ʻO Charadriiformes ka pūʻulu manu nui loa e noho ana i kahi wai a i ʻole semi-aquatic. Hoʻopili kēia i ka ʻohana Plover a me nā plovers Plover. ʻO nā kānaka e pili ana i ke kauoha i hōʻike mua ʻia ma kahi o 36 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ke aʻo mau nei nā Ornithologists i nā ʻano o kēia mau manu, ko lākou ʻano o ke ola, a me ko lākou wahi noho.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kāhāhā ke kauoha o Charadriiformes me ka ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia kanaka. He paʻakikī e hōʻailona i nā hiʻohiʻona kūwaho nui o nā manu. Akā nui nā hiʻohiʻona i nā lālā āpau o ka pūʻali. Hoʻopili nā manu i ka noho wai. Pili kēia manu āpau. Hoʻonui ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou ʻokoʻa mai nā mehana a i nā wahi anu. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo palekana he mau manu ʻākau kēia.
Makemake nā Plovers i ka wai pāpaʻu. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu āpau o ka ʻohana e ka awelika o ka nui o ke kino, kahi nuku pōkole, a mānoanoa hoʻi i ka hopena. No kekahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe kekahi mau plovers, mahalo nui ʻia i ka nui.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka genus āpau o nā plovers e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kukui a gula paha i kahi kino ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā ʻeheu holoi lōʻihi, ʻike ʻia e kahi poʻo kiʻekiʻe, kōkua i nā lele lōʻihi. I kahi hoʻopiʻi me ke kino holoʻokoʻa, he nūʻeleʻele ka nuku a me nā iris o nā maka.
ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka papa holoʻokoʻa o Charadriiformes e liʻiliʻi. Ma ka hoʻohui i ka nui a kokoke i ka wai i nā wahi noho anuanu pinepine, he liʻiliʻi ko lākou like. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka lawena, hana kope ʻana, kahi noho.
No laila, ua hui pū nā ʻepekema i ka lele ʻana i nā hui he nui, i waena o ia mau mea he plovers. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa i waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o kēia genus. Hoahānau kahiko o ka plover loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pālule a me nā ibises.
ʻO ka plover keʻokeʻo he ʻohana i komo pū me nā ʻano ʻelua. He hulu keʻokeʻo ko nā manu. ʻO 40 mau kenimika wale nō ka lōʻihi o ke kino. I kēia hihia, hōʻea nā kāne i ka nui ma mua o nā wahine. Liʻiliʻi nā ʻeheu, hiki i ko lākou palena kiʻekiʻe i 84 kenimika. Neʻe wikiwiki ka manu, ʻo ke kunou o ke poʻo, kū i ka nūnū, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona.
ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Golden Plover ma mua o 220 g. ʻO ka nui o ke kino he 29 kenimika. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻēheu ma mua o ka lunamakaʻāinana o nā Charadriiformes i hala aku nei - a i ka 76 kenimika wale nō. Ma ka laulā, kūpilikiʻi ka helehelena. He hina hina hina ko ke poʻo, he ʻano poepoe. Hoʻololi ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hulu i nā kāne. ʻIke ʻia kahi aho māmā ma ka umauma ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻāʻī.
Eheu-ʻeleʻele plover he kala ʻeleʻele a me nā puke liʻiliʻi ma mua o Zolotistaya. He hina ka lalo o ka ʻēheu, ʻoiai he ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo nā manu ʻē aʻe i kēia wahi.
ʻO Tules - kahi lunamakaʻāinana nui o Charadriiformes ma ke kaupaona - hiki i 320 g. Akā ʻo ka ʻēheu a nui plover haʻahaʻa.
I ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, ke kaena nei ke kāne i ka uhi ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻāʻī, nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ka lae, a me ke kua. A ma lalo o ka huelo - keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā wahine mai ka ʻaoʻao o ke kua i nā pāʻani ʻeleʻele. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma lalo. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o Thules ke alo o ka manamana wāwae ʻehā, i loaʻa ʻole i nā charadriiformes ʻē aʻe.
Loaʻa kahi kino o nā Crayfish plovers a hiki i 40 kenimika ka lōʻihi. ʻAno like nā wahine a me nā kāne. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ka nuku, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā kāne. Kū ka wāwae a me ka ʻāʻī, kaumaha ka nuku, a no laila ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā poʻo o ke poʻo.
Ikaika loa i ka hiki i ka mea hahai holoholona ke haki i nā pūpū o ka crayfish. Mālamalama ka plumage ma lalo. Akā ʻo ke kua a me nā ʻeheu ma luna o nā akaʻeleʻele. I nā kanaka makua, ʻoi aku ka pouli o ke kala ma mua o nā holoholona ʻōpio. A ʻaʻohe kiʻi ma ke poʻo. ʻAʻohe pinepine ka holo ʻana o nā manu, akā lōʻihi ko lākou mau wāwae a loaʻa i ke aniani hina-polū.
Nā ʻano
ʻO Plovers kahi ʻano o ka ʻohana plover, ke kauoha o nā plovers. Hoʻokomo wale nā Ornithologists i ʻehā mau ʻano i kāna ʻano:
- Plover gula;
- Tule;
- Plover eheu ʻeleʻele.
- ʻO ka mea hana ʻēheu ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka plover keʻokeʻo i loko o ka ʻohana o White plovers, a ʻo ia pū kekahi me nā ʻano ʻelua. Pono ka makaʻala rachya i ka nānā kūikawā. Pili ia i ka laha o ka inoa like, genus, ʻohana.
Auila
ʻO ke ʻano o ka nohona ʻaneʻane o nā lālā o ka hoʻokaʻawale hiki ke wehewehe ʻia me he koloneialani. Noho nā manu i nā hui lehulehu. Hana i nā lele mamao. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea mehameha, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o lākou. ʻO ke kau ʻana i ka pūnana, ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, a me ka neʻe ʻana, i nā kolone.
Nānā nā kiaʻi manu i ka ʻohana Charadriifida ma nā kapakai o ke kai ʻo Wadden, a ʻo Semangeum hoʻi. ʻAe kona wahi e pili ana i 30 mau ʻano plovers e noho. ʻO ka laina kahakai kahi o ka pūnana a me nā wahi hoʻoilo.
Plover gula he kūlana palekana me ka makaʻu liʻiliʻi. Pili kēia i nā plovers ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi nā manu i ko lākou wahi noho, nā latitude me ke aniau koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole hoʻonāukiuki i ka emi o ka nui o nā ʻano.
Ola ke kanaka i ka manawa o ka pūnana ma nā wahi pulu wale nō. He mau waonahele kēia, nā kula, a ʻo nā kahawai hoʻi. ʻOiai ke kūlana palekana, ʻōlelo nā mea kālaiʻike ʻaʻole e loaʻa hou ka manu ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa.
ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka plover ʻēheu ʻeleʻele i nā wahi maloʻo no ka hana hou a me kahi noho maʻamau. I ka tundra, hiki ke loaʻa nā lunamakaʻā ma nā puʻu. ʻO lākou kekahi o nā Charadriiformes e makemake e hōʻalo i nā wahi kai, e hoʻokūkū nei paha me Golden Plovers.
ʻOkoʻa ʻokoʻa ka hana maʻamau a Thoules mai ke koena o ka poʻe o hoʻokahi kauoha nui a ʻo ka ʻohana plover hoʻi. Neʻe wikiwiki ka manu, i kēia manawa ke kū koke nei e hopu i ka mea pio i loaʻa. Aia i loko o kāna papaʻai nā poʻe wai, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka Brown-winged Plover.
Noho nā Plovers i nā hui nui, ka helu o nā kamaʻāina i hiki ke piʻi i 1000. Ma ia mau ʻano, hana ʻia ka pūnana. Hōʻike ʻo Plovers i kahi nohona ola i ka pō a me ka wanaʻao.
Kahi noho
ʻO ka wahi o ka noho ʻana o kahi kaʻahua Charadriiformes e laulā. Loaʻa lākou ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau. Lele kekahi poʻe ma waena o nā mokupuni o ka Moana Arctic a me Antarctica. Ke piʻi mālie nei ka biodiversity mai nā tropics a i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau. ʻO osmoregulation kēia i hoʻonui i ka helu o kēia mau manu.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu Plover ma nā kapakai o Denmark, Kelemānia, ke Kai Akau, Nekelana, a me ke Kōlea Kōlea. Noho ka genus Plovers i ka tundra a me ka ululāʻau-tundra o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. Kū ka hoʻoilo ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻAukekulia, Nūhōlani, a ma nā mokupuni wela o ka Pākīpika.
Plover keʻokeʻo maʻamau i Antarctica a me ka hoʻololi hou aku i nā kūlana aniau paʻakikī. ʻO nā manu kūpulu ma ka South Georgia Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Shetland Islands, a me Orkney.
ʻO ka wahi noho o ka Golden Plover mai Iceland a me Pelekane Nui a hiki i waena o Siberia. I nā latitu ʻākau, ʻo ia nā palena o ka tundra Arctic. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi helu manu o nā manu ma nā wahi ʻākau. Ma ke komohana a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, nā wahi nui - nā kula, nā mahina ʻai.
ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka plover eheu ʻeleʻele i nā tundras hummocky a me nā limu-lumena Ua hele a lehulehu nā manu ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o Taimyr. Hoʻopili pū ka papa inoa o nā wahi i nā pali o nā kualono, nā wahi puʻu o tundra, tundra shrub. Ma ka palena o ka ululāʻau, hui ʻo Plovers eheu Brown me nā Golden Plovers.
ʻO ka incubation a me kahi noho nui o Tules kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka Arctic tundra o Eurasia. ʻO kēia nā ʻāina mai Kanin a Chukotka. Hiki i ka ʻEulopa waena ke nānā wale i nā lele o kēia mau manu. Ke kali nei i ka hoʻoilo ma ʻApelika, ʻAsia Hema, ʻAukekulia, ʻAmelika.
Noho ka plover crayfish i nā ʻāina o ke Kaiʻula, ke awāwa ʻo Persian. ʻEiwa mau kolone ma Abu Dhabi, Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia. Aia he 30 mau kolone a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 mau kānaka e noho nei ma kahakai o Eritrea.
Eia hou, hiki iā ʻoe ke hui me ka lele ʻana ma Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand. ʻAʻole neʻe kēia mau manu ma mua o 1000 mau mika mai ka wai. ʻO nā wahi maʻamau nā kahawai, kahakai, nā kahawai muliwai.
ʻAiʻai Pono
ʻOkoʻa ka meaʻai a nā ʻelele āpau o Charadriiformes i ka pili o ka nohona a me ka nohona. Hiki iā ia ke limu limu spineless, algae, crustacean, nā mea kanu mea kanu, nā ʻelala. ʻO nā lunamaka'āinana o ka genus me nā pepeke a me nā mollusks i kā lākou papaʻai. Aia i ka papa kuhikuhi nā hua, nā hua o nā mea kanu i loko o ka nohona.
Makemake nā plovers gula i nā kolo, nā ilo, a me nā nīno. Ke ʻimi nei nā manu i nā mea pio āpau i ka loaʻa ma ka honua. Hiki i kahi dragonfly, larvae, bugs a me nā ʻūhini hoʻi ke hopu ʻia i ka nuku. ʻAʻole hoʻokomo iki ʻia ʻo Crustaceans i ka papa kuhikuhi, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahi o ko lākou wahi.
ʻO ka mea kanu mea kanu kahi ʻāpana o ka papaʻai. Hiki pū i nā plovers ʻēheu ʻeleʻele ke ʻai i nā ʻelala. Akā makemake lākou e kiʻi i nā hua, nā ʻāpana mea kanu. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau lingonberry a me nā ʻeneki. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka ʻai a Thoules. Akā makemake ʻo ia e ʻai i nā mea wai liʻiliʻi. ʻOkoʻa ka papaʻai o ka Crayfish plover. No hea ia inoa.
Hele nā manu i ka wai pāpaʻu e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka crustacea ka mea pio nui. Hana wikiwiki ka manu. Mahalo i kona nuku, he mana kona e luku i ka pūpū pale o kāna mea pio. I kekahi manawa hoʻouka iā Mudskippers - iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia e nā hihi. ʻO ke ala o ka hānai ʻana i ka White Plover kūpono i ka nānā nui. Lawe pio lākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke kapakai.
Hoʻopiʻi hou
Plover - manu monogamous Noho pālua nā manu i kekahi mau kau. ʻAʻole pili nā kānaka āpau i ka pūnana. Hiki i kēia mea ke moe moe māmā a i ʻole ka pūnana i lawe ʻia mai kahi manu ʻē aʻe. Akā hana ʻo Golden Plovers i kahi hohonu i loko o ka lepo, kau i ka wahi no ke kau ʻana.
Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā hua he 4, ʻaʻole wale ka wahine, akā pili pū ka makuakāne i ka hana hoʻoulu. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka pūpū he melemele ʻeleʻele a uhi ʻia me nā splashes. ʻIke nā moa i ke kukui ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina. Ma hope o kēlā, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai koke.
Hana nā plovers ʻēheu Brown i ka pūnana i kahi liʻiliʻi, akā e kau i nā hua he 4. ʻAno ke kala o ka pūpū. Pale nā lālā ʻohana ʻelua i ka pūnana a pale aku i kahi pest. Haki nā moa i ka pūpū i ka waena o Iulai, hoʻomaka koke e lele, a hoʻokahi mahina ma hope ua hiki lākou i ka nui o nā mākua.
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā hua a Tules a pinkish, brown, olive. No laila, e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia hua manu i kēia plover i ke kiʻi maʻalahi Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouluulu ʻana no 23 mau lā. Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o nā moa, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho koke ma kā lākou iho, no ka mea he 5 mau pule kēia. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pūnana o ka manu me kahi lau nahele a lahilahi a lahilahi.
Kūkulu ka plover keʻokeʻo i nā pūnana ʻaʻole wale mai ka mauʻu, akā mai nā pōhaku, nā pūpū, nā iwi. ʻAneʻe nā Penguins a me nā cormorants ma kahi kokoke. ʻO ka maʻa mau he 2-3 mau pīpī e hōʻike ʻia ma Kēkēmapa-Ianuali, hoʻokahi wale nō e ola nei. ʻO nā mea i koe e pepehi ʻia e ka makua ponoʻī. Pono ka moa e noho i ka pūnana no ʻelua mau mahina ma mua o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana.
ʻAʻole kūkulu nā Plovers i nā pūnana. Hana lākou i mau lua i ka puʻu. He ākea nā alahele a ʻaʻole pololei. ʻO ka maʻamau 1 hua manu. Keʻokeʻo ka leho o ka pūpū. I kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa nā moa.
Wā ola
ʻOkoʻa ke ola i nā plovers. Hiki iā Thules ke ola no 18 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ke ola o nā kānaka ʻē aʻe i kaupalena ʻia i 12 mau makahiki. He wā pōkole kēia ma waena o nā manu. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā waders i ka laulā.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
I ka nānā ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻopaʻa wale nā ornithologists i ka hānau a me nā ʻano o nā manu. ʻIke lākou i nā mea hoihoi he nui e ʻike nui i nā plovers mai nā plovers eheu ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO Plovers nā mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo i waena o nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka pae o ka lele mau. No laila neʻe lākou mai nā ʻAilana Aleutian i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. A ʻo kēia ma ka liʻiliʻi 3000 mau mile a me 36 mau hola.
- Pili nā Plovers i ka lula o ka wai a me ka paʻakai. He hiki i ke ola kai.
- Plover poʻo ʻeleʻele (aiʻole, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, Khrustan) i kapa ʻia hoʻi he plover naʻaupō.
- ʻAihue wale nā Plovers i nā iʻa mai nā penguins wale nō, akā i nā hua manu hoʻi, a me nā moa liʻiliʻi. Aia i ka papaʻai nā huahana neoneo.
- ʻO Charadriiformes kekahi o nā manu kahiko i pakele i ka pōʻino ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ʻokoʻa ka dinosaurs.
- Hoʻolilo ka manawa i ka panalāʻau o Rūsia na plovers akau.
He manu liʻiliʻi ʻo Plovers i noho ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kahakai. ʻAi lākou i nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi, nā mea kanu, ke ola kai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua i loko o nā kaumaha a me nā lua. Hiki iā lākou ke lele lōʻihi, noho i nā kolone, a he monogamous lākou.
