ʻO Petrels (Procellariidae) kahi ʻohana e pili pū me nā manu kai hou-pygmy, i pili i ke kauoha o nā ʻaila. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maʻa petrels e nā ʻano he nui, a he mau manu waena.
Nā ʻano laulā
Me nā ʻaila ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā lālā o ka ʻohana Petrel he mau lua tubular i ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka nuku. Ma o kēia mau lua, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka paʻakai kai a me nā wai ʻōpū... ʻO ka nuku he ʻano lou a lōʻihi, me ka wēlau a me nā kihi. Hāʻawi kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka nuku i nā manu e paʻa paʻa i nā mea pahee, e like me ka iʻa.
ʻO ka nui o nā lunamaka o nā ʻaukā e ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO nā lāpili liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ʻia e nā petrel liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapahā o ka mika me ka ʻēheu o 50-60 cm a me kahi nui ma kahi o 165-170 g. ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o nā laha ʻaʻohe nui ka nui o ke kino.
ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa nā petrel nunui, i hoʻohālikelike i nā albatross liʻiliʻi i ka helehelena. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kino o nā ʻenekini nunui makua ma mua o ka mika, me kahi ʻēheu o ʻelua mau mika a me ke kaumaha i ka pae o 4.9-5.0 kg.
Hoihoi ia! Lele maikaʻi loa nā petrel makua āpau, akā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano lele like ʻole.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā plumage o nā petrel āpau e ke keʻokeʻo, hina, ʻeleʻele a me nā kala ʻeleʻele, no laila ke nānā aku nei nā ʻano āpau o kēia ʻohana i kahi maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi. Ma ke ʻano he paʻakikī, he mea paʻakikī no ka mea ʻokoʻa e hoʻokaʻawale kūʻokoʻa i waena o nā ʻano i like kekahi i kekahi.
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokaʻawale ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hōʻailona o ka dimorphism moekolohe i ʻike ʻia i nā manu. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā paws o ka manu, no laila e noho ai i ka ʻāina, pono ka petrel e hoʻohana i kona mau ʻeheu a me kona umauma ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo hou aʻe.
Hoʻonohonoho petrel
Māhele ʻia ka ʻohana petrel (Procellariidae) i ʻelua mau ʻohana a i nā ʻohana he ʻumikūmāhā... Hōʻike ʻia ka subfamily Fulmarinae e nā manu me kahi ʻano lele lele o ka lele. Loaʻa nā meaʻai i nā papa superficial loa, a no ka loaʻa ʻana, kau ka manu ma luna o ka wai. ʻAʻole i kāliko ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻohana a ʻaʻole lawa kūpono paha no ka luʻu ʻana:
- pilikela nunui (Macronestes);
- fulmars (Fulmаrus);
- Petrel Antarctic (Thalassois);
- Manu nūnū Cape (Dartion);
- petrel petrel (Pagodroma);
- petrel polū (Halobaena);
- manu kohola (Rashyrtila);
- Kerguelen typhoon (Lugensa);
- typhoon (Pterodroma);
- Pseudobulweria;
- typhoon mascarene (Pseudobulweria aterrima);
- typhoon boulevards (Bulweria).
Hōʻike ʻia ka subfamily Puffininae e nā manu lele lele.
I ka wā o kēlā lele, lele pinepine nā pale o nā ʻeheu a pae i ka wai. Hiki i nā manu o kēia subfamily ke luʻu maikaʻi mai ke kauwela a mai kahi noho paha.
- ʻaila ʻaila mānoanoa (Procellaria);
- Petrel Westland (Procellaria westlandisa);
- petrel ʻokoʻa (Calonestris);
- petrel ʻoiaʻiʻo (Рuffinus).
Hoihoi ia! ʻOiai nā ʻano laha nui, ʻelua wale nō ʻano pūnana ma ka ʻāina o ko mākou ʻāina - nā fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) a me nā petrel i hoʻololi ʻia (Calonestris leuсomelas).
ʻO ka ʻohana Petrel ka mea waiwai loa i ka helu o nā laha a me kahi ʻohana ʻokoʻa loa e pili ana i ke kauoha o nā ihu Tube.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Pili pono ka mahele hāʻawi a me nā wahi noho o nā ʻaila i nā ʻano o ka manu.... ʻO nā hūpō nā manu o ka wai ʻākau o ka ʻākau, hāʻawi ʻia i ka pōʻaiapuni. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka pūnana ʻana ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma nā mokupuni ʻākau ma ka akau o ʻAkau ʻAmelika, ʻo Franz Josef Land, Greenland a me Novaya Zemlya, a hiki i nā mokupuni ʻo Beritania, a ma ka Moana Pākīpika nā pūnana manu mai Chukotka a i nā Aleutian a me nā mokupuni Kuril.
Hoihoi ia! Kaulana nui ʻia ka Lae Dove e nā luina ma ka latitu hema, ka mea e ukali mau ana i nā moku a hoʻolana i kona mau pūnana ma ke kahakai ʻo Antarctic a i ʻole nā mokupuni e pili ana.
ʻO nā pūnana petrel maʻamau ma nā mokupuni o nā kapakai ʻEulopa a me ʻApelika, a ma ka Moana Pākīpika e ʻike ʻia ana i ka pūnana i nā ʻāina mai Hawaii a Kaleponi. Hāpai nā petrel i hāʻawi ʻia i ka momona i nā mokupuni o ka Bass Strait, a ma kahi o Tasmania a ma waho o ke kahakai o South Australia.
ʻO ka petrel nunui kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o ke kai ma ka hemisphere hema. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā manu o kēia ʻano i ka South Shetland a me nā Mokupuni ʻo Orkney, a ʻo nā mokupuni ʻo Malvinas.
ʻO ka hānai Petele
ʻAi ʻia nā petrel, me nā ʻaukā ʻino, i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻano crustacea āpau e ʻauʻau kokoke i ka papa. Hana kēia mau manu i nā luʻu pōkole e pono ai. ʻO kahi mahele nui o nā ʻaila nui e hoʻopau i ka nui o ka heʻe. ʻAʻohe palu ʻo Albatrosses a pae pinepine i ka wai, a me nā fulmars a me nā ʻaila nunui e ʻai mai ka papa o ka wai.
I ka pō, makemake nui nā manu e ʻai i ka heʻe, i piʻi nui i ka wai, a i ke ao, nā iʻa kula, nā ʻōpala o nā moku e hele ana a i ʻole nā ʻano o ke kino i lilo i kumu no ka papaʻai. ʻO nā petrel nunui wale nō paha nā lunamaka o nā holoholona nosed Tube i hiki ke hoʻouka ikaika i nā wahi pūnana o nā penguins muli loa a hoʻopau i nā manu ʻōpio i meaʻai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻi nā ʻaila ʻelemakule i nā wahi hānau hānau maʻamau, ʻoiai inā mamao loa lākou.... Aia ka hoʻokūkū ʻāʻī loa i nā wahi punana i nā kolone manu nui a lehulehu loa ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi.
Ma ke kahakai kahakai ma waena o nā lunamaka pūnana a pau, aia kekahi mau hanana paʻakikī, a ʻo nā manu ʻaʻole wale e hakakā, akā ʻū pū kekahi me ka leo nui. ʻO kēia ʻano maʻamau ka manu e hoʻāʻo nei e pale aku i ko lākou ʻāina.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā pūnana manu i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā petrel. ʻO kahi laʻana, makemake nā albatrosses e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻili a laila kūkulu i nā puʻu lepo a me nā mea kanu. Hoʻokomo pololei nā ʻaila ma nā ʻūlili, a me ka pae o ka lepo, akā ʻo kahi ʻāpana nui o lākou, a me nā ʻaukāhu ʻino, hiki ke ʻeli i nā lua kūikawā ma ka lepo palupalu a hoʻohana paha i nā māwae maoli o ka lawa kūpono.
Hoihoi ia! Ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka moa i kāna pūnana maoli, lele aku ka makua makua e hoʻoheheʻe i ke kai, kahi i ka wā pōloli, ʻike ʻia ka lilo ʻana o nā manu molting i ko lākou kaumaha.
Noho mau nā kāne i ke kiaʻi o ka pūnana no kekahi mau lā, ʻoiai e hānai nā wahine i ke kai a i ʻole e hele i ka hānai hoʻōla. ʻAʻole hānai nā manu i hui pū ʻia i kekahi i kekahi, akā hoʻokomo i ka hua i hoʻokahi mau lā he 40-80. I nā lā mua, hānai nā keiki hānai i nā meaʻai palupalu a momona hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā meaola kai hapa hapa, i regurgitated ʻia e nā manu makua.
Ulu koke nā moa petrel, no laila, ua oʻo iki, hiki iā lākou ke noho me ka nānā ʻole o nā mākua no kekahi mau lā. Hoʻomaka ka lele ʻana o nā ʻōpili liʻiliʻi ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano nui ka lele mua ma kahi o 118-120 mau lā.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Ma waho o ka poʻe e kipa ana i nā pūnana manu, he mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe ko nā luʻu luʻu. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi weliweli e ka South Pole Skua, kahi e luku ai i nā pūnana manu a hiki ke ʻai i nā moa ʻōpio ʻole. ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻaila e pale aku iā lākou iho i ka hoʻoweliweli hiki ke kuha i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū i kahi mamao kūpono.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā ʻaila kūmole he mau lipi lōʻihi maoli; i ka nahelehele, hiki i ka makahiki o ua manu lā ke kiʻi i ka hapalua kenekulia a ʻoi paha.
I kekahi mau ʻano, e like me nā fulmars, kēia ʻano a i ʻole ka hopena o ka makaʻu e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lele ʻana. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kahi jet o ka wai fetid i kahi mika, me kahi kūpono kūpono kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā manu liʻiliʻi e komo pū me ke kahu-ueka, a me nā ʻiole a me nā pōpoki i hoʻolauna ʻia i nā panalāʻau mokupuni.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I loko o ka ʻohana petrel maʻamau, ʻokoʻa nā lunamakaainana ʻaʻole wale i ka nui, akā i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka.... ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā fulmars he nui loa nā manu. ʻO kā lākou helu ma ka ʻAkelanika ma kahi o 3 miliona, a ma ka Moana Pākīpika - ma kahi o 3.9-4.0 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka heluna nui o nā petrel Antarctic ma waena o 10-20 miliona, a paʻa ka heluna honua o nā petrel hau ma kahi o ʻelua miliona.
ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā petrel polū ma nā mokupuni ʻo Kerguelen ma mua o 100-200 tausani, a ma nā mokupuni ʻo Crozet a me Prince Edward he mau kaukani mau pālua o kēia ʻano. ʻO ka hana maʻamau, pāpā ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā petrel Mediterranean ma Italia a me Palani wale nō, akā pale ʻia kekahi mau kolone manu ma nā mokupuni kokoke i Corsica.
I kēia manawa, i ka mahele o nā ʻano laha ʻole a ʻaneʻane hoʻi o ka ʻohana Procellariiform me Balearic shearwater (Ruffinus mauretanisus) Rozovonogy shearwater (Ruffinus sreatorus), Trinidad petrel (Rterodroma arminjoniana) White petrel (Rterodroma alba), The Madeira petrel (Rterododeloma madeira) (Рterоdrоma sаndwiсhеnsis) a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe.
