ʻO nā bipi kekahi o nā holoholona mahiʻai maʻamau i ka honua, a i ka Lūkini, wehewehe kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i nā holoholona i nā makahiki like ʻole.
- ke keiki bipi ka bipi keiki;
- wahine - heifer;
- he bipi kāne kāne.
ʻO kahi wahine he wahine wahine hānau keiki ʻole. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o ka bipi keiki mua, ua lilo ka bipi wahine i bipi wahine. Hoʻoiho ʻia nā bipi kāne he nui e hōʻemi i ka hana kolohe a hana maʻalahi iā lākou.
Hāpai ʻia nā kāne ʻōpio i hānai ʻia no ka pipi i kapa ʻia he bipi. Kāhea ʻia nā kāne castrated makua e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka mahiʻai. ʻO kahi hui o nā bipi a me nā bipi e hana i nā holoholona.
Etymology o ka inoa "bipi"
ʻO nā bipi nā lālā o ka pūʻulu o nā holoholona i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia. Hoʻopili pū ia i nā mammal nunui me nā manamana wāwae i wehewehe pono ʻia. Loaʻa i nā bipi nā ʻāpana puʻupuʻu (i hana ʻia ma waena o nā manamana wāwae ʻelua o kēlā me kēia wāwae). No nā bipi
- ʻo ka ʻohana Bovidae (bovids, a me nā antelope, nā hipa a me nā kao);
- subfamily Bovinae (ʻo ia pū nā buffaloes a me nā antelope o ka genus komohana eland);
- species Bovini (e pili ana i ka pipi, bison a me nā yaks),
- i ka genus Bos - mai ka bos, ka huaʻōlelo Latina no "bipi".
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka physiology bipi
Pono ka bipi i nā kiwi
ʻO ka nui a me ke kaumaha o ka bipi kau i ka ʻano. Kaupaona nā kāne makua 450–1800 kg, ʻoiai kaupaona ʻia nā wahine 360-100 kg. He pepeiaohao ko nā bipi a me nā bipi wahine, pōkole lākou i nā ʻano nui he nui, a ulu a nui i ka nui ma Texas Longhorn a me nā bipi wahine ʻApelika Ankole Watusi.
Hānai ʻia kekahi mau lā me ka ʻole o nā pepeiaohao a ʻoki ʻia paha ko lākou mau pepeiaohao i ka wā ʻōpio. ʻIʻike ʻia nā bipi wahine no nā gmmary nunui (udders) he ʻehā mau teats.
He aha a pehea e ʻai ai nā bipi
Hānai nā bipi (hānai lākou) i ka mauʻu. He waha ākea ko lākou a me nā niho i hoʻopili ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu paʻakikī. Loaʻa i nā mākua he 32 mau niho, akā e nalo ana nā incisors o luna a me nā canine. He pā kōpaʻa kā nā bipi i ko lākou waha e kōkua ai e ʻānai i ka mauʻu. Neʻe like nā kualono o nā niho molara i ke alelo, a no laila ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka nau ʻana i ka neʻe pōʻai.
ʻO ka adaptation-ʻai ʻana i nā mea ulu i nā bipi (a me nā ruminants ʻē aʻe) ko lākou ʻōpū nui ʻehā keʻena, kahi e like me ka ipu fermentation. I loko o ka rumen, ke keena nui o ka ʻōpū, bacteria a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe e hoʻōla i nā olonā paʻakikī (cellulose). I mea e kōkua ai i kēia hana, regurgitate nā bipi a hou hou i ka meaʻai ma mua o kona komo ʻana i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana digestive ma o nā keʻena gastric ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i kapa ʻia ʻo “chewing gum,” lūlū i ka meaʻai i loko o ka digestive tract o ka holoholona (digestible material) a kōkua i ke omo ʻana i nā meaola. I ka lawe ʻana i ka manawa e hou hou, pale ka poʻe bipi i ka nau ʻana i ka ʻai hou. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e ʻohi koke i nā mauʻu nui he nui i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa i lalo.
Nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā bipi
Hānai ʻia nā bipi kūloko no ka ʻiʻo, ka waiū, a i ʻole nā ʻili, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia i mana mana ma ʻEulopa, India a me ʻApelika. ʻO nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe, e like me ka buffalo Asiatic, Tibetan yak, Gayal a me Banteng o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ka bison o ʻAmelika Hema i nā pāpū, ua hānai ʻia a hānai ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e hānau i nā bipi.
ʻO nā bipi wahine āpau o kēia ʻano:
- ʻO Bos taurus (nā lāhui ʻEulopa, ʻo Shorthorn a me Jersey kekahi o nā ʻelele);
- ʻO Bos symbus (ʻano India o zebu, no ka laʻana, ka lāhui Brahman);
- i loaʻa ma muli o ke keʻa i nā mea mua ʻelua (ʻo kahi laʻana, santa gertrude).
ʻO nā ʻano o nā bipi i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ʻaʻole i kū mau, a he nui i hānai ʻia.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi ʻano bipi he mea paʻakikī ia ma muli o ke keʻa ʻana o nā holoholona, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo, ʻae maikaʻi ʻia a pili pū me nā bipi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka laha ma ke ʻano he mau holoholona i hānai ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi i loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa i ke kala, ka nui, ke ʻano o ke kino a me nā hana i mālama ʻia, a mālama ʻia kēia a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa i ka hua.
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano e nā hanauna o nā mea hānai e ʻimi nei e hana a mālama i kahi ʻano kikoʻī o ka bipi me nā ʻano i makemake ʻia. Hana ia i kēia ma ka hana ʻana i nā like-begets e like me ke kumu. I kēia mau lā wale nō i hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻepekema o nā genetics, a me nā genetics lehulehu, i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano bipi hou.
Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano makua ma ka pae ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa - no ka laʻana, ʻo ka pipi Charolais a me ka waiu Norman a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, akā ua lilo nā hānau Pelekane i kumu no ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā bipi kau bipi he nui a puni ka honua e hāʻawi ana i ka nui o nā pipi a me nā huahana waiū i ka mākeke.
Pipi waiū
ʻO Ayshirskaya
ʻUlaʻula ʻulaʻula ka bipi, mahogany i ke kala, mai ke kukui a i ka pouli ma ke keʻokeʻo. I kekahi mau bipi, ʻeleʻele loa ke kala e like me ka ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā kiko ma nā lihi, liʻiliʻi a hoʻopuehu ʻia ma luna o ke kino.
ʻO kēia mau bipi waena, ma ka makahiki oʻo lākou i kaumaha ma mua o 550 kg, ikaika, paʻakikī, kū mālie i nā hale kūʻai i nā mahiʻai waiū, a hoʻopili i nā mīkini waiū ma muli o ke ʻano o ka uʻi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi i nā pilikia wāwae.
Kakaikahi nā lāhui ʻē aʻe i kūlike i ka hiki i nā bipi Ayshire e hānai ai i nā kūlana ʻai maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole nā aniau. ʻAʻohe o ka momona melemele o nā bipi, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka waiwai o ke kupapaʻu, no laila e hānai ʻia ʻo Ayrshirs i gobies. Loaʻa ka momona o ka waiū o ka hānai.
Jersey
Maʻamau nā bipi ʻeleʻele, akā aneane hina a ʻeleʻele hoʻi. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i nā pale keʻokeʻo e uhi i ka hapa nui o ka mascara. He ihu ʻeleʻele ko ka bipi maoli ʻo Jersey a aneane keʻokeʻo kahi waha a puni ka waha. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻeha i nā wāwae ikaika.
Liʻiliʻi nā bipi i ka nui, ma kahi o 400-450 kg.
Hoʻopuka ka lāhui Jersey i ka waiū ma kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. He mea nui loa kēia i nā ʻāina kahi i lawa ka hānai a hoʻolilo i ka lāhui i koho pono no ka mahiʻai.
Holstein
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka laha ma muli o kona ʻano ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula a keʻokeʻo hoʻi, ka hana ʻana i ka waiū, ke kino nui. ʻO ke keiki bipi olakino Holstein he 40 kg a ʻoi paha i ka wā hānau. Kaupaona ʻia kahi bipi wahine Holstein makua ma kahi o 680 kg. ʻO ke ola hana maʻamau o ka lāhui Holstein he ʻeono mau makahiki.
Hoʻopuka nā bipi i ka waiū ma mua o nā laha ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hana hoʻoulu genetically me ka ʻole o ke kaupaku olaola. ʻO nā hoʻomaikaʻi genetic o 1 a 2% i kēlā me kēia makahiki he kūpono kūpono.
Hoʻopili nā bipi i nā hale i nā pāmu paʻa, kahi hapa a hānai manuahi hoʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole mea nui nā nohona, hānai nā holoholona i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe a me nā wahi haʻahaʻa.
Pipi kauo
Highland
ʻO kahi poʻo nui me kahi wī lōʻihi (e like me ka uhi o nā maka), nā pepeiaohao lōʻihi a ʻeleʻele hoʻi e hoʻomanaʻo ai ka ʻano a me ka mea maʻamau ʻole.
He pālua ka hipa o ka bipi - kahi downy undercoat a me kahi huluhulu lōʻihi lōʻihi, hiki i ka lōʻihi o 30 knm a uhi ʻia me nā aila e pale i ka ona. I nā aniau wela, maloʻo, hoʻokahe nā bipi Highland i ko lākou huluhulu mānoanoa a laila ulu hou ke hoʻi mai ke anuanu anu.
ʻO kaʻeleʻele o kaʻahuʻula heʻeleʻele, kiko, ʻulaʻula, melemele a me ka hina hina. Hardy ka lāhui me kahi hiki kūlohelohe a kū hoʻokahi hoʻi e hānai pono i nā wahi mahi ʻai maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOkoʻa i ka lōʻihi o ke ola, he nui nā bipi i hānau hou i ka makahiki o 18 mau makahiki, hānau i nā keiki bipi he 15 i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻomohala ʻia ka naʻau makuahine, ʻoiai ʻo nā bipi wahine o ka hanauna mua ʻaʻole haʻalele iki i nā keiki.
Kaupaona nā bipi kāne makua ma kahi o 800 kg, mau bipi wahine - 500 kg.
Hāʻawi lākou i ka pīpī wīwī me ka pulupulu momona, palupalu a momona me kahi ʻono ʻano. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kaʻiʻo bipi, momona, haʻahaʻa i ka momona a me ka kolesterol a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka protein a me ka hao ma mua o nā ʻano bipi ʻē aʻe.
Aberdeen Angus
Hānau ʻia ka lāhui me ka ʻole o nā pepeiaohao. ʻEleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha nā bipi, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻeleʻele ka malu nui, i kekahi manawa keokeo e ʻike ʻia ma ka hue.
Kūpaʻa ka laha i ka wā nui, undemanding, maʻalahi maʻalahi, ʻano maikaʻi. Ma mua koke nā hiʻohiʻona, ma hope o ka luku ʻana, loaʻa iā lākou nā kupapaʻu ʻiʻo me ka pipi momona i ʻono ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hānau Angus i ka crossbreeding e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā holoholona. He hiki i nā wahine ke hāpai a hāpai i nā keiki bipi. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he loko wai, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻāpana nui i nā ʻano qualitative.
Maanei
Waihoʻoluʻu ʻia nā ʻano bipi mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻulaʻula melemele. Ke nānā aku nei ʻo White i kēia kūʻē:
- poʻo;
- maloʻo;
- ʻulelau
- ʻōpū
ʻO nā bipi wahine me nā kapa keʻokeʻo a me nā kaha keʻokeʻo ma lalo o nā kuli a me nā hock e maʻa mau. ʻO ka hapanui o nā holoholona he mau pepeiaohao mānoanoa a manoanoa hoʻi e piʻo i nā ʻaoʻao o ko lākou poʻo, akā ʻo ka bipi kauo ʻo Hereford i hānai ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me Pelekane.
Ke kaupaona nei nā kāne makua i 800 kg, nā wahine ma kahi o 550 kg.
Hoʻoikaika a kaulana kēia lāhui no ka lōʻihi, hana nā wahine i nā keiki bipi ma mua o 15 mau makahiki. Hāʻawi nā bipi i nā keiki i loko o kahi kau bipi a hiki i 12 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. Mālama nā mea hānai he nui i nā holoholona a make lākou i nā kumu kūlohelohe.
Noho ka hānau ʻo Hereford i ka hau hau o Finilani, hoʻomanawanui i ka wela o ka Northern Transvaal, a kūpaʻa i ke aniau ʻino a me nā lau nahele ʻoi o ka ʻākau o Uruguay a i ʻole nā wahi subtropical o Brazil.
Hoʻohui pipi a me nā pipi waiū
Bipi wahine polū Belgian
ʻO kahi holoholona nui me nā outline āpau a me nā mākala koʻikoʻi. Muscular ka poʻohiwi, kua, malo a me ka sacum. Pololei ke kua, lele ka Sacum, haʻi ʻia ka huelo. He nani kona, wāwae ikaika a hele maʻalahi.
Ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ka uliuli a me ka ʻeleʻele, a i ʻole nā hui pū ʻana o ia mea, aia ka ʻulaʻula i kekahi mau genotypes. Kaulana ka laha no kona ʻano mālie.
ʻO ke kaupaona o kahi bipi makua mai 1100 a 1250 kg. Nā bipi mai 850 a 900 kg.
ʻO ka Belgian Blue i nā papahana o ke keʻa me nā waiū waiū a i ʻole nā ʻiʻo e hoʻonui i ka hana o ka specimen e 5 - 7% hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka laina makuahine.
Simmental
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kala mai ke gula a i ka ʻulaʻula me ka keʻokeʻo, a hoʻokaʻawale like ʻia a kikoʻī ʻia paha i kahi kua keʻokeʻo. Keʻokeʻo ke poʻo a ʻike pinepine kahi kaula keʻokeʻo ma nā poʻohiwi.
ʻO nā kau bipi o ka lā kaumaha ma kahi o 700-900 kg, a me nā bipi - 1300 kg.
ʻO ka hānau ʻana Selective e hana i ka waiū a me ka pipi ma ke kumu kūʻai liʻiliʻi ua hana i kahi ʻano kaulike i hiki ke loli, musculature ikaika a me ka helu ola maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me nā ʻano makuahine maikaʻi nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka laha.
Ke hele aʻe, hōʻoia ka lā Simmental i ka ulu maikaʻi a, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pipi no nā keiki i hele aʻe, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo me ka momona keʻokeʻo a me ka marbling maikaʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka waiū.
ʻO Shvitskaya
ʻO ke kino ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka mole keʻokeʻo momona a me ka maka polū ʻeleʻele e kōkua i ka lāhui e kū i ka pā ʻana o ka lā. He ikaika lākou, momona, ola lōʻihi, hiki ke hoʻololi a kaulike i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā mākia a me nā lālā o ka bipi.
Hāʻawi ka lāhui i kahi hua maikaʻi o ka waiū a me kaʻiʻo.
Aloha ʻia ka waiū Suisa e nā mea hana tī no ka lakio momona-a-protein iʻoi loa ma waena o nā ʻano waiū.
Ke mākaukau nā bipi e hānau
Hiki i kahi bipi wahine i ke ʻano moekolohe ma waena o 6 a 15 mau mahina o ka makahiki, e like me ka lāhui, akā ʻaʻole hānai ʻia a hiki i ka 18 mau makahiki. ʻO ka hāpai mua e hoʻopōʻino i ka ulu a hoʻemi i ka momona a me ka hana ʻana i ka waiū.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana o ka bipi?
Aia ia i ka lāhui a me ka moekolohe o ka bipi keiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana mai 279 a 287 mau lā. No ka hapanui o nā laha, 283 mau lā ka manawa. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana o nā bipi kau bipi ma mua o nā bipi kau bipi.
