Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka rana aniani (Centrolenidae) e nā biologists ma ke ʻano he amphibian tailless (Anura). Noho lākou i nā wahi tropical o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kā lākou ʻano ʻokoʻa ka aneane piha piha o nā leho. ʻO ia ke kumu ua loaʻa i ka rana aniani kēia inoa.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia holoholona he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka waihoʻoluʻu me nā blotches liʻiliʻi nui. Paka aniani ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻano i nui iki aʻe i ka nui.
I ka hapanui o lākou, aniani ka ʻōpū wale nō, ma ia mea, inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea āpau āpau, me nā hua i nā wahine hāpai. I ka nui o nā ʻano o nā rana kīʻaha, ʻoiai nā iwi a me nāʻiʻo i mōakāka. ʻAneʻane ʻole hiki i nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka honua holoholona ke kaena i ka waiwai o ka ʻili.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale nō ka hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau rana. Hana pū ka maka iā lākou i mea kū hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole like me nā hoahānau kokoke loa (nā rana lāʻau), ʻo nā maka o nā rana aniani e ʻālohilohi a kuhikuhi pololei i mua, ʻoiai nā maka o nā rana lāʻau ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
ʻO kēia ka hōʻailona o ko lākou ʻohana. Koleke nā haumāna. I ke ao, aia lākou i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a i ka pō, hoʻonui nui nā haumāna, a aneane puni.
Pālahalaha a ākea ke kino o ka rana, e like me ke poʻo. Ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā lālā, lahilahi. Aia kekahi mau mea hū ma nā wāwae, me ke kōkua o nā rana e paʻa maʻalahi i nā lau. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā rana i aniani maikaʻi loa nā camouflage a me thermoregulation.
Nā ʻano
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mua o kēia mau amphibians i ka kenekulia 19. Ke loli nei ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Centrolenidae: i kēia manawa ʻohana nā amphibians i ʻelua mau ʻohana a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 genera o nā rana aniani. Ua ʻike ʻia a ua wehewehe mua ʻia e Marcos Espada, he kālazazola Sepania. Aia kekahi mau mea hoihoi i waena o lākou.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka Hyalinobatrachium (frog aniani liʻiliʻi) he 32 mau ʻano me ka ʻōpū aniani piha a me ka iwi keʻokeʻo. ʻO kā lākou transparency ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike maikaʻi kokoke i nā ʻōnaehana o loko - ka ʻōpū, ke ake, nā ʻōpū, ka puʻuwai o ke kanaka. I kekahi mau ʻano, uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka digestive me kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni māmā. Ua poepoe ko lākou ake, ʻoiai i loko o nā rana o kekahi moʻokūʻauhau ʻekolu mau lau.
I ka genus Centrolene (geckos), nona nā ʻano 27, nā kānaka me ka iwi kōmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka poʻohiwi aia kahi ʻano ulu o ke ʻano lou, kahi a nā kāne e hoʻohana maikaʻi ai i ka wā e hānau ana, e hakakā ana no ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻohana pili loa, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou ka nui o ka nui.
ʻO nā Lunamaka'āinana o nā rana Cochranella he iwi ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me kahi kiʻi keʻokeʻo i ka peritoneum e uhi ana i kahi ʻāpana o loko. Lū ke akepaʻa; ʻaʻohe nā lou poʻohiwi. Ua loaʻa ko lākou inoa i ka hoʻohanohano o ka zoologist ʻo Doris Cochran, ka mea nāna i wehewehe mua i kēia ʻano o nā rana aniani.
Ma waena o lākou, ka ʻike hoihoi loa ʻia rana aniani fringed (Cochanella Euknemos). Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa mai Greek mai "me nā wāwae nani". ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ka ʻiʻo momona o ka mua, nā lālā hope a me nā lima.
Kūkulu kino
ʻAno o ka palaka aniani kūlike me kona nohona a me kona nohona. Aia i loko o kona ʻili nā gland he nui e hūnā mau ai i ka mucus. Hoʻoulu mau ia i ka casings a mālama i ka makū ma luna o kā lākou papa.
Pale aku ʻo ia i ka holoholona mai nā microorganism pathogenic. Eia kekahi, komo ka ʻili i ka hoʻololi kinoea. Ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka wai i loko o ko lākou kino ma o ka ʻili, he wahi pulu ka wahi nui. Maʻaneʻi, ma ka ʻili, aia nā ʻeha a me nā mea loaʻa wela.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o ke kino o ka rana ka wahi kokoke o nā puka ihu a me nā maka ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo. Hiki i kahi amphibian ke ʻau i ka wai, mālama i kona poʻo a me kona kino ma luna o kona ʻili, hanu a ʻike i ke kaiapuni a puni ia.
Aia ke kala o ka rana aniani i kāna wahi noho. Hiki i kekahi ʻano loli ke hoʻololi i ke kala o ka ʻili e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka nohona. No kēia, loaʻa iā lākou nā pūnaewele kūikawā.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā lālā hope o kēia amphibian ma mua o ka mua. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻololi i nā mea mua no ke kākoʻo a me ke pae ʻana, a me ke kōkua o nā mea hope e neʻe maikaʻi i ka wai a i ke kahakai.
ʻO nā rana mai kēia ʻohana ʻaʻohe iwi ʻaoʻao, a ua māhele ʻia ka iwi kuamoo i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: cer servic, Sacal, caudal, trunk. Hoʻopili ʻia ka iwi poʻo o ka rana i ka iwi kuamoʻo e hoʻokahi vertebra. ʻAe kēia i ka rana e hoʻoneʻe i kona poʻo. Pili nā lālā i ka iwi kuamoʻo i nā kāʻei o mua a me hope o nā lālā. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā poʻohiwi, nā sternum, nā iwi pelvic.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana makaʻu o nā rana ma mua o ka iʻa. Aia i loko o ka iwi kuamoʻo a me ka lolo. Liʻiliʻi ka cerebellum no ka mea alakaʻi kēia mau amphibians i kahi nohona noho a me kā lākou neʻe ʻana he monotonous.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana digestive kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. Me ke kōkua o kahi elelo loihi a paʻa i ka waha, hopu ʻo ka rana i nā kolo a paʻa iā lākou me nā niho ma ka iwi ā luna wale nō. A laila komo ka meaʻai i ka esophagus, ʻōpū, no ka hana hou ʻana, a laila neʻe i nā ʻōpū.
ʻO ka puʻuwai o kēia mau amphibians he ʻekolu keʻena, he ʻelua atria a me kahi ventricle, kahi e hui ʻia ai ke koko arterial a me ka venous. Aia ʻelua pōʻai o ke kahe o ke koko. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hanu o nā rana e nā ihu, nā akemāmā, akā pili pū ka ʻili o nā amphibians i ka hanu ʻana.
Penei ke ʻano o ka hanu ʻana: hāmama nā puka ihu o ka rana, i ka manawa like e kulu ai ka lalo o kona oropharynx a komo ka ea i loko ona. Ke paʻa ka puka ihu, piʻi iki ka lalo a komo ka ea i loko o nā akemāmā. I ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha o ka peritoneum, hoʻokō ʻia ka hāpai ʻana.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana excretory e nā puʻupaʻa, kahi e kānana ʻia ai ke koko. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā mea kōkua i loko o nā tubula renal. A laila hele ka mimi ma waena o nā ureter a komo i loko o ka puhā.
ʻO nā rana aniani, e like me nā amphibians āpau, loaʻa ka metabolism lohi loa. Pili pono ke ana wela o ka rana i ka mahana ambient. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, lilo lākou i passive, e ʻimi nei i nā wahi mehameha, mehana, a laila hibernate.
He maʻalahi ka naʻau, no ka mea, hiki i nā rana ke noho ma ka ʻāina a ma ka wai. Hoʻolālā ʻia lākou i hiki i nā amphibians ke hoʻololi i kekahi ʻano nohona. Kōkua nā meaola ma ka laina ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo iā lākou e hoʻokele maʻalahi i ka lewa. ʻIke, like lākou i nā kaha ʻelua.
ʻO ka hihiʻo o kahi rana aniani e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea i ka neʻe maikaʻi, akā ʻaʻole ʻike maikaʻi ia i nā mea kū. ʻO ke ʻano o ka honi, i kūlike ʻia e nā puka ihu, ʻae i ka rana e hoʻokokoke iā ia iho e ka pilau.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolohe nā pepeiao o loko a me ka waena. ʻO ka waena kahi ʻano o ka lua, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao he puka i loko o ka oropharynx, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e kuhikuhi kokoke i ke poʻo. Aia kekahi eardrum, pili i ka pepeiao o loko me nā ʻaʻa. Ma o ia e lawe ai nā kani i ka pepeiao o loko.
Auila
ʻO ka nui o nā rana aniani i ka pō, a i ka lā e hoʻomaha lākou ma kahi kokoke i kahi wai i ka mauʻu mauʻu. Alualu lākou i nā pepelu i ke ao, ma ka ʻāina. Ma laila, ma ka ʻāina, koho nā rana i hoa, hoa a moe ma nā lau a me ka mauʻu.
Eia nō naʻe, kā lākou keiki - nā honu, hoʻomohala i ka wai wale nō a ma hope wale nō o ka lilo ʻana i rana e hoʻi i ka ʻāina no ka hoʻomohala hou aku. Hoihoi loa ke ʻano o ke kāne, a ma hope o ka hoʻomoe ʻana o ka wahine i mau hua, noho kokoke i nā keiki a pale iā ia mai nā ʻelala. Akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka mea a ka wahine e hana ai ma hope o ke kau ʻana.
Kahi noho
ʻIke nā Amphibians i nā kūlana ʻoluʻolu ma kapa o nā muliwai wikiwiki, ma waena o nā kahawai, i nā nahele ulu o nā tropics a me nā mauna. Noho ka rana aniani i nā lau o nā kumulāʻau a me nā laʻalāʻau, nā pōhaku ʻūlū a me nā ʻōpala mauʻu. No kēia mau rana, ʻo ka mea nui aia he maū kokoke.
ʻAiʻai Pono
E like me nā ʻano amphibian ʻē aʻe, luhi ʻole nā rana aniani i kā lākou ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO kā lākou papaʻai nā ʻano pepelu like ʻole: nā makika, nā lele, nā bedbugs, nā ʻenuhe, nā nalo a me nā mea ʻino like ʻole.
A ʻo nā tadpoles o ka ʻaneʻane āpau o nā ʻano o nā rana, ʻaʻohe hāmama o ka waha. Pau kā lākou lako pono o ka meaola i hoʻokahi pule ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka tadpole i ka hua manu. I ka manawa like, hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi o ka waha a i kēia manawa o ka hoʻomohala, hiki i nā tadpoles ke hānai kūʻokoʻa i nā meaola hoʻokahi i loaʻa i nā kino o ka wai.
Hoʻopiʻi hou
Hoʻohoho nā kāne frog aniani i ka maka o nā wahine me ke ʻano o nā kani. I ka wā ua, lohe ʻia ka poloka poloka ma nā kahawai, nā kahawai, ma ke kapa o nā loko iʻa. Ma hope o ke koho ʻana i kahi hoa a me ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua, lili loa ke kāne i kāna panalāʻau. Ke kū mai kahi malihini, hana kolohe ke kāne me ka wikiwiki i ka hakakā.
Aia nā kiʻi kupaianaha ma hea aniani rana i kiʻi ʻia pale i kāna keiki, e noho ana ma kahi lau ma hope o nā hua. Nānā pono ke kāne ma hope o ka lālau, e hoʻomaʻū mau iā ia me nā mea o kāna pūpū, a pēlā e pale ai iā ia mai ka wela. ʻAi ʻia kēlā mau hua manu i nā bacteria e nā kāne, a laila pale i ka paʻa mai ka maʻi.
Hoʻomoe pololei nā rana aniani ma luna pono o nā kino wai, ma nā lau a me ka mauʻu. Ke kū mai kahi huna ma loko o ka hua manu, heʻe ia i loko o ka wai, kahi e ulu ai kona ulu hou. Ma hope wale o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā tadpoles hoʻopau ke kāne i ka kaohi ʻana i nā keiki.
Wā ola
ʻAʻole i aʻo piha ʻia ke ola o kahi rana aniani, akā ʻike ʻia ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe ua pōkole loa ko lākou ola. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke kūlana kaiaola maikaʻi ʻole: ka wao nahele ʻole i kāohi ʻia, hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻia o nā ʻōpala hana like ʻole i nā kino wai. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka awelika o ke ola o ka rana aniani i loko o kona wahi noho maoli i loko o 5-15 mau makahiki.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
- Aia ma luna o 60 mau ʻano o nā rana aniani ma ka honua.
- Ma mua, ʻo nā rana aniani kekahi o ka ʻohana rana lāʻau.
- Ma hope o ke kau ʻana, nalo ka wahine a mālama ʻole i nā keiki.
- Kapa ʻia ke kaʻina moena i nā rana, amplexus.
- ʻO ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka rana aniani ʻo Centrolene Gekkoideum. Hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka 75 mm.
- Hōʻike ʻo Vocalization o nā kāne iā ia iho ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano kani like ʻole - whistles, squeaks or trills.
- ʻAʻole aʻo ʻia ke ola a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā tadpoles.
- Hoʻopili ʻia nā rana aniani me nā paʻakai bile, i loaʻa i nā iwi a hoʻohana ʻia e like me kekahi mau kala.
- ʻO nā rana o kēia ʻohana he ʻike binocular, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā lākou ke ʻike pono me nā maka ʻelua i ka manawa like.
- ʻO ka homeland mōʻaukala o nā rana aiai ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ka rana aniani kahi mea kū hoʻokahi, palupalu i hana ʻia e ke kūlohelohe, me nā ʻano he nui o ka tract digestive, reproduction a me lifestyle lifestyle i ka nui.
