Hoʻohanohano nā ʻohana nomadic o Altai i nā marals ma ke ʻano he holoholona kapu a totemika hoʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Legends aia kekahi pūʻā o kēia mau holoholona hanohano ma ka lani, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ke ola ma ka honua, a hoʻi nā ʻuhane o ka poʻe make i ko lākou "ʻohana" lani. No laila, ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea nani nā pepeiaohao, ua aʻo aku nā ʻelemākule naʻaupō i nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona ʻōpio: inā ʻoe e pepehi i nā mea ʻelima Altai, e loaʻa ka pilikia.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Māmele hihi ʻaamea Altai maral pili i ke kauoha o artiodactyls, ka ʻohana dia. ʻO kahi holoholona nui, mana, paʻakikī ka kiʻekiʻe o kona poʻohiwi o 155 cm, piʻi ke kino i 300-350 kg a ʻoi aku.
ʻO ka lōʻihi mai kahi maloʻo a i ka piko o ka croup he 250 cm. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā bipi ma mua o nā kāne, me ka ʻole o nā pepeiaohao. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka poʻe manō ma mua o nā lālā ʻohana ʻē aʻe; i ka pule mua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, kaupaona lākou mai 11 a 22 kg.
I ke kauwela, ʻaneʻane like ke kala o nā kāne o nā kāne ʻelua - brown brown. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻohuli nā bipi i ka hina hina me ka melemele ma nā ʻaoʻao, ʻeleʻele i ka ʻōpū, ʻāʻī a me nā poʻohiwi. Pākuʻi hina-brown nā wahine. ʻO kahi "aniani" nui (kahi pōʻai māmā o ka hulu hipa me ka ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele ma ka hope a puni ka huelo) e hoʻonui i ka croup a ʻano ʻokoʻa i ke kala, i kekahi manawa dust-rusty a beige paha.
Nui loa nā pepeiaohao o nā kāne, me ka ʻole o ka lei aliʻi, e pau ana i ʻeono a ʻehiku mau kani. I ke kiko bifurcation mua, kūlou hope loa ke koʻokoʻo nui. Nui ke poʻo a me ka waha o kēia laha, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā dia Bukhara. ʻO ka ʻū ʻana e like me ka halulu o ka wapiti ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole ka leo i hana ʻia e nā dia ʻulaʻula o ʻEulopa.
Nā ʻano
ʻO Altai maral kahi ʻāpana o Wapitis mai ka ʻohana dia (Cervidae). ʻAno like loa me ko ʻAmelika a me ko ʻĀkau Hikina wapiti, no ka laʻana, ka lāhui Tien Shan (Cervus canadensis songaricus).
I ka makahiki 1873, ua wehewehe ʻia ka maral ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. Akā ma kahi o hoʻokahi kenekulia ma hope, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka holoholona i ka hui Siberian o nā dia ʻulaʻula. No laila, i kekahi mau kumuwaiwai ua kapa ʻia ka holoholona "Siberian wapiti".
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Ola ʻo Altai maral ma ke komohana ʻākau o Mongolia, ma nā Kuahiwi Sayan, ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana o Lake Baikal, ma Tien Shan, ma ke Teritori ʻo Krasnoyarsk, Kyrgyzstan a ma New Zealand hoʻi, kahi e hoʻomohala nui ʻia ai ka hānai antler reindeer.
Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā holoholona āpau i ka Teritori Altai. Ma nā māla hānau hānai wale nō aia ma mua o 85 tausani o lākou, a ʻo ka huina nui ma ka Russian Federation a me Mongolia he 300 tausani.
Makemake nā dia makua i ka hoʻokaʻawale a i nā hui kāne like i ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. I ke kau moʻo (rut), hoʻokūkū nā kāne kāne makua no ka nānā ʻana o nā bipi, a laila e hoʻāʻo e pale i ka "lanakila".
No ke koena o ko lākou ola, e noho mehameha ana ʻo Altai marals i nā wāwae wāwae, ma kahi ulu lāʻau. Hoʻohui ʻia nā wahine a me nā bipi keiki i nā bipi liʻiliʻi he ʻekolu a ʻehiku mau holoholona, ua lilo ke dia makua makua i alakaʻi.
Hahai nā marals nui i nā hoa aloha wahine mai ʻAukake a i ka hopena o Nowemapa. Mālama pinepine ʻo "Veterans" i nā harem, ʻo ka piko o ke ʻano o ka holoholona i hāʻule ma 8 mau makahiki. Deer ma waena o 2 a me 4 mau makahiki i koe ma ka periphery o nui harem.
ʻO nā mea maʻi a ʻelemakule (11 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha) ʻaʻole hoʻohua. Hū nā alakaʻi kāne e mālama pū i nā "subordinates", kahi leo nui e kani ana a puni ke kaiāulu i ka wanaʻao a me ke ahiahi.
Hānai nā Marals ma waena o nā mauʻu lush i ke kauwela, a i ka wā o ka hāʻule a me ka puna ua neʻe lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi momona ma ka wāwae o nā kuahiwi, i kekahi manawa e lanakila ana i kahi mamao (a hiki i hoʻokahi haneli mau kilomita), me nā mea pale i ka wai. ʻO nā lunamaka o kēia ʻano dia he ʻauʻau kai kupaianaha lākou a makaʻu ʻole i nā kuʻi mauna. Mālama ʻia ke anuanu o nā kahawai e nā bipi kāne a me nā bipi kau wela wela loa.
I ke aniau wela, hānai wale lākou i ke kakahiaka a i ʻole ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, a hoʻomaha i ke koena o ka lā i ka uhi lāʻau. He mea akahele, ʻāhaʻi nā mea ola, neʻe wikiwiki lākou, ʻoiai ka nui o ka nui, lele lākou i kahi i ka wā e ʻike ai i kahi pilikia. Lanakila maʻalahi i nā wahi pōhaku.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO Altai maral kahi mea ulu lāʻau. I ka pūnāwai, ma hope o ka hoʻoilo anuanu paʻakikī, hoʻonui ka pono no nā wikamina a me nā protein. ʻO ka mauʻu ʻōpio, nā mauʻu, nā legume, a me nā mea kanu lāʻau (e like me ke aʻa gula) kōkua i ka reindeer e loaʻa ka ikaika. Makemake nā marals i ka paʻakai, palu iā ia e hoʻopiha i ke koena mineral mai nā marshes paʻakai. Inu lākou me ka leʻaleʻa i ka wai o nā wai hoʻōla, me nā wai paʻakai.
I ke kauwela no nā pilikua nunui - ākea. ʻO nā mauʻu a me nā pua he kiʻekiʻe a momona, ua oʻo nā hua, piha ka ulu lāʻau i nā lau a me nā nati a nā holoholona e ʻai ai. I ke kau mua, ua momona ka papaʻai o artiodactyls, akā me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu e pono lākou e "hele i kahi papaʻai."
Inā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe loa nā hau, ʻai ka dia i nā lau i hāʻule, hele nā aeto i loaʻa i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. I ke anuanu ke ʻāʻū lākou mai nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lāʻau, huki i nā lālā. ʻO nā laikini a me nā limu, a me nā nila o ka fir, spruce, a me nā pine e kōkua i ka dia e paʻa a hiki i ka puna.
ʻOiai ke ola nei nā pilikua ulu a hānai i nā wahi pale a me nā ecologically maʻemaʻe, ʻAi kai maria he nui nā wikamina a me nā minelala. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā ia ka potassium, magnesium, hao, glutamic a me aspartic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, linoleic acid, selenium, sodium, vitamin PP, arginine. No laila, he mea maikaʻi loa ka ʻi dia, hemo ia i nā mea make, hoʻoikaika i ka naʻau o ka puʻuwai, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahe o ke koko, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka cholesterol.
Hoʻopiʻi hou
Hoʻopiha ʻia ka male ʻana o ka marals me ka makaʻu no nā kāne hoʻokūkū. Hāʻalo lākou i ka poʻe kūʻē ma ke kaniʻuhū ʻana a me ka hele wāwae ʻana me ka ʻenemi, e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻohālikelike i nā pepeiaohao o kekahi, ka nui o ke kino a me ka mākaukau hakakā.
Inā ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻi i hope, kū kahi duel ma nā pepeiaohao. Kūleʻa nā kāne a hoʻāʻo e kīkē i kekahi i lalo. Haʻalele nā mea nāwaliwali i ke kahua kaua. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike inā ikaika ka mea hakakā ʻaʻole wale ma kona helehelena, akā me kona leo hoʻi. I kahi mea mana he haʻalulu a "mānoanoa", i ke kanaka ʻōpio kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole pinepine nā mea make, ʻoiai inā e hoʻopili ʻia ka dia e nā antlers, hiki iā lākou ke make. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pehea e hakakā ai Altai maral, kiʻi ʻia hālāwai pinepine lākou, no ka mea, ma ia mau manawa e komo nā holoholona i ka hakakā. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa he mea hiki ʻole ke hālāwai me nā dia ʻulaʻula i ka nahele, hilahila ia.
Hiki i nā wahine i ke oʻo wahine i 2 mau makahiki, a hānau maʻamau ma 3. Ua mākaukau nā bipi e hānau hou e 5 mau makahiki. Hiki i nā bipi wahine ke koho i kāna hoa ma muli o kā lākou kūkulu a me ka nui o ka pepeiaohao. Inā haʻalele ka wahine i ke alakaʻi o ka harem a loaʻa i kahi "kāne kāne" hou, ʻaʻohe mea nāna e hoʻopilikia iā lākou. Hana ʻia ka male ʻana ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa (a hiki i ka 10-12 mau hoʻāʻo) ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka momona.
ʻO ka manawa hānau he 240-265 mau lā. Hānau ʻia nā keiki bipi keiki i hoʻokahi manawa (ʻaʻole ʻelua mau manawa) i ke kauwela a i ʻole ka hopena o ke kau, a laila aia lākou ma lalo o ka makaʻala a me ka maka mālama o ko lākou makuahine. ʻO ke kaulike kaulike o kahi hānau hou ma kahi o 15 kg.
Ua lawa ʻelua mau mahina no ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū. I ʻelua mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hui pū nā pēpē me ka pūʻā wahine wahine makua, ʻoiai lākou e noho kokoke i ko lākou mau makuahine no hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi iki paha. I ka wā hānau, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pēpē. Hala kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā keiki.
Wā ola
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā Altai marals e ka poʻe ʻaihue, akā he holoholona ʻōpiopio ka mea pio, nāwaliwali ʻia e ka maʻi a ʻelemakule paha. ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻīlio hae, nā tigika, nā wolverine, nā lynxes, ʻaʻole makemake nui nā bea i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻona, he mau mea kaua kā nā artiodactyls, he mea weliweli ke nānā aku. ʻAlau wale nā ʻīlio hae i nā pūʻolo, no ka mea ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā hoʻomākeʻaka me nā dia.
I ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole lōʻihi nā ola o Altai nunui - a i 13-15 mau makahiki. I nā mahiʻai kūikawā, me ka mālama pono, e pāpālua ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka reindeer. Hoʻopōʻino ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka heluna kānaka, ʻoiai e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona, pale ʻia nā dia ʻulaʻula, no ka mea pili lākou i nā ʻano laha ʻole.
ʻO ke ʻano kanaka o kēia au i ka lawaiʻa ʻana (ʻoi aku ka antlers) ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā māla reindeer, nā kahu hānai, nā mahiʻai. Nui a nui nā ʻoihana e like me ia ma Altai, Kazakhstan, Nūhōlani.
Altai koko maral ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāhui ʻōiwi mai ka wā kahiko. Ma ʻAsia, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā lāʻau no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma mua o ʻelima mau kenekulia i hala - ma muli o ka ʻike o nā huaora, nā amino acid, nā hormones, nā steroid, a me nā mea trace.
ʻO kekahi "elixir", i kuʻi ʻia mai ka wā kahiko a hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hoʻolauna hikina (i kēia manawa kau ʻia ka hana) - antlers o ka Altai maral. ʻAʻole i oʻo kēia i nā pepeiaohao "punawai" ʻōpio: piha nā paipu i ke koko a uhi ʻia me ka hulu hipa lahilahi.
ʻO Marals, e like me ko lākou mau hoahānau dia kokoke, hiki ke hana hou i ka antler. Hoʻolei ʻia ka ukana paʻakikī a kaumaha hoʻi, ulu nā mea hou ma kahi o nā mea kahiko. Manaʻo nā loea Kina he mea kupaianaha nā mea hao, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ginseng.
I nā nursery, ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā aniani mai nā marala ola a hana ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano, e koho ana i kahi mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi:
- hoʻomaloʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hawewe;
- i hoʻolapalapa ʻia a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i ke ākea;
- hoʻonoho ʻia i loko o ka pahu hau a hoʻomaloʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea aniani, i lilo aku ma kahi o 30% o ka nui maoli, hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻoki ma ke kumu wai-ʻalekohola (hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea e paʻa ai a me ka tonic agents) a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui biologically active.
Hoʻokahi mahina ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana - mai ka hopena o ka puna, ke loaʻa ka piko o nā hana hormonal i nā holoholona, a palupalu nā pepeiaohao (ma ka hopena o Iune e paʻakikī lākou). Mai kahi kāne hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i 25 kg o nā mea maka. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā pepeiaohao, ʻo ka piko o luna ua hiki i 5-8 cm.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
- ʻO ka hau, lōʻihi a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo o ka XX-XXI mau kenekulia i koi i ke ola o aneane 30% o Altai marals; ua make lākou ma muli o nā avalanc, nāwaliwali a me nā hauʻeha loa;
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā pepeiaohao dia no nā ʻauʻau antler; hāʻawi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e nā sanatorium o Gorny Altai. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka 650-700 kg o nā mea maka i kahi paila nui, no laila ke kiʻekiʻe ka nui o nā meaʻai i ka ʻauʻau;
- Ua lilo ʻo Altai marals i mea hoʻoikaika i nā mea pena kiʻi kahiko. ʻO nā laʻana o nā kiʻi kiʻi pōhaku e hōʻike nei i nā dia haʻaheo (petroglyphs) i loaʻa e nā mea noiʻi o kēia manawa ma ka ʻaoʻao Kalbak Tash, kokoke i ka muliwai ʻo Elangash a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka Teritori Altai. ʻO kēia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻimi holoholona, pā, a me nā nunui e uwo ana me nā pepeiaohao lālā;
- Ua manaʻo lōʻihi nā shamans Siberian i nā marals e lilo i mau ʻuhane kiaʻi, no laila, i nā wā hoʻomana, hoʻohana lākou i nā pahu kani i hana ʻia i nā ʻili reindeer me nā kiʻi o nā holoholona, nā pāpale me nā pepeiaohao, e hoʻohālikelike i ka hana a nā kāne, a me ka uō ʻana.
- Ua manaʻo nā kūpuna o ka poʻe Siberia he alakaʻi nā marals i ka honua ʻē aʻe, no ka mea i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o nā puʻu, ua ʻike nā kānaka hulikoehana i nā iwi o nā lio me nā iwi poʻo nui i kau ʻia ma kā lākou muzzles. nolaila Altai maral - holoholona, ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā kaʻao me nā ʻohana o nā dia ʻulaʻula.
