ʻO Salamanders (Sаlаmandra) kahi genus o ka mea maʻamau ʻole i nā holoholona hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ke kauoha Amphibians i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO ka ʻohana Salamander a me ka ʻohana Salamander e komo pū kekahi mau ʻano holomua, ʻokoʻa i ka hānau hānau a me ka ʻāina e noho nei.
Ka wehewehe Salamander
Ka unuhi o ka inoa Salamander mai Persian - "Burning from inside"... I ko lākou helehelena, ua like ke ʻano o nā amphibians huelo i ka moʻo, akā hāʻawi ʻia i nā papa like ʻole: ʻo nā moʻo āpau o ka papa Reptile, a ʻo nā salamanders no ka papa Amphibian.
ʻO nā amphibians kumu maoli he waiwai kupaianaha a hiki ke ulu i kahi huelo nalowale a i ʻole nā lālā. I ke kaʻina o ka ulu kūlohelohe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻelele a pau o ka hui:
- He mea maoli nā Salamanders (ʻO Sаlаmаndridае);
- He lungless nā Salamanders (Plythodontidae);
- Hūnā nā salamanders (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua ka salamard dwarf (Eurycea quadridigita) me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 50-89 mm, a me kahi salamander liʻiliʻi (Desmognathus wrighti), e ulu nei a ʻelima mau kenimika. Noho nā ʻano ʻelua i nā moku ʻākau o ka ʻAmelika.
Helehelena
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui mai ka moʻo ʻo ka salamander he ʻūpulu a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi ka ʻili, a me ka nele piha o nā māiʻuʻu. He kino elongated ke ʻano o ka amphibian huehue a hui pono i loko o ka huelo. Kūkulu kekahi mau ʻano laha i ka ulu a kūpona hoʻi, e hoʻopili ana
Kahi salamander ahi, a me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana e kahi kino puʻupuʻu a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Hoʻohanohano ʻia nā ʻano āpau e nā wāwae pōkole, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia kekahi mau lālā. Hoʻokaʻawale ka hapanui o nā laha e ke alo o ʻehā manamana wāwae ma kēlā me kēia wāwae mua, a ʻelima hoʻi ma nā wāwae hope.
ʻO ke poʻo o ka salamander kahi ʻano elongated a pālahalaha ʻia, e hoʻopuka nei i nā maka ʻeleʻele me, ma ke ʻano he lula, ua hoʻomohala pono ʻia nā eyelids. Ma kahi o ke poʻo o kahi amphibian aia kekahi mau ʻili kikoʻī i kapa ʻia he parotids, kahi ʻano o nā amphibians āpau. ʻO ka hana nui o ia mau glands kūikawā ka hana ʻana i kahi huna ʻona - bufotoxin, kahi i loaʻa nā alkaloids me nā hopena neurotoxic, ka mea e hoʻoulu koke ai i ka haʻalulu a i ʻole ka palalysis i nā ʻano mammalian like ʻole.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka pinepine i ke kala o kahi salamander, hui pū ʻia nā aka o nā kala like ʻole i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a hoʻololi maoli ʻia i mau kaha, nā kiko a me nā kiko i ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano a i ʻole ka nui.
I kūlike me nā ʻano laha, hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kanaka makua ke loli ma waena o 5-180 knm, a ʻo kahi hiʻohiona ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana o nā salamandore huelo lōʻihi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka huelo ma mua o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka salamander, akā ʻo ka Fire Salamander, he kala ʻalani ʻalani ʻalani, kekahi o nā lāhui nani loa i kēia manawa. ʻO ke kala o nā lunamakaʻāinana e pono ai, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, melemele a me ka ʻoliva, a me ka hina a me ka ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
I ka wai, neʻe nā salamanders ma ke kūlou ʻana i ka huelo, ma kahi o ka hema a me ka ʻākau. Ma ka ʻāina, neʻe wale ka holoholona me ke kōkua o nā paʻa ʻelua o nā lālā i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia.
I ka manawa like, aia nā manamana lima ma nā lālā o kekahi mau ʻano salamander i kahi membrane hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia a ʻili ʻia, akā ʻaʻohe o nā māiʻuʻu. Loaʻa i nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau o ka ʻohana Salamander a me ka genus Salamander kahi mana kū hoʻokahi e ʻae ai i nā lālā a me ka huelo e hana hou.
Hāʻawi ʻia ke kaʻina hanu o nā mākua e nā akemāmā, ʻili a i ʻole membrane mucous i loko o ka lua o ka waha... ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus, e noho mau nei i ke kai wai, e hanu me ke kōkua o nā ake a me ka ʻōnaehana o waho. Hoʻohālike nā gills o ka salamander i nā lālā huluhulu i kū ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. ʻO nā holoholona o ka ʻaneʻane āpau he paʻakikī e hoʻomanawanui i nā mahana wela, no laila e hoʻāʻo lākou e hōʻalo i nā kukuna o ka lā a i ke ao e peʻe lākou ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā lāʻau i hāʻule a i ʻole nā lua holoholona i haʻalele ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! He mea maʻamau ke kuhikuhi i ka salamander i nā holoholona e alakaʻi i kahi nohona noho kaʻawale ka hapanui, akā ma mua o ka hibernating, ma kahi o ʻOkakopa, e ʻākoakoa ai nā amphibians huelo i nā hui, i hiki ai iā lākou ke ola i nā wā maikaʻi ʻole o ka makahiki.
Makemake nā Alpine salamanders e noho i ke kahakai kahakai o nā kahawai kuahiwi, kahi e peʻe ai lākou ma lalo o nā pōhaku he nui a i ʻole nā ulu lāʻau, akā hoihoi ka poʻe salamanders i ke ahi, makemake i nā nahele i hui ʻia a deciduous, nā kapuaʻi a me nā wahi mauna, a me nā kahakai kahakai. Loaʻa i nā amphibians huila kahi paʻa paʻa i kekahi wahi noho, a alakaʻi pinepine i kahi crepuscular a i kapa ʻia paha ka nohona nocturnal.
Hana ʻole nā salamanders ahi a lohi hoʻi nā holoholona, ʻauʻau maikaʻi ʻole a hoʻāʻo e hoʻokokoke i nā kino wai i ka wā hānau. I ka manawa mai ʻOkakopa a i ka hopena o Nowemapa, ma ke ʻano he rula, haʻalele lākou no ka hoʻoilo, kahi e mau ai a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wela o ka puna. Noho nā lunamaka o nā lā i ka hoʻoilo e peʻe ana ma lalo o ke aʻa o nā kumulāʻau a i ʻole kahi papa mānoanoa o nā lau i hāʻule, e hui pinepine i nā hui nui, ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻumi a he mau haneli paha mau kānaka.
Ehia mau salamanders e noho nei
ʻO ke ola maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o kahi amphibian huelo ma kahi o ʻumikūmāhiku mau makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i waena o nā ʻano laha like ʻole o kēia genus, aia pū kekahi mau kenekulia maoli. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka awelika o ke ola ʻana o kahi salamander nui Kepanī hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua kenekulia. Noho nā ahi salamanders i ka noho pio ʻana ma kahi o ʻehā a ʻelima mau makahiki, a ma ke ʻano maoli ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kēia laha, ma ke ʻano he rula, he ʻumikūmāhā mau makahiki. Noho nā Lunamaka'āinana o kaʻano Alpine salamander i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe no nā makahiki he ʻumi keu.
ʻAno Salamander
I kēia lā, ua hōʻike ʻia nā salamanders e nā ʻano nui ʻehiku, akā he kakaikahi wale nō o lākou ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia:
- Alpine, aiʻole salamander ʻeleʻele (ʻO Sаlаmаndra аtra) He holoholona e like me ke ahi salamander i ka helehelena, akā ʻokoʻa i kahi kino lōkahi, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka nui o ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōniʻoniʻu monochromatic ʻōlinolino (koe wale nō nā ʻāpana. ʻO Sаlаmаndra аtra аuroraеnona kahi ʻōlani melemele ākea a poʻo poʻo). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kanaka makua ma mua o 90-140 mm. Subspecies of alpine salamander: Salamandra atra atra, Salamandra atra aurorae and Salamandra atra prenjensis;
- Salamander Lanza (Salamandra lanzai) He amphibian huelo ia no ka ʻohana salamanders maoli a kapa ʻia ma hope o Benedeto Lanza, kahi herpetologist mai Italia. He kino ʻeleʻele nā Lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻano, he awelika ka lōʻihi o 110-160 mm, he poʻo pālahalaha, he huehue a poepoe;
- ʻ salamkalakala salamander (Еnsаtina еsсhsсholtzii) - kahi ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi a mānoanoa, a me kahi kino wīwī akā ikaika a hiki i ka 145 mm ka lōʻihi, uhi ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao me ka ʻili pilau a pelu ʻia;
- Ke ahi, a i ʻole ʻike ʻia, salamander maʻamau (ʻO Sаlаmаndra sаlаmаndra) He holoholona kekahi o nā lā kaulana loa o Salamander a me ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o kēia ʻohana. ʻO ka salamander ahi he kala ʻeleʻele a me ka melemele i ʻike ʻia, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o nā mākua ke hōʻea i 23-30 cm.
Nā Subspecies e pili ana i ka laha ahi Salamanders:
- S. s. gallaisa;
- S. Linnеаus - nā inoa inoa inoa;
- S. alfredschmidti;
- S. Muller lāua ʻo Hellmich;
- S. bejarae Mertens lāua ʻo Muller;
- S. bernardézi Gasser;
- S. beschkоvi Оbst;
- S. cresroi Malkmus;
- S. fastuosа (bоnаlli) Еisеlt;
- S. galliasa Nikolskii;
- S. giglioli Eiselt lāua ʻo Lanza;
- S. Mertens lāua ʻo Muller;
- S. infraimmaculata;
- S. lоngirоstris Jоger ndnd Steinfаrtz;
- S. morenica Joger lāua ʻo Steinfartz;
- S. semenovi;
- S. terrestris Еisеlt.
Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi ʻano maʻamau o nā amphibians huelo e pili ana i ka ʻohana salamanders maoli ʻo Salamandra infraimmaculata. Ua hōʻea ka amphibian i ka nui 31-32 cm, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. ʻEleʻele ka ʻili ma ka hope me nā kiko melemele a ʻalani paha, a ʻeleʻele ka ʻōpū.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho nā Alpine salamanders ma ka waena a me ka hikina o nā kuahiwi o Alps, ma kahi kiʻekiʻena ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻehiku haneli mau mika ma luna o ke kai. Noho lākou i ka mokuna o ka ʻaoʻao hikina hikina o Kuikilana, komohana a me waena o ʻAukekulia, ʻākau ʻo ʻItalia a me Slovenia, a ʻo ka hema o Palani a me Kelemania. Loaʻa kahi heluna kanaka palena ʻia ma Croatia a me Bosnia, ma Herzegovina a me Liechtenstein, ma Montenegro a me Serbia.
ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui Sаlаmаndra infraimmaculata e noho ana ma Hema Hema a me ka ʻaoʻao Hikina Waena, mai Turkey a hiki i ka panalāʻau o Iran. Loaʻa ka Lanza salamander ma kahi palena wale nō ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o nā Alps, ma ka palena o Palani a me ʻItalia. Loaʻa nā kānaka o kēia ʻano i nā awāwa o Po, Germanasca, Gil a me Pelliche. Ua loaʻa koke kahi heluna kanaka kaʻawale i ke awāwa Chisone ma Italia.
Hoihoi ia! I ka Carpathians, ʻike ʻia ka mea ʻona ʻona nui loa o ka ʻohana - ka alpine ʻeleʻele newt, ka lāʻau make a hiki ke hana i nā ʻāʻā nui i nā membrane mucous o ke kanaka.
ʻO nā salamanders ahi nā mea noho o nā ululāʻau a me nā wahi puʻu i ka hapa nui o nā wahi ma ka Hikina, Central a me ʻEulopa Hema, a ma ka ʻākau hoʻi o ka Hikina Waena. ʻO ka palena komohana o ka ʻāpana hāʻawi o kēia ʻano i ʻano e ka hopu ʻana o ka panalāʻau o Pokukala, ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o Sepania a me Palani. ʻO nā palena ʻākau o ka pae i ka ʻākau o Kelemania a me ka hema o Polani.
Hiki i nā palena hikina i ka poʻe Carpathians ma ka panalāʻau o Ukraine, Romania, Iran a me Bulgaria. Loaʻa kahi liʻiliʻi o nā salamander ahi ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Turkey. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻolaha ākea ʻana, ʻo nā lunamaka o kēia ʻano Fire, a i ʻike ʻia paha, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā salamander maʻamau i nā mokupuni Pelekane.
ʻO ka ʻai ʻo Salamander
ʻAi ʻo Alpine salamander i nā ʻano invertebrates... Lanza salamanders, ʻeleu nui i ka pō, hoʻohana i nā mea kolo, spider, larvae, isopods, mollusks a me earthworms no ka meaʻai. ʻO nā lālani Salamander e noho ana i ka wai kai e makemake e hopu i nā ʻano iʻa me ka crayfish like ʻole, a hānai pū kekahi i nā pāpaʻi, nā molluscs a me nā amphibians he nui.
Hoihoi ia! Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka salamus Lusitanian e kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka ʻimi holoholona, a, e like me ka rana, hiki ke hopu i kāna mea me kona alelo, he ʻeleʻele kona kino kino me kekahi mau kaha gula ʻākiki ma ka pali a noho i ka panalāʻau o Pokukala, a ʻo Sepania hoʻi.
Makemake pū nā salamanders ahi e hoʻohana i nā invertebrates like ʻole, nā ʻenuhe o nā butterflies like ʻole, nā ʻenemi dipteran, nā nananana a me nā slug, a me nā ʻenuhe honua ma ke ʻano he papaʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā amphibians huelo mai ka ʻohana Salamander a me ka genus Salamander hiki ke ʻai i nā newts liʻiliʻi a me nā rana ʻōpio pono. Lawe kahi salamander makua i kāna mea pio, e holo wikiwiki ana me kona kino holoʻokoʻa i ke ala i mua, a laila hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ale i ka mea i hopu ʻia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
He holoholona viviparous ʻo Alpine salamander. Hoʻoulu ka pua i loko o ke kino o ka makuahine i loko o ka makahiki. Aia ma kahi o ʻekolu a i ʻole ʻumikūmālua mau hua i loko o nā oviduct o ka wahine, akā ʻelua wale nō o lākou i hiki i ka metamorphosis piha, a hoʻohana ʻia ke koena o nā hua i meaʻai na lākou. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā embryo ola e nā gills nui waho nui wale.
ʻO ka hana kope ʻana o ka salamander ahi ʻaʻole i maopopo piha i kēia manawa. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nui nā ʻokoʻa i ka pōʻai hānau o kēia laha, ma muli o nā ʻano o ka nohona. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, kū ka wā hānau i ka wā mua o ka puna, ke hoʻomaka nā glands o nā kāne makua e hana i nā spermatophores me ka ʻeleu loa.
Hoʻokomo pololei ʻia ka mea ma ka ʻili o ka honua, a ma hope iho ua ʻūlū nā wahine i kēlā me kēia me ko lākou cloaca. I ka wai, hana ʻokoʻa ke kaʻina hoʻomomona i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, no laila, hūnā nā kāne i nā spermatophores no ka oviposition i hoʻomoe ʻia.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka mea hoʻohua nui ka salamander puna, e noho ana ma ʻAmelika a me Kanada, e waiho ana ma mua o 130-140 mau hua a ʻike maʻalahi ʻia e kona ʻulaʻula me ke ʻano o nā wahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ke kino.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka Fire Salamander (fastuosa a me bernаrdеzi) no ka mahele o nā holoholona viviparous, no laila ʻaʻole e kau ka wahine i nā hua, akā hoʻopuka i nā larva a i ʻole nā kānaka i loaʻa i ka metamorphoses. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā subspecies ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano e ka hana hua ʻana. Hoʻopili nā salamanders dwarf i kā lākou mau hua i ke aʻa o nā mea kanu o lalo o ka wai, a ʻike ʻia nā larva ma hope o ʻelua mau mahina. ʻEkolu mau mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hele mai ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka palena kai, kahi e hoʻomaka ai ko lākou ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
He nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka salamander, a i mea e hoʻopakele ai i kona ola, ua hoʻololi ʻia kahi holoholona ʻano like ʻole e waiho i kona mau lālā a i ʻole ka huelo i nā niho a i nā māiʻuʻu o nā mea ʻaihue i mea e pakele ai. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ke ahi Fire Salamander he nahesa, e like me ka nahesa maʻamau a me ka wai, nā iʻa predatory, nā manu nui a me nā boars hihiu.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hopu ʻia nā salamanders e ka poʻe, ʻoiai i kēia lā he nui nā mea aloha o nā mea kanu kūwaho kūwaho i loko e makemake e mālama i kahi amphibian mythical ma ka home. No nā kānaka, ʻaʻole weliweli ka lāʻau make i hūnā ʻia e nā salamanders a ʻo ke komo ʻana o ka lāʻau make ma nā membrane mucous ke kumu o ka wela wale o ka naʻau, akā ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi nui, hiki i kēlā holoholona ke kāpīpī i nā lāʻau ʻona ma kahi mamao loa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka ʻano Alpine, a i ʻole ʻeleʻele salamander, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me Least Consern, a ʻo ka heluna kanaka o kēia manawa ka mea hopohopo ʻole e like me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Commission Survival Suries a me ka ʻĀhui IUCN waiwai ʻole ʻO ka laha Salamandra lanzai no ka mahele o nā lāhui i ka make o ka make, a ʻo nā ʻelele o Salamandra infraimmaculata i kēia lā kokoke loa i kahi kūlana nāwaliwali.
E hoihoi pū kekahi:
- ʻO Tuatara a i ʻole tuatara
- Palaka honua
- Axolotl - deragona wai
- Newt a laumanu newt paha
Ke helu ʻia nei ke salamander ahi ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka Red Book o Ukraine a no ka ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāpana nāwaliwali. I ʻEulopa, pale ʻia kēia ʻano e ka Berne Convention, ka mea e pale ai i nā lāhui ʻEulopa o nā holoholona hihiu a me nā wahi noho o lākou.
