ʻIke ka poʻe āpau i kahi helu o nā meaola, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona e noho pū ana ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina a i ʻole kahi kino o ka wai. ʻO kā lākou hui pū ʻana, a me ka pilina a me ka pilina me kekahi me kekahi a me nā kumu abiotic ʻē aʻe, i kapa mau ʻia he biocenosis. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo e ka hui ʻana i ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo Lākina "bios" - ola a me "coenosis" - maʻamau. Aia kekahi kaiāulu olaola i nā ʻāpana o ka bioceosis e like me:
- honua holoholona - zoocenosis;
- mea kanu - phytocenosis;
- meaolaola - microbiocenosis.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka phytocoenosis ka mea nui e hoʻoholo ai i ka zoocoenosis a me ka microbiocenosis.
Ke kumu o ka manaʻo o "biocenosis"
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻopaʻa ka ʻepekema Kelemania Karl Möbius i ka nohona o nā ʻio i ke kai ʻĀkau. I loko o ke aʻo ʻana, ua ʻike ʻo ia hiki i kēia mau meaola ke noho wale ma lalo o nā kūlana kikoʻī, e pili ana i ka hohonu, ka nui o ka kahe, ka paʻakai a me ka mahana o ka wai. Eia hou, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia i nā ʻano kikoʻī o ke ola kai e noho nei me nā ʻōtio. No laila i ka 1877, me ka paʻi ʻia o kāna puke "Oysters and Oyster Economy", ua kū ka huaʻōlelo a me ka manaʻo o ka biocenosis i ka kaiāulu ʻepekema.
Hoʻokaʻina o nā biocenoses
I kēia lā aia kekahi mau hōʻailona e like me ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka biocenosis. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana e pili ana i nā nui, a laila ʻo ia:
- macrobiocenosis, kahi e aʻo ai i nā pae mauna, ke kai a me nā moana;
- mesobiocenosis - nā ululāʻau, nā waikaʻi, nā kula;
- microbiocenosis - hoʻokahi pua, lau a ʻaʻopa paha.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biocenoses ma muli o ka nohona. A laila e kahi ʻia nā ʻano aʻe:
- kai kai;
- wai hou;
- honua.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana maʻalahi o nā kaiāulu biology ko lākou ʻāpana i nā biocenoses kūlohelohe a me nā mea hana. Hoʻokomo ka mea mua i ka mea mua, hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka mana o ke kanaka, a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe, i hoʻohuli ʻia e nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO ka pūʻulu ʻelua ka poʻe i loaʻa nā loli ma muli o nā kumu anthropogenic. E nānā pono i kā lākou hiʻohiʻona.
Nā biocenoses kūlohelohe
ʻO nā biocenoses kūlohelohe nā hui o nā mea ola i hana ʻia e ke kūlohelohe. ʻO ia mau kaiāulu i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻokumu ʻia, hoʻomohala ʻia a hana ʻia e like me kā lākou mau kānāwai kūikawā. Ua hōʻike ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo V. Tischler i kēia mau ʻano o kēia ʻano hoʻokumu:
- Kū aʻe ʻo Biocenoses mai nā mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, a hiki i nā lunamakaʻāinana ʻelua o kēlā me kēia lāhui a me nā pāʻina holoʻokoʻa.
- hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke pani ʻia i nā ʻāpana o ke kaiāulu. No laila hiki i kekahi laha ke pani ʻia e kekahi, me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa.
- ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o ka biocenosis ka ʻaoʻao o nā pono o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, a laila hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana superorganic holoʻokoʻa ma muli o ka hana o ka counteracting force;
- Kūkulu ʻia kēlā me kēia kaiāulu kūlohelohe e ka hoʻoponopono nui o kekahi ʻano e kekahi;
- ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana supraorganic i ka hilinaʻi i nā kumu kūwaho.
ʻNaehana biology
Hoʻokumu ʻia, mālama ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia nā biocenose ʻimi hoʻopunipuni e nā kānaka. ʻO Professor B.G. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo Johannsen i loko o ke kaiaola i ka wehewehe o ka anthropocenosis, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i pāka, square, aquarium, terrarium, etc.
Ma waena o nā biocenoses i hana ʻia e ke kanaka, ʻike ʻia nā agrobiocenoses - he biosystems kēia i hana ʻia e kiʻi i ka meaʻai. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia mau mea:
- waihona wai;
- nā kahawai;
- nā loko iʻa;
- hanai holoholona;
- kahua māla;
- nā māla ulu lāʻau.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka agrocenosis ka mea hiki ʻole ke noho no kahi wā lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ke kōkua kanaka.
