Aia ʻo Baikal ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Siberia, he loko kahiko, aia ma kahi o 25 miliona mau makahiki. No ka hohonu o ka waihona wai, he kumu nui ia o ka wai hou. Hāʻawi ʻo Baikal i ka 20% o nā kumuwaiwai hou o ka honua. Hoʻopiha ka loko i nā kahawai he 336, a maʻemaʻe a aniani ka wai o loko. Kuhi nā kānaka ʻepekema he kai hū kēia loko. ʻO ia kahi home ma mua o 2.5 tausani mauʻano flora a me nā holoholona, kahi o 2/3 ʻaʻole i loaʻa ma kahi ʻē aʻe.
Ka hoʻohaumia wai o Lake Baikal
ʻO ke kahawai ʻo Selenga ka nui. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻopiha kona wai iā Baikal, akā hoʻohaumia nō iā ia. Hoʻokuʻu pinepine nā ʻoihana metallurgical i ka ʻōpala a me ka wai ʻoihana i loko o ka muliwai, kahi e hoʻohaumia i ka loko. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pōʻino nui loa iā Selenga e nā ʻoihana e kū nei ma ka palena o Buryatia, a me ka wai hoʻoneʻe home.
ʻAʻole mamao loa mai Lake Baikal, aia he pulp a me kahi wili pepa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau i hōʻino i ke kaiaolaola o ka loko. Ua ʻōlelo nā luna o kēia ʻoihana ua oki lākou i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā kino wai kūloko, akā ʻaʻole i kū ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lewa, a ma Selenga a me Baikal i hele aku ai.
E pili ana i ka mahiʻai, holoi ʻia nā agrochemical e hoʻomomona i nā lepo o nā māla kokoke i ka muliwai. Hoʻolei hoʻolei pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala holoholona a me nā mea kanu i loko o ka Selenga. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā holoholona muliwai a me ka haumia o nā wai o ka loko.
Ka hopena o ka Irkutsk HPP
I ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi keʻena uila hydroelectric ma Irkutsk, ma muli o ka hopena i piʻi aʻe ka wai o Lake Baikal ma kahi o kahi mika. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole kēia mau hoʻololi i ke ola o ka poʻe noho o ka loko. Ua hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻole nā loli i ka wai i nā wahi iʻa iʻa, a ʻo kekahi mau ʻano iʻa aku i waho. ʻO nā hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka wai e hāʻawi i ka luku ʻia o ke kai o ke kai.
No nā wahi kokoke, hoʻopuka ka poʻe kamaʻāina i kahi nui o nā ʻōpala i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi e hoʻopōʻino ai i ka nohona holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohaumia ka wai neoneo home i ka ʻōnaehana muliwai a me Lake Baikal. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Pili ka mea like i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai ʻoihana.
No laila, ʻo Baikal kahi hana mana o ke kūlohelohe e mālama nei i nā kumuwaiwai nui loa. Ke alakaʻi mālie nei ka hana Anthropogenic i kahi pōpilikia, a ʻo kahi hopena e pau ai ka waihona wai inā ʻaʻole e hoʻopau ʻia nā mea maikaʻi ʻole o ka haumia o ka loko.
Ka hoʻohaumia ʻo Lake Baikal e nā wai muliwai
ʻO ka muliwai nui loa e kahe ana i loko o Lake Baikal ʻo ia ka Selenga. Lawe ʻia ma kahi o 30 mau cubic mau mile o ka wai i ka loko i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka pilikia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai hoʻoneʻe home a me nā wai i loko o ka Selenga, no laila waiho ka nui o ka maikaʻi o ka wai i makemake ʻia. Haumia loa ka wai o ka muliwai. Komo ka wai haumia o ka Selenga i loko o ka loko a hoʻonui i ke ʻano. Hoʻopau ka ʻōpala mai nā metallurgical a me nā ʻoihana hana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hana ʻili a me ka mining i Baikal. ʻO nā huahana aila, agrochemicals a me nā mea mahiʻai mahiʻai e komo i ka wai.
Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka muliwai Chikoy a me Khilok i ka loko. ʻO lākou, a laila, haumia loa ʻia e nā mea hana metallurgical a me nā mea hana lāʻau i nā wahi e pili ana. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, ma kahi o 20 miliona mau mika cubic o ka wai hoʻoneʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā kahawai.
Pono pū nā kumuwaiwai o ka haumia i nā ʻoihana e hana nei i ka Repubalika o Buryatia. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa kino ʻole nā kikowaena ʻoihana i ka mokuʻāina o ka wai ma ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā mea kemika weliweli i loaʻa i ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hana o nā wahi lapaʻau e ʻae e hoʻomaʻemaʻe 35% wale nō o nā huina āpau. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ke kukuna o ka phenol he 8 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka maʻamau i ʻae ʻia. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea e like me nā ion keleawe, nā nitrates, zinc, phosphorus, nā huahana aila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e komo i ka muliwai Selenga i nā nui he nui.
Nā hoʻokuʻu ea ma luna o Baikal
Ma kahi e waiho ai ʻo Baikal, nui nā ʻoihana e hoʻopuka i nā kinoea hoʻomehana hale a me nā hui hoʻopōʻino e hoʻohaumia i ka lewa. Ma hope, ʻo lākou, a me nā mole o oxygen, komo i loko o ka wai, hoʻohaumia iā ia, a hāʻule pū me ka ua. Aia nā mauna kokoke i ka loko. ʻAʻole lākou e ʻae e hoʻopuehu i nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, akā hōʻiliʻili ma luna o ka wahi o ka wai, kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni.
Ma kahi o ka loko nui kahi nui o nā noho i hoʻohaumia i ka ʻāpana lewa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hāʻule i ka wai o Lake Baikal. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka makani kikoʻī, maʻalahi ka wahi i ke komohana ʻākau ma ke komohana ʻākau, ma muli o ka hopena, haumia ka lewa mai ka hale hana ʻo Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky ma ke awāwa ʻo Angara.
Aia kekahi piʻi ʻana o ka haumia ea i loko o kekahi manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole ikaika ka makani, ka mea e kōkua ai i kahi kūlana kaiaola maikaʻi i ka ʻāina, akā i ka pūiki e hoʻonui ʻia nā kahe o ka ea, a ʻo ka hopena e kuhikuhi ʻia nā mea a pau i Baikal. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka loko i manaʻo ʻia he haumia loa. Maʻaneʻi hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā mea e like me nitrogen dioxide a me ka sulfur, nā ʻāpana paʻa paʻa like ʻole, carbon monoxide a me nā hydrocarbons.
Ka hoʻohaunaele o Lake Baikal me ka wai hoʻoneʻe wai
Ma ka liʻiliʻi 80 mau kānaka e noho nei i nā kaona a me nā kauhale kokoke iā Baikal. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o kā lākou noho ʻana a me nā hana e ulu pono ai, ahu ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala like ʻole. No laila lawe i nā pono i nā kahawai i loko o nā kino wai kūloko. ʻAʻole hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai nā ʻōpala o ka home, i kekahi mau manawa ʻaʻole loa ia.
ʻO nā moku like ʻole, e neʻe ana ma nā ala muliwai o kahi i hāʻawi ʻia, hoʻokuʻu i ka wai lepo, no laila ke komo nei nā ʻano haumia like ʻole, me nā huahana aila, i nā kino wai. Ma ka awelika, i kēlā me kēia makahiki hoʻohaumia ʻia ka loko me 160 tone o nā huahana aila, e hōʻino ana i ka moku o ka wai ʻo Baikal. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūlana pōpilikia me nā moku, ua hoʻokumu ke aupuni i kahi lula e pono i kēlā me kēia hanana i kahi ʻaelike no ka lawe ʻana i nā wai sub-seam. Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hope e nā lawelawe kūikawā. Pāpā ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka loko.
ʻAʻole hoʻemi iki ʻia ka mana o ka wai o ka loko e ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e hoʻokuʻu nei i nā wahi kūlohelohe o ka ʻāina. Ma muli o ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka lawe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpala o ka home, e ʻino ana ke kūlana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaiaolaola o Lake Baikal, ke holo nei kahi moku kūikawā "Samotlor", nāna e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻōpala ma nā wahi āpau. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe lawa o ke kālā e hana i kēia ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe pahu. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka kahi hopena ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā pilikia kaiaola o Lake Baikal i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hāneʻe paha ke kaiaolaola o ka loko, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia.
