me kahi lumi moe, a me nā puka kūwaho, kahi o ia e alakaʻi ai i kahi kumu o ka wai inu.
I ke ao, makemake nā ʻiole kahua e peʻe ma lalo o ka honua a hiamoe, a i ka lā a lākou e hana ai.... Kokolo lākou i ka ʻili a nānā i ka meaʻai, ʻūlū i nā mea āpau e hele mai ana: ke aʻa o nā mea kanu, nā pua, nā ʻūmū, ka ʻili i lalo o nā kumu lāʻau. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai kūpono, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā neʻe maoli.
Holo wikiwiki nāʻiole, neʻe me kahi ala lele "lele". ʻIke lākou i ka ʻauʻau ʻana, akā makemake lākou e hōʻalo iā ia. Noho pinepine lākou i nā kolone, pinepine: 1 a i ʻole kekahi mau hoahānau wahine a me nā hanauna he nui o kā lākou keiki.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi vole
ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi ʻiole vole i ka nahelehele he 1-2 mau makahiki, no ka mea he nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me nā pilikia. Inā holo pono nā mea āpau i ke ola o ka ʻiole, hiki ke ola i nā makahiki 7-12.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia koʻokoʻo ma kahi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, koe wale no nā kihi wela loa.
- ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, a ʻo Pinilana a me Denmark kekahi;
- ma Siberia a me nā Ural;
- i nā ʻĀkau-ʻĀpana steppe ʻĀkau ʻAmelika (a i ka latitu o Guatemala);
- loaʻa lākou iā ʻAsia - Kina, Mongolia, Taiwan;
- mai ka hema, ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou pae i Libia (ʻApelika ʻAkau) a me ka ʻākau o India;
ʻOiai ka inoa, ʻaʻole kū pololei nā voles i nā māla. No lākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mauʻu ma kahi o ka mauʻu, no laila koho lākou i nā kula, nā lihi o ka ululāʻau, nā mālamalama, a me nā wahi kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka: nā hale noho, nā hale hoʻoulu mea kanu, nā hale hoʻoluhi, nā wahi hoʻomaluhia ma ka māla a me ka māla mea kanu. Hiki i nā ʻohana ke piʻi i loko o ka hale a noho ma lalo o kahi kaupaku, ma lalo o ka pā o ka paia, i ka ea, i kahi papa o ka hoʻohuihui.
Hoihoi ia! Inā pulu a lepo ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole kūkulu ka rodent akamai i lua, akā e hana i kahi pōpō pūnana i ka mauʻu, e kau ʻia ma ka lālā kiʻekiʻe o ka nāhelehele.
I ka wā o nā kahawai, i nā wā o ka ua ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, nā wai hoʻoilo, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mink o nā holoholona i ka wai, a he nui nā ʻiole e make.
ʻAi papaʻai iole
ʻO ka vole kahi meakanu lāʻau. ʻOiai no ka ʻohana o ka hamsters ʻo ia, ulu kona mau niho i loko o kona ola, no laila pili ka noʻonoʻo i ka wili mau. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaneʻane mau nā ʻiole e ʻānai i kekahi mea. I ka lā, pono i kahi vole makua e ʻai i kahi nui o nā meaʻai e like me kona kaupaona ponoʻī.
ʻAi ka ʻiole i ka ʻaneʻane i nā mea āpau ke loaʻa mai nā mea kanu.
- nā mea kanu a me kā lākou mau hua;
- hua hua;
- nā nati, me nā puʻupuʻu;
- palaoa;
- nā kūmole, nā aʻa, nā ʻūpuʻu, nā aʻa aʻa;
- nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā pua o nā kumu lāʻau like ʻole;
- ʻili palupalu o nā lāʻau ʻōpio.
Hiki i nā waihona hoʻoilo i nā pantry o nā ʻiole kula ke piʻi i kahi nui o 3 kg.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana o ka puna a hiki i ke anuanu o ke kauwela, hana hou nā ʻiole vole... Hāpai ka hāpai i ka iole i nā lā he 21-23. I loko o ke kau, hiki i ka wahine ke hāʻawi i 8 mau litters, maʻamau 3-4, i kēlā me kēia mea e lawe mai i 5-6 cubs. ʻO ka manaʻo kēia inā i kau mua ʻia he mau pai voles 5 ma ka pūnaewele, ma ka hopena o ke kau mahana hiki i ka helu o nāʻiole i 8-9 tausani.
Hānau ʻole ʻia nā ʻiole, makapō ka maka. Akā wikiwiki loa kā lākou ulu ʻana:
- ʻike ʻia ka hihiʻo ma 12-14 mau lā;
- ma hope o 20 mau lā hiki iā lākou ke ola me ka ʻole o ka makuahine;
- ma hope o 3 mau mahina a ma mua hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hānau keiki iā lākou iho.
Hoihoi ia! ʻIke ʻia nā hihia ke hāpai nā voles wahine i ka lā 13th o ko lākou ola a hānau i nā keiki kūpono i 33 mau lā o ko lākou makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ia ka momona no ka mea ma ke ʻano, nui nā ʻenemi i nā ʻiole i kaupalena i ko lākou lehulehu. ʻO nā mea ʻimi holoholona vole nui loa he manu lele: pueo, ʻio, moth, a pēlā aku. Hiki i hoʻokahi pueo ke ʻai ma mua o 1000 iole i kēlā me kēia makahiki. No kekahi mau holoholona - nā ʻalopeke, nā wea, nā martens, nā troches - ʻo nā ʻiole ka mea nui, ʻaneʻane he meaʻai wale nō. E hopu a ʻai ka ferret i nā iole he 10-12 i kēlā me kēia lā.
He weliweli pū kekahi weasel no nā rodents no ka mea he kino palupalu a ololi ia, a maʻalahi hoʻi ia e komo i nā pūnana a ʻai i nā keiki ma laila. He hedgehog, nahesa a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, eʻoliʻoli kahi pōpoki iā lākou iho me ka leʻaleʻa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
He ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻiole Vole. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema aia ma mua o 60 mau ʻano a me nā subspecies. Ma waho, he paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou; ʻo ke ʻano o ke kaʻanalike gen ka mea kūpono no ka ʻike ʻana.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaopopo ʻokoʻa nā ʻiole iā lākou iho mai nā lāhui ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻohe hoa iki me lākou. Pehea lākou e hōʻike ai i nā ʻokoʻa interspecies ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia.
ʻO ka genome o ka ʻiole vole he mea pohihihi ʻepekema ia: aia ke ʻano o ka genetic me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka loiloi, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā chromosome moekolohe. ʻO ka helu o nā chromosome mai 17 a 64, a i nā kāne a me nā wahine kūlike a ʻokoʻa paha lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe hilinaʻi moekolohe. I hoʻokahi litter, ʻo nāʻiole āpau he clone genetical.
ʻO kekahi waiwai ʻē aʻe o ka heluna o ka ʻiole kahua ka "transplan ponoʻī" o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka pūpū mai nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka cell (mitochondria). Ke paio makehewa nei nā ʻepekema no ka transplantation o ka moʻokūʻauhau i nā kānaka, ʻoiai i ka voles ke hana nei ia ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani mau makahiki. ʻO ka wehewehe wale nō no ka ʻepekema kahi lele nui i ka lehulehu i nāʻiole kahua i nā makahiki i hala.
ʻOiai he holoholona momona ka iole, hilinaʻi nui kāna mau helu i ka makahiki a me ke kau.... Ua ʻike mākou i ka poha ʻana o ka ulu a me ka "puka helu kanaka" ma nā lua pele ma kahi o 3-5 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nui o nā holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka heluna kānaka ma kahi o 2000 iole i kēlā me kēia 1 hectare o ka wahi, a ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi loa - 100 mau kānaka i kaeka hoʻokahi. Ma waho o nāʻiole, ʻo ka ʻohana rodent kahi me nā lemmings a me nā muskrats.
ʻO kaʻiole Vole a me ke kanaka
Ua noʻonoʻo lōʻihi ka poʻe i kēia holoholona nimble i ko lākou ʻenemi. Ke koho nei i kahi e noho ai ma kahi kokoke i nā hale kanaka, nā waihona a me nā ʻāina mahi, nā ʻiole vole ke kumu o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mālama a me nā kanu ʻana, a he poʻe halihali pū kekahi lākou i nā maʻi maʻi lele.
ʻO ka hekili o nā māla, nā māla a me nā māla mea kanu
I nā makahiki i ka manawa e hana nui ai ka hana hou ʻana, ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻeha a ka vole i nā mea kanu.
- ʻūlū i nā ʻāpana o ka honua, a make ka mea kanu i ke aʻa;
- hōʻino i nā hua aʻa a me nā melon;
- hoʻonui i nā waihona palaoa a me nā ʻanoʻano;
- ʻōpala i ka ʻili o nā laʻalāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau.
ʻAi nā Voles i nā huahana mahiʻai mea kanu ʻaʻole wale ma ka honua wale nō, akā, i nā keʻena mālama hoʻi, i nā lewa, i nā ahu a me nā puʻupuʻu.
Mea nui! ʻAʻole paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo i ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻohana voles i kou wahi: e hāʻawi ʻia ke kolone i kapa ʻia ʻo "runway" - nā koina i waiho ʻia ma ka ʻili mai ka ʻeli ʻana i nā lua hohonu.
Ihu weliweli
Hiki i ka iole vole ke lawe i nā maʻi kūpilikiʻi loa, a ʻo ka nui o nā pathogens e hiki ai ke make i nā kānaka. ʻO nā holoholona nani a hoʻomākeʻaka hoʻi, keu hoʻi i ka nuipa, hiki ke kumu:
- maʻi ahulau;
- leptospirosis;
- tularemia;
- erysipelas;
- toxoplasmosis;
- salmonellosis, etc.
Ua loaʻa iā lākou ka kaulana ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo lākou wale nō ka mea lawe i ka maʻi ahulau i ka ʻāina Transcaucasian.
Pehea e hana ai i kahi vole
Ma muli o ka makaʻu i ka mahiʻai, a me ke olakino a me ke ola o ke kanaka, pono e hoʻoikaika i ka palena ʻana i ka nui o nāʻiole vole. No kēia, ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka paio i noi ʻia:
- passive-prophylactic - hoʻoweliweli aku i nāʻiole mai nā wahi noho o ka poʻe a me nā mea mahiʻai;
- ʻeleu - nā ana i pili i ka luku pololei ʻana o nā rodents.
Hoʻoweliweli mākou i nāʻiole kahua
Ma ke ʻano he scaring away, he mea pono ke hoʻohana i nā mea kanu no ke kanu ʻana a kau ʻana i waho, ʻaʻohe ʻala a nā ʻiole e makemake ai. Aia i waena o lākou nā kālika, ke aʻa ʻeleʻele, calendula, ka mint, wormwood, tansy a me nā mea kanu a me nā hua ʻalani ikaika. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā mea kanu iā lākou iho, akā nā aila pono, e waiho ana i nā ʻāpana o ka huluhulu pulupulu i pulu ʻia i loko o lākou kokoke i kahi i manaʻo ʻia e noho ai nāʻiole. I kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia ka petrolene a me ka amonia no ka mea like. Hōʻalo nāʻiole i ka lehu i hoʻopuehu ʻia.
ʻO kekahi koho kanaka no ka makaʻu ʻana ʻo ia nā ultrasonic a i ʻole nā uila haʻalulu e hana i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no ka noho ʻana o nāʻiole. Hiki iā lākou ke kūʻai ʻia i nā hale kūʻai. ʻO ka mana "home" o kahi repeller kahi ʻōmole huluhulu i ʻeli ʻia i ka lepo, kahi e humu a haʻalulu i ka wā makani. ʻO nā kini kēpau ma nā pou e pili ana i ka anapuni o ka pūnaewele a ʻo nā "chime makani" (nā koʻokoʻo a me nā bele) i kau ʻia ma nā lāʻau e like me ke ʻano. ʻAʻole paha e noho kahi kolone o nāʻiole ma ka pūnaewele a i loko o ka hale, i "patroll" ʻia e ka ʻenemiole kūlohelohe - ka pōpoki.
Ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā voles
"I ke kaua" kaulike nā mea āpau. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu me ka ʻino hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono ʻia, e pono nō e hana ʻia i nā ana loa. Hāʻawi kahi arsenal o nā ʻano ʻōiwi a me nā hana i nā koho aʻe no ka hakakā ʻana i nā voles no ke ola a me ka make.
- "Plaster thrombus" - e kāwili i ka palaoa palaoa paʻakai me ka lime a gypsum paha. ʻO ke koʻokoʻo nāna i ʻai i kēlā maunu e make ia mai ke kōkō ʻana o ke koko i loko o ka ʻōpū.
- Maunu ʻona - i nā hale kūʻai kūikawā hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i nā lāʻau make mākaukau no nā rodents i ke ʻano o nā papa wax a granules paha. Ke kau nei i waho, mai lawe iā lākou me nā lima ʻole, a i ʻole ʻaʻole hoʻopā nā ʻiole akamai iā lākou. ʻO kekahi ʻano lāʻau ʻona he hopena lohi, a mālama nā rodent i nā lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i ko lākou hoa.
Mea nui! ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i kēia hana inā hiki i ka pōpoki a ʻīlio paha ke ʻahaʻaina i nā ʻiole i make - hiki i kēia ke make i ke ola o kahi pipi.
- Nā mea luku kino - nā ʻano mousetraps āpau. ʻAʻole maikaʻi inā nui ka lehulehu o ka ʻiole.
- Nā pahele -hele mai nā mahiʻai me nā ʻano koho like ʻole, mai kahi hue ma kahi kālā i hāʻule ka ʻiole ma lalo o kahi ʻōmole i ʻeli ʻia i ka lepo me kahi aila pua pua pua liʻiliʻi. Kūʻai ʻia nā pahele mākaukau i hana ʻia. ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe he papa me kahi limu kūikawā i hoʻopili ʻia iā ia, kahi e paʻa pono ai ka ʻiole.
Wahi a nā hōʻike hou, ʻaʻole ia ka tī kuʻuna i ʻoi aku ka nani e like me ka maunu no nā voles, akā nā nati, kokoleka, kahi ʻāpana o kaʻiʻo, ka berena me ka aila sunflower. ʻO kekahi manawa ʻoluʻolu ʻole e pili pū me nā ʻano hoʻopaʻi āpau e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine ʻoe a hoʻolilo i nāʻiole i make.
No ke aha hiki ʻole ke luku loa i nā voles
E like me nā ʻano ma kā mākou honua, lawe nā voles i ko lākou wahi i kahi niche kaiaola. Ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano, kaohi lākou i ka ulu ʻana o ka uhi mauʻu, ka mea e pale ai i nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio mai ka haki ʻana i ka mālamalama, a mālama ia nā ulu lāʻau.... Eia kekahi, he mea nui kā lākou kuleana i ka kaulaʻai no ka heluna nui o nā manu manu lele a me nā holoholona hulu hulu he nui. I kēlā mau makahiki ke hānau ʻia nā ʻiole, ua emi ka helu o nā ʻalopeke, nā pueo, a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana i nā voles.
- Evron;
- muy;
- balukhistan;
- Mekiko;
- ʻUlaʻula Kepanī;
- Taiwanese;
- Kashmir waena.
Nā hana pale
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka likelike o nā voles e noho ana i kou wahi, hiki iā ʻoe:
- kiʻi i ka pōpoki a ʻīlio paha;
- mai kipaku aku i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā iole, ʻo ka pueo hoʻi;
- e pale aku ai i ka littering o ka pūnaewele me ka papa inoa, wahie, nā lako pono ʻole, a pēlā aku.
- e hoʻokuʻu mau i ka honua, e luku ana i nā "groove" o nāʻiole kula;
- hoʻolei manawa o nā lālā ʻoki, nā lau, nā mauʻu a me nā ʻōpala māla ʻē aʻe.
No ka hakakā ʻana i nā voles, pono e hoʻopili ʻia kahi ala i hoʻohui ʻia, e hoʻohui i ka pale ʻana, e hana ana i kahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole no nā rodents, a me ka luku ʻana i ke kino.
