ʻKwkeke Silika - kekahi o nā mea kolo ʻēheu i hoʻouluulu ʻia. No 5,000 mau makahiki, ke wili nei nā ʻenuhe o kēia pepe, a i ʻole nā ʻūlū silika, e ulana ana i kā lākou mau cocoons, kahi e hana ai nā kānaka i ka silika.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Hele ka silkworm i ʻehā mau hanana i kona ulu ʻana. Kau mua ʻia nā hua. Kāhea ʻia kahi lāina o nā hua manu he grena. Kū mai nā ʻenuhe a i ʻole nā ʻulu mulberry mai nā hua manu. ʻO ka lūlū lūlū. A laila ʻo ka hope loa, kahi hana kupaianaha loa o ka hoʻololi - hana hou ka pupa i butterfly (moth, moth).
Silkworm i loko o ke kiʻi ʻike pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano o kona ʻano ʻēheu, ʻo ia, he moth. He inconspicuous ia, pena ʻia i ke kala keʻokeʻo uahi. ʻO nā ʻeheu e like me ke kūlana no Lepidoptera, nona nā ʻāpana 4, pāhola ʻia ma kahi o 6 cm.
ʻO ke kumu ma nā ʻeheu he maʻalahi: kahi punawelewele nui o nā laina longitudinal a me transverse. Huluhulu ka pepe ʻāhinahina. He kino fluffy ʻo ia, nā wāwae fleecy a me nā antennae huluhulu nui (antennae).
He ʻano ʻokoʻa kā ka silkworm me ka lā lōʻihi o ka wā. Ua lilo loa ka nīkū i ka hiki ke mālama iā ia iho: ʻaʻole hiki i nā butterflies ke lele, a ʻaʻole hoʻāʻo nā ʻenuhe aloha i loaʻa ka meaʻai ke pōloli lākou.
ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ke kumu o ka silkworm. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ulu ka ʻano hana holoholona mai ka silkworm hihiu. Noho manuahi butterfly silkworm ʻoi aku i loko o ka hale. Hiki iā ia ke lele, a hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa ka ʻenuhe i nā ulu lāʻau mulberry.
Nā ʻano
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka silkworm i loko o ka mea kālaihonua ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Bombyx mori. No ka ʻohana Bombycidae ia, a ʻo ka inoa i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he "silkworms maoli".
Nui loa ka ʻohana, he 200 mau ʻano butterflies. Hoʻomaopopo ākea ʻia kekahi mau ʻano. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou e hoʻokahi hiʻohiʻona - ʻo ka larva o kēia mau mea kolo e hana i nā cocoons mai nā wili ikaika lahilahi.
1. ʻAilika ʻāhiu - ka pili kokoke loa o ka butterfly pipi. ʻO ia paha nā ʻano kumu kumu i hoʻomaka ai. Noho ma ka Hikina hikina. Mai ka moku ʻo Ussuri a i ka hema o ke Kōlea Korea, e like me Kina a me Taiwan.
2. ʻAnuhe silika i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia - ʻaʻole ia he pilina pili pono i ka silkworm, akā ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia i ka papa inoa ʻana i nā ʻanoʻano o ka butterflies silkworm. He ʻāpana ia o ka ʻohana volnyanka. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ma Eurasia, ʻike ʻia he pest ma ʻAmelika Hema.
3. ʻKwnehu siberia - hāʻawi ʻia ma ʻAsia, mai ka Urals a i ka Peninsula Korea. He ʻāpana ia o ka ʻohana wili cocoon. ʻAi ʻo ia i nā nila o nā ʻano lāʻau mau loa.
4. ʻAnuhe silika i kani ʻia - noho i nā ululāʻau ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia. ʻAi nā ʻenuhe o kēia ʻano i nā lau o ka birch, ʻoka, willow, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā lāʻau hua. ʻIke ʻia he pest.
5. ʻAilika silika - Loaʻa mai ka siliki iā ia ma India a me Kina. ʻAʻole i mālama ʻia kēia butterfly. Loaʻa ma Indochina, nā mokupuni Pākīpika. Aia kekahi heluna liʻiliʻi ma ʻEulopa, kahi e ulu ai ke kumu meaʻai - ka lāʻau Ailanth.
6. ʻKwkeke silika Assamese - Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano silkworm ma India e hana i kahi lole i kapa ʻia ʻo muga, ʻo ia hoʻi ka amber. ʻO ka wahi nui o ka hana ʻana o kēia silikina kakaikahi ka moku ʻĀnia o Assam.
7. ʻKwkeke silika ʻoka Pākē - nā pae i loaʻa mai nā cocoons o kēia insect e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka waihona, kahi silika paʻa, lush. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana o kēia lole i kēia manawa - he 250 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka 18 kenekulia.
8. ʻKwkeke silika Iāpana - Ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka serapyure no 1000 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pae i ka ikaika i nā ʻano siliki ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea āpau.
9. Moth bean moth - noho ma Hindustan a me Indochina. ʻO ka lau ʻo Castor ka mea nui a meaʻai wale nō. I India, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mea kolo i ka hana ʻana i ka silika eri a i ʻole eri. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia lole ma ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka silika kuʻuna.
ʻO ka butterfly a me ka ʻenuhe koʻikoʻi nui loa i ka hui lehulehu o nā ʻūlū silkworm ʻo ka silkworm hanai ʻia. No nā makahiki he mau kaukani, ke nānā nei ka poʻe a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā butterflies - ke kumu kumu o ka wili kiʻekiʻe a me ka lole.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā hui o nā ʻano hānau ma ka pae ʻāina.
- Pākē, Kōlea a me Kepanī.
- ʻĀkia Hema, ʻInia a me Indo-Pākē.
- Peresia a me Transcaucasian.
- ʻAkia Waena a me ʻAsia Asia.
- ʻEulopa.
ʻOkoʻa kēlā me kēia hui mai nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka morphology o ka butterfly, gren, worm and cocoon. ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa o ka hānau ʻana ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka filament i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia mai ka cocoon. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe Breeders i ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā ʻano silkworm:
- Monovoltine - nā lāhui e lawe mai i hoʻokahi hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
- ʻO Bivoltine - nā hua e hoʻohua i nā keiki i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki.
- ʻO Polyvoltine - nā laha e hoʻouluulu i nā manawa he nui i ka makahiki.
Mālama nā ʻano monovoltine o ka silkworm i mālama ʻia e huakaʻi i ke ala o kekahi hanauna i ka makahiki kalena. Kūkulu ʻia kēia mau laha i nā ʻāina me nā anuanu anuanu. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mokuʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa.
I loko o ka wā hoʻoilo holoʻokoʻa, aia ka hoʻomoe hua manu i kahi ʻano pāpā, me kahi papa lohi o nā kaʻina hana physiological. Hana ʻia ka Revitalization a me ka momona me ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka puna. Hoʻoemi ka diapause hoʻoilo i ka helu o nā keiki i kahi liʻiliʻi.
I nā ʻāina kahi mehana o ke aniau, ʻoi aku ka kaulana o nā ʻano bivoltine. Loaʻa i ke oʻo mua ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pepepe Bivoltine ma mua o ka monovoltine. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka cocoon. Hānau hānau ʻūlū silika Kūpono wale nā hānau polyvoltine ma nā mahiʻai i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā wahi tropical.
Hoʻolālā piha ʻo Oviposition ma waena o 8-12 mau lā. ʻAe kēia iā ʻoe e ʻohiʻohi i nā cocoons a 8 mau manawa i ka makahiki. Akā ʻaʻole makemake nui ʻia kēia ʻano. Noho ʻia ke kūlana alakaʻi e nā ʻano monovoltine a me nā bivoltine o ka silkworm. Hāʻawi lākou i ka huahana hopena kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
ʻO ka peʻe silika i ko mākou manawa aia wale nō i nā hanana hana. Hiki ke kope ʻia kona ola kūlohelohe mai nā ʻano kumu i manaʻo ʻia - ka silkworm hihiu.
Noho kēia butterfly ma Kina Hikina ma ke Kōlea Korea. Aia ia ma kahi o nā mānoanoa o mulberry, nā lau o nā mea wale nō i ka papaʻai o nā ʻenuhe silkworm.
Hoʻokumu nā hanauna 2 i hoʻokahi kau. ʻO ia, ka silkworm bivoltine hihiu. Hatch ka hanauna mua o nā hua mulberry mai kā lākou mau hua i ʻApelila-Mei. ʻO ka lua ma ka hopena o ke kauwela. ʻO nā makahiki butterfly ka lōʻihi mai ka wā puna a hiki i ke kauwela kau.
ʻAʻole hānai nā butterflies, ʻo kā lākou hana ka hoʻomoe hua. ʻAʻole lākou e neʻe a neʻe paha. Ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻāina a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā mānoanoa mulberry, e nalowale ana nā lehulehu āpau o nā ʻūlū hihiu ʻāhiu.
Meaʻai kūpono
He ʻenuhe silkworm a i ʻole nā ʻenuhe mulberry wale nō e hānai. ʻO ka papaʻai he monotonous - nā lau mulberry. He laulaha ka lāʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia kona wahie i loko o ka mea kanu mea kanu. Ma ʻAsia, hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā mea kani mele.
ʻOiai ke loaʻa o ka meaʻai no ka silkworms, ke hoʻāʻo mau nei nā entomologists e loaʻa kahi pani no nā lau mulberry, ma ka manawa liʻiliʻi. Makemake nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaka i ka hānai mua ʻana i nā ʻenuhe a, i ka hanana o ka hau a i ʻole ka make ʻana o nā mea silika, loaʻa kahi koho papaʻa me ka meaʻai.
Aia kekahi kūleʻa i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi lau lau mulberry. ʻO ka mea mua, he mea kanu lau nahele i kapa ʻia ʻo scorzonera. Kiola ʻo ia i nā lau mua i ʻApelila. I ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻenuhe, ua hōʻike ka scorpionfish i kona kūpono: ua pau i nā ʻenuhe iā ia, ʻaʻole i nāwaliwali ka maikaʻi o ka pae.
ʻO Dandelion, kao meadow a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i hōʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi. Akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou ma kahi manawa manawa ʻole. Me ka hoʻi hou i mulberry. Inā ʻole, e hōʻino ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope loa.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hoʻomaka ia me nā hua, i kapa ʻia he grins ma ka silkworm. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo mai ka graine Farani, ka mea i unuhi i ka palaoa. Ua hoʻonele ʻia ka silkworm i ka manawa kūpono e koho i kahi no ka hoʻomoe ʻana a hāʻawi i nā kūlana incubation.
ʻO ia ka hana a nā mea hānai silkworm, nā loea i ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā silkworms, e hāʻawi i ka mahana kūpono, ka wela a me ke komo ʻana o ka ea. ʻO nā kūlana wela ka mea e hoʻoholo ai no ka incubation kūleʻa.
Ke lawe nei i nā ʻenuhe i ʻelua mau mea:
- e mālama mau i ka mahana o ka ambient i loko o ka manawa incubation holoʻokoʻa,
- hoʻonui i kēlā me kēia lā e 1-2 ° C.
ʻO ka mahana hoʻomaka ka 12 ° C, e pau ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma kahi o 24 ° C. I ka hōʻea ʻana i ka mahana wela hoʻonui nui, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina kali i ka wā ʻenuhe silkworm... ʻAʻole weliweli ia no ka hāʻule ʻana o greens i ka mahana i ka manawa o ka incubation, me nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia. Piʻi ka mahana a 30 ° C hiki ke hōʻino.
Hoʻopau pinepine ka incubation ma ka lā 12th. Eia kekahi, ola ka ʻūlū silika i ke ʻano o kahi ʻenuhe. Pau kēia pae i 1-2 mau mahina. Noho ka pupa ma kahi o 2 mau pule. Hāʻawi ʻia ka butterfly e kupu nei i mau lā e momona a hoʻomoe i nā hua.
Pehea ka mina silika
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e loaʻa kahi pae silika, hoʻokō ʻia nā pae mua. ʻO ka hana mua ka hānai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kiʻi ʻana i nā hua silkworm olakino. A laila hiki mai ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, a hoʻopau ʻia me ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻenuhe silkworm. Hāhai ʻia kēia e ka hānai ʻana, a hoʻopau me ke cocooning.
Mākaukau ʻākoakoa sika -ʻo kēia ka mea maka mua, kēlā me kēia suite o 1000-2000 ka m o ka pae silika mua. Hoʻomaka ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea maka me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana: lawe ʻia ka poʻe make, kūkulu ʻole ʻia, hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā cocoons. Hoʻouna ʻia nā mea i hoʻomaʻemaʻe a koho ʻia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Hoʻopiha ʻia ka lohi me nā pohō: inā hānau hou ʻia ka pupa i butterfly, a loaʻa ka manawa e lele ai i waho, e hōʻino ʻia ke kōkō. Ma waho o ka pono, pono e hana i nā hana e mālama ai i ke ola o ka pupa. ʻO ia, e hāʻawi i kahi mahana maʻamau a me ke komo i ka cocoon ea.
Hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia nā Cocoons no ka hana hou ʻana. ʻO ka hōʻailona nui o ka maikaʻi o ka cocoon ka silikina, ʻo ia ka nui o ka siliki mua. Ua kūleʻa nā kāne i kēia mea. ʻO ka pae a lākou mau cocoons e wili ai 20% ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka pae i hana ʻia e ka wahine.
Ua ʻike ka poʻe hana Silk i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā ma mua. Me ke kōkua o nā entomologists, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia: ʻo kēlā mau mea e koho ʻia ai nā kāne mai nā hua manu mai. ʻO ka poʻe, e ʻōlilohi i nā cocoons o ka papa kiʻekiʻe. Akā ʻaʻole ia wale nō nā mea maka kiʻekiʻe i puka i waho. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, aia he ʻelima mau papa o nā cocoons.
Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wā i kapa ʻia ka marinating a me ka maloʻo ʻana. Pono e luku ʻia nā pēpē pupal ma mua o ko lākou helehelena a haʻalele. Mālama ʻia nā niu i nā mahana kokoke i 90 ° C. A laila hoʻokaʻina hou ʻia lākou a hoʻouna ʻia no kahi mālama.
Loaʻa maʻalahi ka pae siliki mua - wehe ka cocoon. Hana like lākou e like me kā lākou hana 5000 mau makahiki i hala. Hoʻomaka ka Silk-rolling me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka cocoon mai ka lāʻau kō - sericin. A laila nānā ʻia ka piko o ka pae.
Mai kahi i kū ai ka pupa, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana ʻole. A hiki i kēia manawa, hana lima ʻia kēia mau mea āpau. ʻO ka nui i hana ʻia i ka kenekulia 20. I kēia manawa hoʻoneʻe nā mīkini i nā cocoons, a wili ʻia ka wili silikina i hoʻopau ʻia mai nā pae i loaʻa mua.
Ma hope o ka hemo ʻana, koe kahi biomaterial ma ke kaupaona e like me ka hapalua o ka cocoon kumu. Loaʻa iā ia ka 0,25% momona a me nā mea he nui ʻē aʻe, nitrogenous mua. nā mea pono. Hoʻomaka ke koena o ka cocoon a me ka pupae i mea hānai i ka mahi hulu. Ua ʻike lākou iā ia i nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe he nui, e like me ka cosmetology.
Hoʻopau kēia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana silika. Hoʻomaka ka pae o ka ulana. ʻO ka mea aʻe, ka hana ʻana i nā huahana i pau. Ua koho ʻia ma kahi o 1500 mau cocoons e pono ai e hana i ka lole o hoʻokahi lede.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
ʻO ka silk kekahi o nā mea hou a Kina i hana nui ai, kahi e hui pū ai me ia, aia ka pauda, ka panana, ka pepa a me ka paʻi ʻana. I kūlike me nā kuʻuna Hikina, ua wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka sericulture e kahi kaʻao mele.
Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ʻo ka wahine a ka Emepera Nui Shi Huang e hoʻomaha ana i ka malu o kahi kumulāʻau hua e hua ana. Ua hāʻule kahi kōkō i loko o kāna kīʻī. Ua lālau ka emepera wahine haohao iā ia i kona mau lima, a hoʻopā iā ia me nā manamana lima akahai, hoʻomaka ka cocoon e hemo. Pēlā ka mua wili silkworm... Ua loaʻa i ka Lei Zu nani ka inoa ʻo "Empress of Silk".
Eia naʻe, ʻōlelo ka poʻe mōʻaukala ua hoʻomaka ka siliki e hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina o Kina o kēia wā i ka wā o ka moʻomeheu Neolithic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 5 tausani mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole i haʻalele ka lole i nā palena o Kina no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka lole, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana nohona kiʻekiʻena o kāna mea nāna.
ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka hana o ka siliki i nā kapa komo o nā aliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka pena ʻana a me nā hana calligraphic. ʻO nā aho o nā mea kani a me kahi kakaka no nā mea kaua i hana ʻia i nā pae silika. I ka wā o ka Han Empire, ʻo ka siliki kekahi hapa o ka hana o ke kālā. Ua uku ʻia lākou i mau ʻauhau, uku ʻia nā limahana o ka ʻemepela.
Me ka wehe ʻana o ke Alanui Silk, lawe ka poʻe kālepa i ka siliki i ke komohana. Ua hoʻokele ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ka ʻenehana o ka hana silika wale nō ma ke ʻoki ʻana i kekahi mau cocoons mulberry. ʻO ka hana o ke kiʻina ʻike loea i lawe ʻia e nā mōneka i hoʻouna ʻia e ka mōʻī Byzantine ʻo Justinian.
Wahi a kekahi mana, he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka poʻe huakaʻi, a ʻaihue hoʻokahi Persian i nā ilo mulberry, e hoʻopunipuni ana i nā luna loiloi Kina. Wahi a ka mana ʻekolu, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka ʻaihue ma Kina, akā ma India, kahi e hana nei i ka siliki ma lalo o ka Celestial Empire.
Pili pū kekahi kaao me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke akamai o ka hana silika e nā Indians. I kulike ai me ia, ua manaʻo ka Raja India e mare i ke kamāliʻiwahine Kina. Akā ua loaʻa ka prejudice i ke ala o ka male. ʻAihue ke kaikamahine a hāʻawi i ka rajah me nā cocoons silkworm, no ka mea, ua aneane uku ʻo ia me kona poʻo. ʻO ka hopena, ua loaʻa i ka Raja kahi wahine, a ua hiki i nā Indians ke hana i ka siliki.
Kū hoʻokahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻAihue ʻia ka ʻenehana, ka lole ʻaneʻane akua o nā Indians, Byzantines, Europa i hoʻomaka e hana i nā nui he nui, e loaʻa ana nā loaʻa kālā he nui. Ua komo ka silika i ke ola o ka poʻe Komohana, akā mau ka hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻūlū silika i ka Hikina.
Ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka hanohano Pākē i ka hanfu silika. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe maʻalahi kekahi mea: ʻenuhe silika ma Kina ʻono ʻia. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻohana i ka silkworm palai. He aha kā lākou e hana nei me ka leʻaleʻa.
ʻO Caterpillars, me ka hoʻohui, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka papa inoa o nā lāʻau. Hoʻopili lākou iā lākou me kahi ʻano fungus maoli a hoʻomaloʻo, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kanu. Kapa ʻia ka lāʻau i loaʻa iā Jiang Can. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona hopena therapeutic e like me kēia: "hoʻopau ka lāʻau i ka makani kūloko a hoʻololi iā Phlegm."
