He ʻokoʻa a hanohano hoʻi ke aupuni mushroom, akā malia paha ʻo ka mea kaulana a kaulana hoʻi o ka mushroom keʻokeʻo (Latin Bolétus edúlis). He helehelena uʻi kona a maʻa mau i ka kuke ʻana, ʻoiai he ʻono ʻokoʻa kona. ʻO ka mushroom keʻokeʻo, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo boletus, ladybug, capercaillie, melemele, he lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana Boletaceae, ka ʻoihana o basidiomycetes. Ua ʻike ʻia ka "mea kaulana o ka nahele" i ka nui, no ka mea hāʻule pinepine ia i loko o nā hīnaʻi o nā ʻohi hāhi.
Wehewehe
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka mushroom porcini kona kala, ʻaʻole i loli ma hope o ka hana ʻana: hoʻomaloʻo a hoʻomoʻa ʻana paha. Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka mushroom porcini ma muli o kona ʻono ʻole (i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā lālā ʻohana ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele o ke kala o ka ʻoki).
ʻO ka mushroom porcini ka hanana aʻe: kahi wāwae, pulp, ka pāpale a me ka uhi. He mea nui kēlā me kēia mea i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kino. E nānā pono i kēlā me kēia o lākou:
ʻO ka pāpale - aloha nui ʻia ka poʻe mushroom porcini e ka poʻe ma muli o kona ʻala lahilahi a me ka ʻono piquant. Ulu ka pāpale kaulana o ka nahele i ke anawaena mai 7 a 30 cm (i nā manawa kakaikahi a 50 cm) a he ʻano brownish-brown kala.
I mea e hoʻokumu ai i ke ola o ka fungus, he mea pono e nānā pono i ka pāpale: i nā meaola ʻōpio he convex, me he mea lā i huki ʻia, i nā mākua a me overripe, ʻoi aku ka pālahalaha a ʻoi aku ka hoʻonui. Hoʻololi ka pono o kahi ʻāpana o ke kino hua mai nā ʻano kau, no ka laʻana, i ka wā maloʻo a me nā makani ikaika, e ʻāha a i ʻole uhi ʻia ka ʻilikai me ka hei o nā wīwī liʻiliʻi; i ka wā ua, hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, nānā ka pāpale mushroom i ka laumania, maʻemaʻe, a palupalu i ka paʻi me kahi ʻano velvety. ʻO ke kala o kahi ʻāpana o ke kino hua (hiki i ka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka keʻokeʻo waiū) a me ka nui o ka nui i ka makahiki.
- Pulp - e maopopo ai inā pala ka mushroom, ua lawa ia e nānā ai i kāna pulp: pono ia e momona, momona a momona, a, he keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu overripe kahi melemele melemele a me kahi ʻano fibrous core.
- Ka wāwae - he wāwae ka ʻawelike piha piha ma kahi o 12 cm ke kiʻekiʻe (hiki i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe ke 25 knm). ʻO ke anawaena o kahi ʻāpana o ke kino hua hiki ke ʻokoʻa mai 7 a 10 cm. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi mushroom i mua ou, e nānā i kāna koʻokoʻo: i nā lunamaka keʻokeʻo o ka ʻohana Boletaceae, he ʻano like me ka barela (ʻano like lāʻau). Hiki ke ʻokoʻa kona kala mai ke keʻokeʻo a i ka brown brown me nā kiko ʻulaʻula hohonu.
- Pākuʻi ʻia a spore ka pauka - i nā fungus porcini, nānā ʻia nā kumu maʻemaʻe maikaʻi o nā wāwae, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā koena uhi. No ka paukū spore, he hue ʻoliva-ʻalani kona momona, a he spindle-shaped a liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o nā spores.
ʻO ka mushroom porcini kahi lālā kūʻokoʻa i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka kuke ʻana a me nā māla ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka hemahema nui ma ke kūlohelohe aia nā mea i kapa ʻia he "ʻalalā porcini wahaheʻe", pono ʻoe e aʻo e ʻike, inā ʻaʻole e ʻoluʻolu ka hopena i ka mea ʻohi mushroom.
Nā ʻano
ʻAʻole i nalo ke kaulana o ka mushroom keʻokeʻo no nā makahiki he nui. Akā he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he nui nā ʻano o nā lau porcini ʻaʻole pono e huikau kekahi me kekahi.
Hoʻomaopopo hou i ka mushroom keʻokeʻo
Ulu ka makua boletus me ka wāwae paukūʻolokaʻa a me ka pāpale, ke anawaena o 6 a 30cm paha. He ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo ko ka mushroom upena. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahi, oʻo ka boletus i Iune-Kepakemapa. ʻO nā ululāʻau beech, chestnut a me nā lāʻau ʻoka aia ma ʻApelika, ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā wahi pinepine o ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu.
Mūhā keʻokeʻo ʻo Birch
Kāhea ʻia kēia ʻano he spikelets. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi mushroom birch, ua lawa ia e nānā i kona kala, ma ke ʻano he rula, he māmā ia. Hiki i ka pāpale spikelet i 5-15 cm ke anawaena, kūlike ke koʻokoʻo a me kahi keʻokeʻo ʻoluʻolu. ʻAʻole ia he mea e kahaha ai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mushroom porcini ma lalo o nā birch wale nō. No laila, ʻo nā panalāʻau āpau kahi e ulu ai ia mau kumulāʻau hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i nā wahi ulu o kahi mea kanu.
ʻOkona cep
ʻO ka pāpale palaunu me ka hina hina ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā ʻalalā porcini ʻoka. ʻOi aku ka looser i nā ʻūlū a paʻa nui ʻia i nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka Caucasian.
Hao Keʻokeʻo Pine
ʻO ka pinepine i kapa ʻia ʻo boletus aloha pine. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kahi pāpale nui o nā malu ʻeleʻele (i kekahi manawa a me ka poni), ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, brown a keʻokeʻo pōkole, mānoanoa ka wāwae. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me ka mushroom i nā ulu lāʻau paina ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, a ʻo ʻAmelika hoʻi.
E pīpī i ka mushroom keʻokeʻo
ʻO kēia ʻano kekahi o nā mea maʻamau. He pāpale ulaʻula ʻulaʻula kā nā Mushroom, kahi wāwae lōʻihi a mānoanoa hoʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kahi kaulana nahele ma ʻEulopa.
ʻAha lau porcini keleʻele
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka boletus o kēia hui ke kala ʻeleʻele o ka wāwae a me ka pāpale, ke ʻano paukū ʻāpana o kahi ʻāpana o ke kino hua, keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻiʻo ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hiki ke loaʻa nā mushroom kala keleawe ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻEulopa, ma nā ulu lāʻau ʻoka a me beech.
Ma hea e ulu ai?
ʻO ka maikaʻi nui o nā mushroom porcini kā lākou hoʻolaha ākea. Ulu lākou ma aneane nā ʻāinapuniʻole o ka honua, koe wale no ʻo Antarctica a me ʻAukekulia. ʻO ʻEulopa, ʻAkau ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, Iapana, Kina, Mekiko, Caucasus, Kamchatka, Lūkia, Nā Moku ʻo Pelekane nā panalāʻau nui kahi e loaʻa ai nā hua puaʻa porcini.
Āhea ia e ulu ai?
Ka nui, ke kala, nā hiʻohiʻona hanana - pili ia i kahi e ulu ai ka lau porcini. Hoʻomaka ka manawa o ka ulu ulu ʻana i ka hopena o ka wā puna - ke kauwela mua. I ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa, ʻike ʻia nā wana mushroom i nā nui. ʻO nā hua Porcini pala no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ulu lākou i loko o nā ʻohana āpau a i ʻole nā kolone apo. ʻO ia ke kumu, i ʻike ai i kahi "ʻohana" holoʻokoʻa o nā pulupulu boletus, e ʻano maikaʻi ka mea ʻohi mushroom i kahi ʻano maikaʻi.
Hiki i nā lālā o ka ʻohana Boletaceae ke ulu i nā ulu lāʻau deciduous, coniferous, mixed. Kūleʻa lākou ma lalo o nā pine, nā birches, nā spruces, nā ʻoka, firs, nā hornbeams. Paipai ʻia e ʻūlū i nā wahi i nā wahi e ulu ai ka limu a me ka laikini, a me nā lepo loam, one, one loam. ʻAneʻane ʻaʻole ulu ʻo Boletus i nā wahi kai a me nā peat. Makemake nā pūlehu i ka mālam, ʻaʻole makemake i ka lepo wai a me nā mahana wela haʻahaʻa.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka mushroom keʻokeʻo i ka nahele-tundra a me ka steppe ulu lāʻau, ʻoiai i nā ʻāpana steppe he mea kūpono ʻole ia e ʻike i kahi ʻūlū keʻokeʻo.
Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kahi mushroom keʻokeʻo mai kahi wahaheʻe?
I ke kūlohelohe, aia kekahi mea e like me "mushroom keʻokeʻo wahaheʻe". He ʻano kaʻawale kēia o nā mea kanu lalo e hiki ai ke huikau me ka mea hiki ke loaʻa. Kāhea ka poʻe i ka gorchak mushroom porcini wahaheʻe. Nui nā ʻokoʻa nui, mahalo i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke aupuni ʻulu.
- ʻOki kala - No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi mushroom āu i koho ai, pono ʻoe e ʻokiʻoki. Keokeo mau ka ʻiʻo o ka haki maoli, ʻoiai e ʻeleʻele ka papa o loko o ke kino hua o ka ʻawaʻawa a loaʻa i kahi hue ʻalani ʻalani.
- ʻO ke ʻano o ka wāwae - he hanana hoihoi loa ka iwi ʻāʻī o ka wāwae - he ʻano ʻokoʻa kona e like me ka mesh (ʻaʻohe o kēia ka boletus).
- Hymenophore - i loko o kahi fungus keʻokeʻo wahaheʻe, he ʻulaʻula a me ka keʻokeʻo ka papa tubular.
- ʻIno - maʻalahi ka ʻawaʻawa e ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi pā i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai ia mea. He ʻawaʻawa, ʻono maikaʻi ʻole ka mushroom hewa ʻole e loli me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a i ʻole ka palai ʻana. ʻO keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo kahi ʻala ʻoluʻolu a me nā mea ʻono.
ʻOhi kīpala hahi hewa
ʻO Gorchak ka pālua ʻai ʻole o ka mushroom porcini
I ʻole e kuhihewa a lawelawe ʻole i kahi kīʻahaʻono ʻole ma ka pākaukau, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono nā mea ʻohi holina novice iā lākou iho me nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka mushroom porcini a me ka ʻawaʻawa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi
ʻO ke kumulāʻau keʻokeʻo kahi kumu o nā meaʻai, e like me nā wikamina A, C, B1, D, a me ascorbic acid, selenium, calcium, iron, phytohormones, ergothioneine. Loaʻa i ka mea kanu kahi hui wai hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia - riboflavin, ʻo ia ke kuleana no ke olakino a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻili, ka lauoho, nā kui kuʻi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale i ka nui. Kōkua kēia mea i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūlana o ka gland thyroid a mālama i kāna mau hana.
ʻO nā waiwai maikaʻi o nā champignons porcini e komo pū me ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana i ka huna ʻana o nā wai digestive. Aia i loko o ka hoʻohui nā minelala, e like me ka sulfur a me nā polysaccharides. Hāʻawi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungus porcini i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai.
Hāʻawi ka hanana kū hoʻokahi o nā hua boletus i nā anti-infectious, hōʻeha hōʻeha, tonic a me nā hopena antitumor. ʻO ke kamalā kahi kumu maikaʻi loa o nā protein olakino ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka meaʻai mai nā meaʻai maloʻo mua.
Aia ka lau nahele kaulana lecithin, ka mea kūpaʻa i nā waihona koloka ma nā paia o nā kīʻaha koko a kuhikuhi ʻia no nā maʻi e like me atherosclerosis a me anemia. ʻO nā amino acid pono, a laila, paipai i ka hoʻohou hou ʻana o ka pūnaewele, ʻo ka hopena, he mea maikaʻi no nā puʻupaʻa, nā maka, ka iwi iwi a me ke ake o ke kanaka.
Hiki i ka ʻai ʻana i nā fungus porcini i ka wā puna a me ke kauwela ke hāʻawi i ke kino me ka pale ʻana mai nā virus like ʻole, bacteria, carcinogens a me fungi. ʻO nā enzyme i loko o ka hoʻohui e kōkua i ka haki o ka fiber, glycogen a me nā momona. Ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻalalaha, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he meaʻai kaumaha loa ia, no laila e ʻai ʻia lākou i nā mea liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka momona porcini no kāna mau pono hoʻōla. I ka lāʻau, hana ʻia nā lāʻau mai ia mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka metabolism, me ka breakdown a me ka maʻi kō. Hoʻohana ʻia nā meaʻai maloʻo no ka mālama ʻana i angina pectoris. Hoʻohana ʻia nā trocures Borovik no nā ulcer a me ka hau.
Nā Kūʻai Kūʻai
I loko nō o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ʻāhu keʻokeʻo e ʻai, hiki ke hōʻona ʻia a aia kekahi mau contra contications no ka hoʻohana ʻana o boletus. ʻO ka mea mua, pono nā keiki a me nā wahine hāpai e hōʻole i nā kīʻaha i loaʻa nā pūpū porcini. ʻO kēia no ka mea aia nā champin i nā mushroom, kahi paʻakikī e ʻānai a hana i nā koʻikoʻi hou aʻe ma nā puʻupaʻa a me ka ʻōnaehana digestive. Hoʻohui ʻia, e like me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka boletus ke kumu i kahi hopena maʻi.
Hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā fungus porcini:
- maʻi nui o ka gastrointestinal tract, ate;
- makahiki he 12-14 mau makahiki;
- hapai keiki ana.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke lilo i lāʻau make me nā hua puaʻa porcini inā kuke ʻoe i kahi "mushroom porcini hoʻopunipuni", i hana pinepine ʻia ma muli o nā mea ʻohi mushroom maikaʻi ʻole a loea ʻole.
Ke ulu nei ma ka home
ʻO ke ala hilinaʻi a palekana hoʻi e kiʻi ai i nā fungus hou a pilikino a hilinaʻi hoʻi e ulu iā lākou iho. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka ʻenehana o ka hānai ʻana i ka boletus ma ka home, akā e koi ʻia ka ʻoi loa o ka pololei a me ka hoʻomanawanui mai ka mea hoʻomaka. ʻAe mākou i ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana, no laila pono ʻoe e mākaukau no kēia.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, he mea noho ka nāhelehele porcini, no laila, ma ka pūnaewele kahi e ulu ai, pono nā kumulāʻau (pine, birch, ʻoka, spruce a aspen paha) a i ʻole aia ka ʻāina kokoke i ka ululāʻau. ʻO ke kūpono, pono nā lāʻau ma ka liʻiliʻi 8-10 mau makahiki. Ke ulu nei nā kamaʻāina o ke kauwela i nā huaalulu ma nā ʻano ʻelua:
- mai ka mycelium;
- mai nā spores i kū ma ka pāpale o ka mushroom.
ʻO ke ala mua e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu kanu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi wahi maikaʻi. Pono e kanu i nā mākala ma waena o Mei a Sepatemaba. No ka germination kūleʻa, lawe ʻia ka lepo a puni ka pahu o ka lāʻau i wae ʻia (ma kahi o 15-20 cm o ka papa luna) a waiho ʻia ka peat a i ʻole ka compost (ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka papa ma 3 cm). Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mycelium ma ka lepo i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i kahi papa kaha, mālama i kahi mamao o 30 a 35 cm ma waena o nā ʻāpana.
Pono e "uhi" ka mycelium i hoʻomoe ʻia me ka lepo i hemo mua ʻia, a laila hoʻokahe nui ʻia. Paipai ʻia e mulch i ka ʻōpala me ka mauʻu, a laila hoʻokahe iā ia i mau manawa i ka pule (paipai ʻia nā lole luna). He mea nui ia e uhi i ka honua me ka limu, nā lau i heleleʻi a i ʻole nā lālā spruce ma mua o ka hau. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka ʻohi mua i hoʻokahi makahiki.
No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana ʻelua, pono ʻoe i nā pāpale o nā mahiʻai porcini makua a i ʻole overripe. He mea nui ka nānā ʻana i ke kumulāʻau hea ke kumu e loaʻa ai ka boletus ma lalo, no ka mea pono ia e kanu ma lalo o ka mea kanu like ʻole i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Mālama koke ka hānai Porcini i ka wikiwiki, no laila ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana pono ia e hana kūikawā ʻia ma loko o 8 mau hola. Ma hope o 10 mau hola, ua nalowale ka hapalua o nā minelala a me nā macroelement o boletus.
Pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pāpale i lawe ʻia mai nā wāwae a pulu i ka wai no hoʻokahi lā (e pono ana nā ʻāpana 7-12 i hoʻokahi bākeke). No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena maikaʻi, koi ʻia e hoʻohui i ka waiʻona i ka wai ma ke ana o 3-5 tbsp. 10 liters a i ʻole kō ma kahi o 15-20 g. Ma hope o 24 mau hola, e kāwili ʻia nā pāpale i kahi nuipaʻi e like me ka jelly a kānana ʻia ma ka cheesecloth. I ka ʻāina, pono ʻoe e hoʻomākaukau mua i kahi (hana ʻia nā mea āpau i ke ʻano like me ka hana mua). E ninini i ka wai me nā spore ma luna o kahi uluna momona, a hohola i ka pōpō mushroom i waiho ʻia mai nā pāpale ma luna. Uhi ʻia ka lepo i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka lepo i hemo mua a me ka mauʻu.
Nui ka mālama nui, akā ʻaʻole pinepine ka hoʻoinu. Ma mua o nā hau, uhi ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, i ka wā puna e pono e hemo ka "kapa". Ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki hiki iā ʻoe ke leʻaleʻa i ka hōʻiliʻili.
Aia kekahi mau ala ʻē aʻe e ulu ai i nā mahi ʻai, no ka laʻana, i ka nahele, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻeli i nā ʻāpana o ka mycelium, ka nui o ka hua moa, a hohola aku i nā lua pāpaʻu ma lalo o kahi kumulāʻau i kou wahi. Eia hou, uhi ʻia nā lua me ka lepo a hoʻoinu mau ʻia. Pehea e koho ai i kahi ala e ulu ai i nā lauhi i ka home a hiki i ka mea ʻohi mushroom. ʻO ka mea nui ka mālama maʻamau a me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hoʻomākaukau pono ʻana o ka lepo. Hiki i nā lau nahele mushroom homemade ke hua i ka hua no 3 a 5 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka mushroom keʻokeʻo kahi huahana olakino a maikaʻi loa, akā pono ʻoe e akahele i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ka hana ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana i ka boletus.
