Ua make ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian hope loa ma Australia ma mua o 80 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ke kū nei kekahi manawa o kā mākou poʻe o ka wā, e ʻōlelo nei e ola ana ka holoholona hihiu a ua ʻike maka lākou iā ia.
Hōʻike a me nā helehelena
ʻEkolu mau inoa o ka mea ʻaihue pau - ka ʻīlio hae marsupial, thylacin (mai ka Lakina Thylacinus cynocephalus) a me ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian. ʻO ka inoa kapakapa hope loa āna i ʻaiʻē ai i ka Dutchman ʻo Abel Tasman: ua ʻike mua ʻo ia i kahi māmalaki ʻano ʻē ma 1642... Ua hana ʻia ma ka mokupuni, ka mea hoʻokele hoʻokele ponoʻī i kapa ʻia ka ʻāina ʻo Vandimenovaya. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Tasmania.
Ua kaupalena ʻo Tasman iā ia iho e haʻi ana i kahi hālāwai me thylacine, kahi wehewehe kikoʻī i hāʻawi ʻia i 1808 e ka mea kūlohelohe Jonathan Harris. ʻO "ʻīlio Marsupial" ka unuhi o ka inoa generic ʻo Thylacinus, hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻīlio hae wahine. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o nā predators marsupial, kū kū i waho i ko lākou kumu i ka anatomy a me ka nui o ke kino. Ua kaupaona ka ʻīlio hae 20-25 kg me ke kiʻekiʻe o 60 knm i ka mae ʻana, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 1-1.3 m (e noʻonoʻo ana i ka huelo - mai 1.5 a 1.8 m).
Ua kūlike ʻole ka poʻe kolone i ke ʻano o ka inoa ʻana i ka mea maʻamau, kāhea ʻia he wolf, he ʻīlio, ʻīlio, he pōpoki tiger, hyena, zebra posum, a he ʻīlio hae wale nō. Hoʻomaopopo loa ia nā kūlike ʻole: ʻo ka waho a me nā maʻa o ka mea ʻino e hui pū i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā holoholona like ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! Ua like kona iwi poʻo me ka ʻīlio, akā hāmama ka waha elongated a huli aʻe nā ā luna a me lalo i nā laina pololei kokoke. ʻAʻohe ʻīlio o ka honua e hana maalea e like me kēia.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o kāulacine ma mua o ka ʻīlio awelika. ʻO nā kani a koulacin i hana ai i kahi kūlana pīhoihoi e pili pū ana iā ia me nā ʻīlio: like loa lākou me ka ʻīlio guttural e hae ana, i ka manawa like me ke kuli a me ka maʻalahi.
Hiki ke kapa ʻia he kangaroo tiger no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā lālā hope i ʻae ʻia ka ʻīlio hae wahine e pahu (e like me kahi kangaroo maʻamau) me kona kuʻekuʻe wāwae.
Maikaʻi loa ʻo Thylacin e like me ka feline i ka piʻi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau, a hoʻomanaʻo nā ʻāpana i kona ʻili i ke kala o ke Tiga. Aia he 12-19 mau kaha ʻeleʻele i ke one o ke kua, ke kumu o ka huelo, a me nā wāwae hope.
Ma hea i noho ai ka ʻīlio wahine hae wahine?
Ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua noho ʻo thylacine ʻaʻole wale ma Australia a me Tasmania wale nō, akā ma ʻAmelika Hema hoʻi, a ma Antarctica paha. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ua nalowale nā ʻīlio hae wahine (ma o ka hewa o nā ʻalopeke a me nā coyotes) he 7-8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma Australia - ma kahi o 3-1.5 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ua haʻalele ʻo Thilacin i ka ʻāina nui ʻo Australia a me ka mokupuni ʻo New Guinea ma muli o nā ʻīlio dingo i lawe ʻia mai Hema Hikina.
Ua paʻa ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian ma ka mokupuni ʻo Tasmania, kahi i ʻaihue ʻole ai nā dingoes (ʻaʻole lākou ma laila)... Ua maikaʻi ka manaʻo o ka mea ʻino ma aneʻi a hiki i nā makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia i hala, i ka manawa i hoʻolaha ʻia ai ʻo ka exterminator nui o nā hipa mahiʻai a hoʻomaka i ka luku. No ke poʻo o kēlā me kēia ʻīlio hae wahine, ua loaʻa i ka mea hahai holoholona ka bonus mai nā luna (£ 5).
Hoihoi ia! Ma hope o nā makahiki he nui, e nānā ana i ka iwi iwi o koulacin, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema he hiki ʻole ke hōʻino iā ia no ka luku ʻana i nā hipa: ua nāwaliwali loa kona mau ʻāʻī e hiki ke kū i kahi mea pio nui.
E like me ka mea, ma muli o ka poʻe, ua koi ʻia ka ʻīlio hae Tasmania e haʻalele i nā wahi noho maʻamau (nā kula mānoanoa a me nā kopena), e neʻe ana i nā ululāʻau paʻa a me nā kuahiwi. Ma ʻaneʻi ia i puʻuhonua ai i loko o nā ana o nā lāʻau i kua ʻia, i nā māwae pōhaku a me nā lua ma lalo o nā aʻa o nā lāʻau.
ʻO ka nohona wolf Tasmanian
E like me ka mea i hala ma hope, ua hoʻonui loa ʻia ke koko a me ka ʻino o ka ʻīlio wahine hae. Ua makemake ka holoholona e noho hoʻokahi, e hoʻopili wale ana i nā hui o nā congeners i kahi manawa i ka huli holoholona... Hana nui ʻo ia i ka pouli, akā i ke awakea makemake ʻo ia e hōʻike i kona mau ʻaoʻao i nā kukuna o ka lā i mea e mahana ai.
I ke ao, ua noho ʻo thilacin i kahi puʻuhonua a hele wale ʻo ia i ka hopu holoholona i ka pō: ua ʻike nā mea ʻike maka e ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻaihue e hiamoe ana i nā lua i kū mai ka honua i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4-5 mau mika.
Ua helu ka poʻe biologists i ka wā hānau no nā poʻe oʻo i hoʻomaka ʻia i Kēkēmapa-Pepeluali, ʻoiai ua kokoke ka keiki i ka puna. ʻAʻole i hali ka wahine wahine wahine i nā ʻīlio wā e hiki mai ana no kahi manawa lōʻihi, ma kahi o 35 mau lā, e hānau ana he 2-4 mau keiki i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia, i kolo mai ka ʻeke a ka makuahine ma hope o 2.5-3 mau mahina.
Hoihoi ia!Hiki i ka ʻīlio hae Tasmania ke noho pio i loko, akā ʻaʻole hānau ma loko. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke ola o koulacin in vitro ma 8 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka ʻeke kahi i waiho ai nā pēpē he ʻeke ʻōpū nui i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi ʻili lopi. Ua wehe ka ipu: ua pale kēia maʻa i ka mauʻu, lau a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kumu mai ke komo ʻana i ka wā e holo ai ka wolf. Ke haʻalele nei i ka ʻeke a ka makuahine, ʻaʻole i haʻalele nā keiki i ka makuahine a hiki i ko 9 mau makahiki.
Mea ʻai, pio o ka ʻīlio wahine hae
Hoʻokomo pinepine ka mea ʻaihue i kāna mau holoholona papa kuhikuhi i hiki ʻole ke puka i waho o nā pahele. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻowahāwahā i nā moa, i hānai ʻia i nā mea he nui e ka poʻe noho.
Akā ua lanakila ka vertebrates terrestrial (waena a liʻiliʻi) i kāna papaʻai, e like me:
- marsupial medium-size, me nā kangaro lāʻau;
- hulu;
- echidna;
- nā moʻo.
Hoʻowahāwahā ʻo Thylacin i ke kalai, makemake i nā mea ola... Ua hōʻike ʻia ka Neglect of carrion i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pāʻina, ua kīloi ka ʻīlio hae Tasmania i kahi mea i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia (kahi i hoʻohana ʻia, e laʻa me martens martens). Ma ke ala, ua hōʻike pinepine kāu mau thylacins i ko lākou wikiwiki i ka hou o ka meaʻai i nā zoo, e hōʻole nei e ʻai i ka ʻai defrosted.
A hiki i kēia manawa, hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea kālaihonua e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai i ka mea ʻaihue. Wahi a kekahi e hoʻolei ka thylacine iā ia iho ma kahi hoʻohālua a nahu i ke kumu o kona iwi poʻo (e like me ka pōpoki). Wahi a nā kākoʻo o kēia manaʻo ua holo maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻīlio hae, i kekahi manawa lele i kona mau wāwae hope a mālama i ke kaulike me kāna huelo ikaika.
Kūpono ko lākou mau hoa paio ʻaʻole i hoʻohālua nā ʻīlio hae Tasmanian a ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli i kā lākou mea pio me ko lākou helehelena hikiwawe. Manaʻo kēia mau kānaka noiʻi ua hana maʻamau ʻo thylacine akā hoʻomau i ka alualu ʻana i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia a hiki i ka wā i pau ai ka ikaika.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nalowale ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻenemi hele pololei ʻole predatory placental mammals (ʻoi aku ka momona a hoʻololi ʻia i ke ola), ka mea i "alualu" i nā thylacins mai nā ʻāina i noho ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! Hiki i kahi ʻīlio hae Tasmanian ʻōpio ke lanakila maʻa maʻalahi i kahi ʻālio o nā ʻīlio i ʻoi aku ma mua ona. Ua kōkua ʻia ka ʻīlio hae wahine e kona maneuverability kupaianaha, kahi maikaʻi loa a me ka hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hahau make i kahi lele.
ʻO nā keiki o nā māmala kalakoa mai nā minuke mua o ka hānau ʻana e hoʻomohala ʻia ma mua o nā marsupial ʻōpio. Hānau ʻia ka hope "prematurely", a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make o nā pēpē i waena o lākou. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke ulu nei me ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana o ka marsupial. A i hoʻokahi manawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā thylacins ke hoʻokūkū me nā māmela hānai e like me nā ʻīlio ʻalopeke, nā coyote a me nā ʻīlio dingo.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Hoʻomaka ka make ʻana o nā Predators i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hele a maʻi ʻia me ka maʻi ʻino mai nā ʻīlio kūloko i lawe ʻia i Tasmania, a i ka makahiki 1914, ua holoholo kekahi mau ʻīlio hae wahine i koe ma ka mokupuni.
I ka makahiki 1928, i ka wā e hoʻoholo ana i ke kānāwai no ka pale ʻana o nā holoholona, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo he pono e kau i ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian ma ka papa inoa o nā mea ʻaneʻane pau, a i ka puna o 1930, ua pepehi ʻia ka thylacin hihiu hope loa ma ka mokupuni. A i ka hāʻule ʻana o 1936, ua haʻalele ka honua i ka ʻīlio hae wahine hope loa i noho pio i ka honua. ʻO ka predator, i kapa ʻia ʻo Benji, ka waiwai o kahi zoo ma Hobart, Australia.
Hoihoi ia! Mai Malaki 2005, ke kakali nei kahi makana no Australia $ 1.25 miliona i kāna meʻe. ʻO kēia kālā (i hoʻohiki ʻia e ka nūpepa Australia ʻo The Bulletin) e uku ʻia i ka mea nāna e hopu a hāʻawi i ka honua i kahi ʻīlio hae wahine ola.
ʻAʻole maopopo i nā kumu i alakaʻi ʻia ai nā luna o Australia ma ke ʻae ʻana i kahi palapala e pāpā ana i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻīlio hae Tasmanian 2 (!) Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka lunamakaʻāinana hope loa o ka lāhui. ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki 1966 o kahi mālama mokupuni kūikawā (me ka ʻāpana o 647 tausani hectares), i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kahi ʻīlio wahine hae noho wahine ʻole, ʻaʻole he mea hoʻomākeʻaka loa.
