Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke olaola e like me ka huina o nā meaola āpau ma ka honua. Noho lākou i nā kihi a pau o ka Honua: mai ka hohonu o ka moana, ka ʻōpū o ka honua a i ka lewa, no laila he nui nā ʻepekema e kapa i kēia pū i ka poepoe o ke ola. Noho pū ka lāhui kanaka iā ia iho.
ʻO ka haku mele Biosfer
Kuhi ʻia ka biosystem ʻo ia ke kaiaolaola holoʻokoʻa ma ka honua. Loaʻa ia i nā wahi he nui. Hoʻopili pū ʻia me ka hydrosfer, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kumuwaiwai a me nā waihona wai o ka Honua. ʻO kēia ka Honua Honua, ka wai lalo a me ka wai kai. ʻO ka wai ka wahi ola o nā mea ola he nui a me kahi mea pono no ke ola. Kākoʻo ia i nā kaʻina hana he nui.
Aia ke ʻano o ka meaola. Aia nā meaola like ʻole i loko ona, a ua māʻona ʻo ia iā ia iho me nā kinoea like ʻole. ʻO ka waiwai nui he oxygen, a he mea pono ia no ke ola no nā meaola āpau. Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi ka lewa i ka pōʻai wai i ke kūlohelohe, hoʻopili i ka wā a me ke aniau.
ʻO ka lithosfer, ʻo ia ka papa luna o ka honua honua, kahi ʻāpana o ka biosfer. Noho ʻia e nā meaola ola. No laila, noho nā mea kolo, koʻokoʻo a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka mānoanoa o ka Honua, ulu nā mea kanu, a noho ka poʻe ma ka ʻili.
ʻO ka flora a me nā holoholona nā mea nui o ka biosphere. Noho lākou i kahi ākea nui ʻaʻole wale ma ka honua, akā pāpaʻu hoʻi i ka hohonu, e noho ana i nā waihona wai a loaʻa i ka lewa. Hoʻololi nā ʻano mea kanu mai nā limu, nā laikini a me nā mauʻu i nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau. A ʻo nā holoholona, ʻo nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi loa he microbesic unicellular a me ka bacteria, a ʻo ka mea nui he ʻāina a me nā mea kai (ʻelepani, bea, rhino, kohola). He ʻokoʻa loa lākou āpau a he mea nui kēlā me kēia laha i ko mākou honua.
ʻO ka waiwai o ka biosystem
Ua aʻo ʻia ka biosystem e nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa i nā wā mōʻaukala āpau. Nui ka nānā ʻana i kēia pūpū e V.I. ʻO Vernadsky. Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia e hoʻoholo ʻia ka biosphere e nā palena e ola ai nā mea ola. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e pili ana nā mea āpau āpau, a ʻo nā hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokahi sphere e alakaʻi i nā loli i nā pūpū āpau. He mea nui ka biosfer i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ka ikehu o ka honua.
No laila, ʻo ka biosphere ka wahi ola o nā kānaka, nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea waiwai nui a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe e like me ka wai, oxygen, honua a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka poʻe. I loko o ka biosfera aia kahi pōʻaiapuni o nā mea i ke kūlohelohe, ke holo nei ke ola a hoʻokō ʻia nā hana koʻikoʻi nui.
Ka hopena o ke kanaka ma ka biosystem
ʻAʻole kānalua ka mana o ke kanaka ma ka biosfer. Me kēlā me kēia kenekulia, lilo ka hana anthropogenic i ʻoi aku ka ikaika, luku a me ka nui, no laila ke hāʻawi nei nā kānaka i ka puka ʻana o nā pilikia kaiapuni kūloko wale nō, akā i nā pilikia hoʻi o ka honua.
ʻO kekahi o nā hopena o ka hopena o ke kanaka ma ka biosfir ke emi nei ka nui o nā flora a me nā holoholona ma ka honua, a me ka nalo ʻana o nā ʻano he nui mai ke alo o ka honua. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke emi nei nā wahi kanu ma muli o nā hana mahiʻai a me nā ululāʻau. ʻO nā kumulāʻau, nā laʻalāʻau, nā mauʻu he lua, ʻo ia hoʻi, kanu ʻia nā ʻano hou ma kahi o ka uhi mea kanu mua. Ma ka huli ʻana, luku ʻia nā heluna holoholona e ka poʻe hahai holoholona ʻaʻole wale no ka pono o ka meaʻai wale nō, akā, no ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā ʻili waiwai, nā iwi, nā mano manō, nā ʻelepani elepani, nā pepeiaohao, a me nā ʻāpana kino like ʻole ma ka mākeke ʻeleʻele.
Loaʻa ka hopena o ka hana Anthropogenic i ka hana o ka hoʻokumu lepo. No laila, ʻo ke ʻoki ʻana i nā kumulāʻau a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā māla e alakaʻi ai i ka makani a me ka wai e holo ana. ʻO kahi hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka uhi mea kanu e alakaʻi ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e komo i ke kaʻina hana o ka lepo, a, no laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka lepo. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea kanu like ʻole i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ʻōpala paʻa a me ka wai i ka lepo, hoʻololi ke ʻano physicochemical o ka lepo.
Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā kaʻina hana kaiapuni i ka biosphere:
- ke ulu nei ka heluna kanaka o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻai i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe;
- ke piʻi nei ka pālākiō o ka hana ʻoihana;
- ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala hou aʻe;
- ke hoʻonui nei ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hāʻawi ka poʻe i ka haumia o nā papa o ka biosfer. Aia kekahi ʻano nui o nā kumu waiwai haumia i kēia lā:
- nā kinoea hoʻopau o nā kaʻa;
- i hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ka puhi wahie;
- nā mea lekiō;
- nā huahana ʻaila;
- nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā hui kemika i ka lewa;
- ʻōpala paʻa kulanakauhale;
- nā pesticides, nā mea momona a me nā kemika mahiʻai;
- nā auwai lepo mai nā ʻoihana ʻenehana a me nā kaona ʻelua;
- uila uila;
- wahie nukelea;
- nā mea hoʻomaʻi, nā koʻohune a me nā microorganism haole.
ʻO kēia mau mea āpau ʻaʻole wale i nā loli o nā kaiaolaola a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā meaola o ka honua, akā i ka loli. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka lāhui kanaka ma ka biosphere, aia kahi hopena hale kōmahana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lua ozone, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā aniani a me ka hoʻomehana honua, nā loli i ka pae o nā moana a me nā kai, ka ua waikawa, a pēlā aku.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, lilo a paʻa hou ʻole ka biosfir, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka luku ʻia o nā kaiaolaola o ka honua. Nui nā ʻepekema a me nā kiʻi lehulehu e ʻoluʻolu e hōʻemi i ka mana o ke kaiāulu kanaka i ke kūlohelohe i mea e mālama ai i ka honua honua mai ka luku.
ʻO ka hoʻohui waiwai o ka biosphere
Hiki ke nānā ʻia ke ʻano o ka biosphere mai nā manaʻo like ʻole. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻano mea, a laila ʻehiku mau ʻāpana like ʻole:
- ʻO ka mea ola ka huina o nā mea ola e noho ana i ka honua. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi papa haʻahaʻa, a i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke koena o nā pūpū, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko lākou, hānai lākou i ka ikehu lā, e hāʻawi ana i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻokumu nā meaola āpau i ka ikaika geochemical ikaika, pālahalaha ʻole ma luna o ka honua.
- Meaola biogenic. ʻO kēia mau mea mineral-organic a me nā meaola maoli i hana ʻia e nā mea ola, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā minelala hiki ke ahi.
- Mea hoʻouluulu. ʻO kēia nā kumuwaiwai anorganic i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hopena o nā mea ola, na lākou iho, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke one quartz, nā pālolo like ʻole, a me nā kumuwaiwai.
- Loaʻa ka lāʻau bioinert ma o ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea ola a miki ʻole. ʻO kēia ka lepo a me nā pōhaku o ke kumu sedimentary, ka lewa, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā wahi wai ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO nā mea radioactive e like me nā mea o ka uranium, radium, thorium.
- ʻĀtoma hoʻopuehu. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou mai nā mea o ka ʻāina terrestrial ke hoʻohuli ʻia lākou e ka radiation cosmic.
- Mea Cosmic. Hāʻule nā kino a me nā mea i hana ʻia i waho i ka honua. Hiki iā ia ke meteorite ʻelua a me nā ʻōpala me ka huna honua.
Nā papa biosfir
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia nā pūpū āpau o ka biosfir i ka pilina mau, no laila paʻakikī i kekahi manawa e hoʻokaʻawale i nā palena o kekahi papa. ʻO kekahi o nā pūpū nui ʻo ka aeroserfir. Ua piʻi i kahi pae ma kahi o 22 km ma luna o ka honua, kahi e noho nei nā mea ola. Ma ka laulā, he wahi ea kēia kahi e noho ai nā meaolaola āpau. Aia ka pūpū i loko o kēia pū, ka ikehu mai ka Lā a me nā kinoea lewa:
- oxygen;
- ʻozone;
- CO2;
- argon;
- nitrogen;
- māhu wai.
Aia ka helu o nā kinoea lewa a me kā lākou haku ʻana i ka hopena o nā mea ola.
ʻO ka papa honua kahi ʻāpana o ka biosphere; komo pū ia me ka nui o nā mea ola e noho ana i ka lewa honua. Aia kēia sphere i ka lithosfer, ka honua o nā mea ulu a me nā holoholona, ka wai honua a me nā envelope ʻenekini o ka honua.
ʻO kahi papa nui o ka biosphere ka hydrosphere, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā waihona wai āpau me ka ʻole o ka wai lepo. Hoʻopili kēia iwi i ka Honua Honua, nā wai o ka honua, ka pulu o ka lewa a me nā aniani. Noho ʻia ka puni wai piha e nā mea ola - mai nā microorganism a hiki i nā limu, nā iʻa a me nā holoholona.
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio me ke kikoʻī e pili ana i ka iwi paʻakikī o ka Honua, a laila he lepo, pōhaku a me nā minelala. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahi o ka wahi, aia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka lepo, i ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano kemika a me nā meaola, pili i nā kumu kaiapuni (nā mea kanu, nā kino wai, nā holoholona hihiu, ka mana anthropogenic). Aia ka lithosfer i kahi nui o nā minelala a me nā pōhaku, i hōʻike ʻia i nā helu kaulike ʻole ma ka honua. I kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 6 tausani mau minelala, akā he 100-150 wale nō ka laha i maʻa pinepine ʻia ma ka honua.
- quartz;
- feldspar;
- olivine;
- apatite;
- gypsum;
- carnallite;
- kaleka;
- phosporites;
- sylvinite, etc.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui o nā pōhaku a me kā lākou hoʻohana waiwai ʻana, waiwai kekahi o lākou, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā wahie fossil, metala aila a me nā pōhaku makamae.
No ka honua o flora a me nā holoholona, he pūpū kēia, i hoʻopili ʻia, e like me nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, mai 7 a 10 miliona mau ʻano. Maliʻa paha, ma kahi o 2.2 miliona mau ʻano e noho ana i nā wai o ka Honua Honua, a ma kahi o 6.5 miliona - ma ka ʻāina. Noho ʻia nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka honua holoholona ma kahi o ka 7.8 miliona, a ma kahi o 1 miliona mau mea kanu. No nā ʻano meaola āpau i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma kahi o 15% e wehewehe ʻia ana, no laila, he mau haneli mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā lāhui like ʻole ma ka honua.
ʻO ka pilina o ka biosystem me nā pūpū ʻē aʻe o ka Honua
ʻO nā ʻāpana āpau āpau o ka biosphere e pili pono i nā pūpū ʻē aʻe o ka Honua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia hōʻike i ke pōʻaiapuniola, ke hoʻopuka nā holoholona a me nā kānaka i ke kalapona kalapona, komo ʻia e nā mea kanu, i hoʻokuʻu i ka oxygen i ka photosynthesis No laila, hoʻoponopono mau ʻia kēia mau ʻeaea ʻelua i ka lewa ma muli o nā pilina o nā ʻāpana like ʻole.
Hoʻokahi laʻana he lepo - ka hopena o ka launa pū ʻana o ka biosphere me nā pūpū ʻē aʻe. Pili kēia hana i nā mea ola (nā kolo, nā koʻokoʻo, nā mea kolo, nā meaolaola), nā mea kanu, ka wai (wai honua, ka ua, nā kino wai), ka nui o ka ea (makani), nā pōhaku makua, ka ikehu lā, ke aniau. Hoʻopili mālie kēia mau mea āpau me kekahi i kekahi, i hāʻawi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo ma ka awelika o 2 milimita i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ke hui pū nā mea o ka biosphere me nā pūpū ola, ua hana ʻia nā pōhaku. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka hopena o nā mea ola ma ka lithosphere, hoʻokumu ʻia nā waihona lānahu, nā papapa, nā peat a me nā limestone. I ke ʻano o ka mana like o nā mea ola, ka hydrosphere, nā paʻakai a me nā minelala, i kahi mahana, hana ʻia nā pākako, a mai iā lākou, a laila ʻike ʻia nā ʻākala a me nā mokupuni. Hāʻawi pū ia iā ʻoe e hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻohui paʻakai o nā wai o ka Honua Honua.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻoluʻolu he hopena pololei o ka pilina ma waena o ka biosfer a me nā pūpū ʻē aʻe o ka honua: ke ʻano, ka ea a me ka lithosphere. Hoʻohuli ʻia kekahi ʻano o ke kōkua e ke ʻano wai o ka wahi a me ka ua, ke ʻano o ka nui o ka ea, ka pā ʻana o ka lā, ka mahana o ka ea, he aha nā ʻano flora e ulu nei, he aha nā holoholona e noho ana i kēia panalāʻau.
ʻO ka waiwai o ka biosphere i ke kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka mea nui o ka biosystem ma ke ʻano he kaiaolaola o ka honua. Ma muli o nā hana o ka pūpū o nā mea ola āpau, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kona ʻano:
- Ikehu. ʻO nā mea kanu nā mea waena ma waena o ka Lā a me ka Honua, a, ke loaʻa nei ka ikehu, mahele ʻia ka ʻāpana ma waena o nā mea āpau o ka biosfer, a hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻāpana e hana i nā mea biogenic.
- Gasekine. Hoʻoponopono ia i ka nui o nā kinoea ʻokoʻa i ka biosphere, ko lākou hāʻawi ʻana, hoʻololi a me ka neʻe ʻana.
- Hoʻokūkū. Hoʻopili selectively nā mea ola āpau i nā meaola, no laila hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mea pono a weliweli hoʻi.
- Mea hōʻino. ʻO kēia ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā minelala a me nā pōhaku, nā mea ʻokanika, i hāʻawi i ka hoʻololi hou ʻana o nā mea i ke ʻano, i ka manawa e hōʻike ʻia nā mea ola hou a me nā mea ola ʻole.
- Hoʻokumu kaiapuni. Hoʻopilikia i nā kūlana o ka nohona, ke ʻano o nā kinoea lewa, nā pōhaku o ke kumu sedimentary a me ka papa o ka ʻāina, ka maikaʻi o ke kai wai, a me ke kaulike o nā mea i ka honua.
No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ke kuleana o ka biosfer, no ka mea ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ua liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mea ola ma ka honua. ʻOiai kēia, he mana ikaika nā mea ola o ke kūlohelohe, me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina he nui, a me ke ola ponoʻī, ʻaʻole hiki. I ke kaʻina hana o nā mea ola, kā lākou pili pili, ka mana o nā mea ola ʻole, hoʻokumu ʻia ka honua o ke ʻano a me ka hiʻohiʻona o ka honua.
Ke kuleana o Vernadsky i ke aʻo ʻana i ka biosystem
No ka manawa mua, hoʻomohala ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o ka biosystem e Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i kēia pūpū mai nā ʻāpana honua ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokō i ke ʻano a manaʻo he ʻano hana nui kēia e hoʻololi a pili i nā kaiaolaola āpau. Ua lilo ka ʻepekema i mea hoʻokumu i kahi aʻo hou - biogeochemistry, ma ke kumu i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o ka biosystem.
Ke aʻo nei i nā mea ola, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Vernadsky ʻo nā ʻano kōkua āpau, ke aniau, ke ea, nā pōhaku o ke kumu sedimentary ka hopena o ka hana o nā meaola āpau. Hāʻawi ʻia kekahi o nā kuleana nui i kēia i ka poʻe i loaʻa ka mana nui i ka papa o nā hana o ka honua, kahi ʻano i loaʻa kahi mana e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka alo o ka honua.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Vladimir Ivanovich i ke kumumanaʻo o nā mea ola āpau i kāna hana "Biosfos" (1926), ka mea i kōkua i ka hānau ʻana o kahi lālā ʻepekema hou. Ua hōʻike ka mea kālaiʻike i kāna hana i ka biosfer me he ʻōnaehana paʻa, ua hōʻike i kāna mau ʻāpana a me kā lākou mau pilina, a me ke kūlana o ke kāne. Ke hui pū ka mea ola me ka mea ʻole, hoʻohuli ʻia kekahi mau hanana:
- geochemical;
- meaola;
- biogenic;
- kālaihonua;
- ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻĀtoma.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Vernadsky ʻo nā palena o ka biosphere ke kahua o ke ola. Hoʻohuli ʻia kona ulu ʻana e ka oxygen a me ka ea, ka wai a me nā mea minerala, ka lepo a me ka ikehu lā. Ua ʻike pū ka ʻepekema i nā ʻāpana nui o ka biosphere, i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna, a ua ʻike ʻia ka mea nui - mea ola. Ua haku ʻo ia i nā hana a pau o ka biosfer.
Ma waena o nā ʻike nui o ke aʻo ʻana a Vernadsky e pili ana i ka nohona ola, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā theses aʻe:
- uhi ka biosfir i ka nohona wai holoʻokoʻa i ka hohonu o ke kai, e pili ana i ka papa o ka honua a i 3 mau kilomita a me ka ʻāpana ea i ka palena o ka pāhuna.
- ua hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka biosphere a me nā pūpū ʻē aʻe e kāna dynamism a me ka hana mau o nā meaola āpau;
- aia ka kikoʻī o kēia pūpū i ka holo mau ʻana o nā mea o ke ʻano animate a me nā ola ʻole;
- ua alakaʻi ka hana o ka mea ola i nā loli nui ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
- ke ola o ka biosfir ma muli o ke kūlana astronomical o ka Honua (mamao mai ka Lā, ka ʻiʻina o ke koʻi o ka honua), e hoʻoholo ai i ke aniau, ke kaʻina o ke ola holo ma ka honua.
- ʻo ka ikehu lā ke kumu o ke ola no nā mea ola āpau o ka biosphere.
ʻO paha kēia mau manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka nohona a Vernadsky i waiho ai i loko o kāna aʻo ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo kāna mau hana he global a pono e ʻike hou, pili ia i kēia lā. Ua lilo lākou i kumu no ka noiʻi e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Huahana
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hāʻawi ʻia ke ola i ka biosphere i nā ʻano like ʻole a kaulike ʻole hoʻi. Noho ka nui o nā meaola ola ma ka ʻili o ka honua, he wai a he ʻāina paha ia. Pili nā mea ola āpau me ka wai, nā minelala a me ke ea, ke kamaʻilio mau nei me lākou. ʻO kēia ka mea e hāʻawi i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ke ola (oxygen, wai, mālamalama, wela, nā meaola). ʻO ka hohonu i loko o ka wai kai a i ʻole i lalo o ka honua, ʻo ka nui o ke ola monotonous.Hoʻolahalaha pū ka mea ola i ka wahi, a he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano ola i ka ʻili o ka honua. I mea e ʻike ai i kēia ola, pono mākou i nā makahiki he ʻumikūmālua, a i ʻole he mau haneli, akā pono mākou e mahalo i ka biosfer a pale iā ia mai kā mākou mea ʻino, kanaka, i kēia lā.
