ʻO ka spider keʻa (Aranaeus) kahi arthropod e pili ana i ka punawelewele ʻo Araneomorphic spider a me ka ʻohana ulana orb (Araneidae). I kēia lā i ka honua aia ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani ʻano keʻa, e noho kokoke ana i nā wahi āpau.
Hōʻike Crosspiece
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana waho o ka punawelewele e hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻōpū a me nā warts arachnoid, ka cephalothorax a me nā wāwae hele wāwae, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻūhā, ʻāpana kuli, tibia, mua, tarsus a me nā māiʻuʻu, a me chelicera a me pedipalpa, apo acetabular a me coxa.
Helehelena
Liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā nananana, eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine o kēia arthropod ma mua o ke kāne... ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka wahine he 1.7-4.0 cm, a me ka nui o nā kāne makua o ka nananana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.0-1.1 knm. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa i ka punawelewele me kahi ʻano ikaika loa o ka pūpū ikaika ʻulaʻula melemele, i hoʻolei ʻia i ka wā manawa o ka molt e hiki mai ana. Me nā ʻano nui o nā arachnids, he ʻumi nā lālā o ke kolo i kū i ke ʻano:
- ʻehā mau wāwae wāwae hele, me nā māiʻuʻu ʻoi loa ma nā wēlau;
- hoʻokahi pālua o nā pedipalps e hana i kahi hana ʻike a pono e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea pio i hopu ʻia;
- hoʻokahi o chelicerae i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hopu ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i ka mea i hopu ʻia. Aia i ka chelicerae o nā keʻa ke kuhikuhi i lalo, a kuhikuhi ʻia nā lou chelicera i loko.
Loaʻa i nā kāne mākua ma ka ʻāpana hope loa o ka pedipalp kahi ʻōnaehana kope, i hoʻopiha ʻia ma mua pono o ka moʻo ʻana me ka wai seminal, i komo i loko o ka ʻāpana seminal i kau ʻia ma ka wahine, ma muli o ka hānau.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻike maka o ka punawelewele, no laila ʻike maikaʻi ʻole ka arthropod a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā silhouette hilahila ʻole, a me ke alo o ka mālamalama a me nā aka.
He ʻehā pālua o nā maka ko nā kolo kihi, akā ʻane makapō loa. ʻO kahi uku maikaʻi loa no kēlā hemahema o ka ʻike maka kahi hoʻomohala pono ʻia, no nā lauoho tactile kūikawā aia ma ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa o ke kino ke kuleana. Hiki i kekahi mau huluhulu ma ke kino o ka arthropod ke hana i ka hopena o nā stimulus kemika, ʻike nā lauoho ʻē aʻe i nā haʻalulu o ka ea, a ʻo kekahi e hopu i nā ʻano leo like ʻole.
Poepoe ka ʻōpū o ka nananana kolo a nele loa i nā ʻāpana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao i luna aia ke kumu hoʻohālikelike i ke ʻano o ke keʻa, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo he ʻekolu mau warts punawelewele kūikawā, kahi i piha i hoʻokahi kaukani mau momona i hana i nā punawelewele. ʻO nā ʻāpana ikaika e like me nā kumu like ʻole: ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena hei paʻa pono, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā pale pale a i ʻole ka ulana ʻana i kahi kōpena no nā keiki.
Aia ka ʻōnaehana hanu i loko o ka ʻōpū a hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻeke pulmonary ʻelua, kahi e nui ai nā pelu lau-lau me ka ea. ʻO ka hemolymph wai, hoʻonui ʻia me ka oxygen, hoʻopuni i loko o nā pā. Hoʻopili pū ka ʻōnaehana hanu i nā paipu tracheal. I ka ʻāpana dorsal o ka ʻōpū, aia ka puʻuwai, kahi e like ai me kahi ʻōpala lōʻihi loa me nā kīʻaha koko he nui.
Nā ʻano o kea
ʻOiai ʻoiai he nui nā ʻano like ʻole o nā nananana kea, aia wale nō kanakolu mau ʻano i loaʻa ma ka panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina a ma nā mokuʻāina kokoke, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ke kū ʻana o kahi "keʻa" i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka ʻōpū. ʻO kahi laha maʻamau ka ʻāpana spider a me meider spider (Aranaeus quadratus), kahi e noho ai i nā wahi momona a hāmama hoʻi.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka hoihoi nui o ka punawelewele ʻo Aranaeus Stavmi ke keikikāne, e noho nui nei i nā conifers ma ka ʻāina ʻo Palaearctic, nona ka nui haʻahaʻa e uku ʻia e nā ʻano kala like ʻole.
ʻO ka laulā ākea pū kekahi ke keʻa maʻamau (Araneus diadematus), nona ka kino i uhi ʻia me kahi mea hana waxy e paʻa mau ai ka wai, a me kahi ʻano laha ʻole i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book i kapa ʻia ʻo ke angular cross (Araneus angulatus), kahi i hōʻike ʻia e ka fetal nele o kahi kumu crossiform a aia kekahi mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā puʻupuʻu i ka moku o ka ʻōpū.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka crosspiece
ʻO nā spider keʻa o nā lāhui like ʻole, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā poʻe like he nui, e noho nei no kahi manawa pōkole... Make koke nā kāne ma hope o ka male ʻana, a make koke nā wahine ma hope o ka cocoon plexus no nā keiki.
No laila, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke ola o nā keʻa kāne i ʻekolu mau mahina, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahine o kēia ʻano hiki ke noho ma kahi o ʻeono mau mahina.
ʻIderpala kolo
ʻAwaʻawa ka lāʻau make o ke keʻa i nā vertebrates a me nā invertebrates, no ka mea, he hemolysin wela-labile kona. Hiki i kēia mea ke hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i nā erythrocytes o nā holoholona e like me nā lāpaki, nā ʻiole a me nāʻiole, a me nā huna koko kanaka. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana, he kiʻekiʻe kūʻē ko ka puaʻa guinea, lio, hipa a me ʻīlio i ka toxin.
Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he hopena i hoʻohuli ʻole ʻia ka toxin i nā mea hana synaptic o kekahi holoholona invertebrate. No ke ola kanaka a me ke olakino, ʻo nā keʻa i ka hapanui o nā hihia he mea makaʻu ʻole, akā inā aia kahi mōʻaukala o nā maʻi āpau, hiki i ka toxin ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka naʻau wela nui a i ʻole nā nerosis kikoʻī kūloko. Hiki i nā spider-spider liʻiliʻi ke nahu ma o ka ʻili kanaka, akā ʻo ka nui o nā lāʻau ʻawa i hōʻino ʻia pinepine ʻole ʻia ka hewa, no laila ke hele pū ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili me nā ʻōuli ʻeha a hala ʻole paha.
Mea nui! Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike, ʻo nā nahu o nā keʻa keu nui o kekahi mau ʻano mea, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka ʻeha ma mua o nā sensation ma hope o ka ʻeha a ka moʻo huelo ʻawa.
Pūnaewele punawelewele
Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, noho nā keʻa i ka kalaunu o ka lāʻau, ma waena o nā lālā, kahi e hoʻonohonoho ai nā ʻupena hei nui e ka nananana.... Hoʻohana ʻia nā lau o ka mea kanu e hana i kahi pale. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia kahi pūnaewele punawelewele i nā ulu lāʻau a ma waena o nā aniani o nā hale i haʻalele ʻia.
Hoʻopau ka spider-cross i kēlā me kēia lā i kāna pūnaewele a hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana i kahi hou, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻupena hei mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi wale nō, akā hāʻule nā mea kolo nui loa i loko o lākou. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ulana ʻia kahi pūnaewele hou i ka pō, e ʻae ai i ka nananana e hopu i kāna mea pio i ke kakahiaka. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻupena i kūkulu ʻia e ka punawelewele keʻa wahine makua e ke alo o kekahi helu o nā ʻie a me nā lekiō i ulana ʻia mai nā ʻili paʻa. ʻO ke kau waena ma waena o nā ʻōwili pili e pololei a paʻa hoʻi.
Hoihoi ia! Ma muli o ka ikaika loa a me ka nui o ka lahilahi, ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā pae o ka nananana no ka manawa lōʻihi i ka hana ʻana i nā lole a me nā mea hoʻonaninani like ʻole, a ma waena o nā poʻe noho o nā Tropical lawelawe lākou i nā mea no ka ulana ʻupena a me nā ʻupena lawaiʻa.
Lawe ʻia ka instinct hale i ka spider-spider i automatism a papahana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hopohopo ma ka pae genetical, no laila hiki i nā ʻōpio ke kūkulu maʻalahi i nā pūnaewele punipuni kiʻekiʻe a paʻa koke i ka mea pio pono no ka meaʻai. Hoʻohana wale nā spider i nā radial, nā kaula maloʻo no ka neʻe ʻana, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ke keʻa ke pili i nā ʻupena hei.
Kahi noho a me nā wahi noho
ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana maʻamau ka keʻa maʻamau (Aranaeus diadematus), i ʻike ʻia ma loko o ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa a ma kekahi mau mokuʻāina ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, kahi e noho ai nā mea kolo o kēia ʻano ulu i nā ulu ulu lāʻau ulu, nāhelehele a me nā ulu lāʻau. ʻO ke keʻa keʻa (Аrаneus аngulаtus) kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane a aneane hiki ʻole ke noho i ko mākou ʻāina, a me ka ʻāina ʻo Palaearctic. ʻO ka spider cross Aranaeus albotriangulus e noho ana ma Australia kekahi e noho nei ma New South Wales a me Kuiniland.
Ma nā panalāʻau o ko mākou ʻāina, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā spider cross oak (Araneus ceroregius a i ʻole Aculeirа ceroregia), kahi e noho ai i nā mauʻu kiʻekiʻe ma nā palena o ka ululāʻau, i nā ulu lāʻau a me nā māla, a me nā ulu lāʻau.
ʻO ke keʻa ʻo Araneus savaticus, a i ʻole ka spider barn, hoʻohana i nā grottoes a me nā pali pōhaku, a me nā komo i nā mines a me nā hale kūʻai, e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻupena lawaiʻa. ʻO ka pinepine, noho kēia ʻano i kahi kokoke o kahi noho o kahi kanaka. Noho ka moʻo kolo maka kea (Araneus gemmoides) ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ʻAmelika a me Kanada, a ʻo India, Nepal, Bhutan a me kahi ʻāpana o Australia ua lilo i wahi noho maoli o ka lunamakaʻāinana o nā kūpuna ʻAsia o ka spider cross Araneus mitifiсus a i ʻole "Pringles spider".
ʻAi, hemo o ke keʻa
ʻO nā kolo, me ka nui o nā nananana ʻē aʻe, loaʻa kahi ʻano digestion o waho... ʻOiai ke kali nei no kā lākou mea pio, maʻa mau nā punawelewele i ka pūnaewele, e noho ana i kahi pūnana huna, i hana ʻia me ka pūnaewele ikaika. Kikoo ʻia kahi pae hōʻailona kūikawā mai ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka ʻupena a i ka punana o ka nananana.
Hōʻike ʻia ka papaʻai nui o ka nananana e nā lele like ʻole, nā makika a me nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, kahi e hiki ai i ka punawelewele makua ke ʻai ma kahi o ke kakini i ka manawa. Ma hope o ka lele ʻana, komo kahi pepe liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i ka ʻupena a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e pā i loko ona, a laila ʻike koke ʻia kahi oscillation o ke aho hōʻailona, a haʻalele ka nananana i kona puʻuhonua.
Hoihoi ia! Inā komo kahi mea ʻino ʻino a nui paha i loko o ka hei o ka punawelewele, hoʻopau koke ka nananana i ka pūnaewele i mea e pakele ai. Pēlā nō hoʻi, ke pale ikaika nei nā keʻa i ka launa ʻana me nā mea kolo hiki ke hoʻomoe i nā hua i loko o nā aropropod.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka arthropod ke ʻeli ponoʻī i ka hopu pio i hopu ʻia, no laila, ke komo koke kahi mea i loko o ka pūnaewele, hoʻokomo koke ka punawelewele i ka wai huhū digestive i loko ona, a ma hope e hoʻopili i ka mea pio i loko o ka cocoon mai ka pūnaewele a kali no kekahi manawa, kahi i pau ai ka meaʻai a huli i loko o kahi hopena momona i kapa ʻia.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka digestion o ka meaʻai i ka cocoon ma mua o hoʻokahi hola, a laila lawe ʻia ka wai momona, a koe wale ka uhi chitinous i loko o ka cocoon.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO nā punawelewele, he aropopopa dioecious. Hana pinepine ʻia ka hana aloha ma ka pō. Piʻi nā kāne i nā pahele o nā wahine, a ma hope a hoʻonohonoho lākou i nā hulina maʻalahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hāpai ʻana i ko lākou mau wāwae a hoʻoluliluli i ka ʻāpala. ʻO ia mau ʻano lawelawe e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hōʻailona. Ma hope o ka pā ʻana o ke kāne i ka cephalothorax o ka wahine me nā pedipalps, hana ʻia ka moena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻololi o ka wai moekolohe.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, make ke keʻa kāne, a no ka wahine ua hiki i ka manawa e ulana i ka ʻoka mai kahi pūnaewele... Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ulana ka cocoon i ulana ʻia e ka wahine, a no kekahi manawa lawe ke keʻa wahine iā ia iho, a laila hūnā iā ia i kahi palekana. ʻO nā hale o ka cocoon mai ʻekolu a ʻewalu haneli mau hua manu, i ʻāpana amber i ke kala.
I loko o kēlā ʻano "hale" hua manu me ka nananana, ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou i ke anuanu a me ka wai, ʻoiai he māmā ka cocoon o ka nananana ʻaʻole i pulu. I ka pūnāwai, puka mai nā spider liʻiliʻi mai nā hua manu mai, no kekahi manawa e hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana i loko o kahi malu a me ka ʻoluʻolu. A laila hoʻomaka nā kolo e kolo mālie i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, a kūʻokoʻa loa.
Ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū kūlohelohe nui loa, pilikia ka pōloli i nā spider liʻiliʻi i hānau ʻia a hiki ke ʻai ʻia e nā poʻe huehue, no laila hoʻāʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio e hoʻopuehu koke, kahi e hoʻonui ai i nā manawa e ola ai i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
Hoihoi ia!Me nā wāwae liʻiliʻi a nāwaliwali hoʻi, hoʻohana nā spider liʻiliʻi i kahi cobweb e neʻe a puni, kahi e hoʻolālā ai nā keʻa i kēlā me kēia wahi. I ke alo o kahi tailwind, hiki i nā kolo i ka pūnaewele ke uhi i kahi mamao a 300-400 km.
Mālama pinepine ʻia nā spider kea i mau holoholona hānai. No ka ulu ʻana i nā nananana kūloko, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka terrarium o ka lawa kūpono, ma muli o ka nui o ka cobweb. ʻAʻole weliweli ka nahu o ke keʻa, akā i ka mālama ʻana i kahi lumi exotic, pono e mālama ʻia nā akaʻi āpau.
