ʻO ka predator liʻiliʻi o ka papa mammalian. ʻO Marten pili i ka ʻohana weasel, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau kauoha o nā holoholona (sable, mink, weasel a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ma kahi o 60 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ke kau o ka Paliocene a me ka Epocene, ua noho nā mea lawe holoholona primitive o ka myacids. He poʻe liʻiliʻi lākou me ka huelo lōʻihi a me nā niho ʻoi. ʻO kā lākou ʻepekema ia e noʻonoʻo ai i nā kūpuna o ka marten.
Wehewehe
ʻO ka lālā mālamalama a maʻa mau o ka genus marten pine marten... He kino lōkō kona kino ikaika me nā ʻaoʻao kūpilikiʻi, ʻo 40-58 cm ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Mānoanoa a palupalu ka hulu, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ke kala, ʻoi aku ka pinepine o ka pale umauma māmā. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ke kapa ma nā ʻaoʻao ma mua o ka hope a me ka ʻōpū. Lōʻihi ka huelo, ʻeleʻele i ke kala. ʻO 18-28 knm kona lōʻihi.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka marten ma nā mea mae i 15-18 cm.
Mānoanoa a pōkole hoʻi nā wāwae, ʻo kēlā me kēia me nā manamana wāwae he 5 me nā māiʻuo ʻoi loa a wīwī i lalo. Pōkole ka ʻāʻī, akā paʻa paʻa loa. Ma ka umauma aia kahi kiko o ke kala melemele māmā (i kekahi mau mea ʻalani ʻalani). Mahalo i kēia, ua kapa ʻia ka marten i ke poʻo melemele. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo me ka ihu haiki ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele a poepoe nā maka, hoʻonohonoho kokoke i ka ihu. I ka pō, ʻālohilohi lākou me kahi ʻano ʻulaʻula.
Poepoe nā pepeiao a protrude vertically. Holo kahi kaula māmā i ko lākou mau kihi o loko, e like me ka palena. He haiki ka waha akā he hohonu me nā niho liʻiliʻi triangle. Aia nā kini nui ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ā luna a lalo. Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua kokoke i ka ihu kahi ʻumiʻī lahilahi a paʻakikī hoʻi. ʻO ka awelika kaupaona o marten he 1.3-2.5 kg.
Hiʻona:
ʻO ka marten kahi dexterous a agile predator. ʻOiai ʻo kona mau wāwae pōkole, hiki iā ia ke neʻe i ka wikiwiki me nā lele nui (a i 4 m ka lōʻihi), e waiho ana i nā kaha o kona mau wāwae hope i nā māka o nā forelimbs.
Me ka maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi, neʻe ka holoholona i kahi kiʻekiʻe, e kī ana i kona mau māiʻuʻu i ka ʻili o kahi kumulāʻau. I kēia hihia, huli nā wāwae i nā ʻaoʻao e 180 kekelē. Hiki i nā māiʻu o ka marten ke hūnā ʻia i loko o loko a hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i ka manawa o ka ʻimi holoholona a i ʻole ka weliweli.
ʻAʻole hoʻonani ka huelo i ka holoholona, akā he mea pono pū kekahi. Kōkua ia i ke kino e mālama i ke kaulike ma kahi kū i luna, e neʻe wiwo ʻole ma nā lālā lahilahi a lele mai kahi lāʻau a kekahi. Mahalo i ka huelo, hiki i ka marten ke hāʻule mālie mai kahi kiʻekiʻe loa me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā ia iho.
Ma ka ʻōpū, kokoke i ka huelo, aia kekahi gland kūikawā i kapa ʻia ka gland anal. Hūnā ia i kahi wai kūikawā - kahi huna. Loaʻa i nā wahine wahine he 2 mammary glands. ʻAlohelohe nā kapuwaʻi o nā wāwae o ke marten i ke kauwela, a i ka hopena o ke kauwela hoʻomaka lākou e ulu me ka hulu hipa, mahalo i ka mea e neʻe maʻalahi ai ka holoholona i loko o ka hau me ka hāʻule ʻole i loko o nā hau. Hoʻololi ka hulu hipa i ke kau - i ka hoʻoilo ka lōʻihi a me ka silky o ka hulu, me ka undercoat māmā. A i nā mahina kau wela, wili ia, lilo i pōkole a ʻoi loa hoʻi.
He ʻaʻala maikaʻi ka marten, he lohe maikaʻi, neʻe manuahi i ka pouli. Ua hoʻomohala pono ʻo ia i nā mākau kaʻa o nā lālā. ʻIke kēia holoholona pehea e ʻauʻau ai, akā hoʻāʻo e hōʻalo i ka wai, makemake i ke kiʻekiʻe a neʻe i ka honua. Hana nui nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine.
Hiki i kēia mau mea ʻaihue ke hana i nā ʻano kani like ʻole - hoʻoweliweli i ka ulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hae ʻana o ka haʻa ʻana, e like me nā ʻīlio, a me ka uē a me ka uē ʻana, e like me nā pōpoki. ʻO Marten i ke kiʻi ke nānā aku e like me kahi mea uʻi, pale ʻole, akā he kuhi hoʻopunipuni kēia - he mea hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni a ʻike pehea e kū ai nona iho. Pepehi kanaka make me ka nahu hohonu ma ke kua o ke poʻo.
Nā ʻano
Loaʻa i ka genus marten kekahi mau ʻano a me nā mea ʻohana, he ʻano like ʻole ko kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā maʻamau nā ʻano aʻe.
- Pahu marten (kaikamahine keʻokeʻo). Pōkole kona hulu, hina hina. Aia kahi kiko keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻāʻī e kikoo i nā ʻūlū mua a me nā bifurcates, a aia kekahi poʻe me ka ʻole o ka bib, hina wale nō. Ua like ia me ka nui i ka cod-melemele, akā ʻo ke kaumaha o ka paona. Mālamalama kona ihu, ʻoi aku ka ʻili ma waena o nā pepeiao ma mua o ka kino. ʻAʻole uhi ʻia nā wāwae me ka hulu hipa.
ʻO ia ka mea wiwo ʻole i waena o kona mau kaikunāne, hoʻonohonoho i nā pūnana kokoke i nā home kanaka, a ʻimi i nā holoholona. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia e lele i luna o nā kumulāʻau; no ke ʻimi holoholona āna i koho ai i nā wahi ākea o ka pāpū me nā kumu lāʻau a me nā mahi ulu ulu lāʻau.
Hiki iā ia ke noho i nā kuahiwi, ma kahi kiʻekiʻena ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 tausani mau mika, a me nā wahi pōhaku hoʻi me nā lau lauhelehele, no laila ua loaʻa iā ia kahi inoa. ʻOi aku ka waiwai o ka hulu o kēia marten ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO Kharza a i ʻole Ussuri marten. ʻO kekahi o nā lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka genus. Hiki i nā lōʻihi i 80-90 cm a kaupaona ma luna o 5.5 kg. ʻOkoʻa ke kala - ke poʻo, ka hope o ke kua, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā wāwae hope a me ka huelo, a ʻano ʻokoʻa ke kino.
ʻO nā palette o ke kino he ʻokoʻa loa: ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, melemele, one keʻokeʻo a i ʻole me nā kahakaha maha. Keokeo ka iwi ā lalo. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka hulu, me ka undercoat mānoanoa. Hiki i kēia marten ke noho ma kahi wahi i nā hihia kakaʻikahi, ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i ka pilikia, neʻe i nā wahi nui.
- ʻAmelika marten. Kūlike ke ʻano o ke kino no martens, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ka nui ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa. ʻO ke kino o ke kāne he 35-45 cm ka lōʻihi a ʻaʻole kaupaona ma mua o 1.5-1.7 kg. Piʻi nā wahine a 40 cm a kaupaona ma kahi o 1 kg. He ʻeleʻele kaʻili o kaʻili a he mau umauma māmā paha, a heʻeleʻele ke kala i ka huelo, nā wāwae a me nā ihu.
I kekahi mau kānaka, aia he 2 mau kaha ʻeleʻele i kokoke i nā maka. Lōʻihi a huluhulu ka hulu, hulu ka huelo. Mālama nui a hilahila ʻo Martens o kēia ʻano, hele mai lākou i ka hūnā ma lalo o ka uhi o ka pō wale nō.
- Nilgirskaya kharza. He lunamakaʻāinana ʻano ʻole o kona ʻano. ʻO nā ana o kēia holoholona ma luna o ka awelika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 60-70 cm, a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o 2.5 kg. ʻAʻole hiki ke huikau me nā martens ʻē aʻe ma muli o kāna kala ʻokoʻa. ʻEʻeleʻele ke kino holoʻokoʻa, a lele kahi kiko ʻalani i ka umauma, kahi e bifurcates kokoke i nā paws mua. Poni ka ihu, ʻike maka ʻia ka iwi mua ma ka iwi poʻo.
- ʻO Ilka a i ʻole angler marten. I ka nui hiki iā ia ke hoʻokūkū me ka harza, ulu ʻo ia i ka lōʻihi a 90 cm a ʻoi aku kona kaumaha ma mua o 5.5 kg. Lōʻihi a huluhulu ka hulu, akā paʻakikī. Mai kahi mamao aku, ʻeleʻele ke nānā aku o kēia marten, kokoke wale i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī ma mua o ke kino, a ʻeleʻele ke kapa. Loaʻa i kekahi mau holoholona kahi kiko keʻokeʻo ma ka umauma me kahi kala hina. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o nā paws ma mua o nā martens ʻē aʻe, i ʻae iā ʻoe e neʻe wiwo ʻole i ka hau hohonu.
Aia kekahi holoholona i kapa ʻia ʻo kidas (a i ʻole kidus) - he hui maoli kēia o sable a marten. Ua ʻae ʻo ia i kona helehelena a me nā ʻano mai nā mākua ʻelua. Kūleʻa nā kāne Kidasa, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohua.
Auila
Holoholona Marten mehameha. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana i nā ʻohana, hui nā kāne a me nā wahine wale nō e hāpai keiki, ʻo ke koena o ka manawa a lākou e noho ai a ʻimi ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa ka Ussuri martens, i hiki ke hoʻokele i ka pāʻani i kahi ʻohana o 4-5 mau lālā.
He ʻāina ponoʻī ko kēlā me kēia kanaka me kahi ʻāpana o 5-30 km, a ua kahakaha ʻia nā palena me ka mimi a me nā huna mai ka gland anal. ʻO nā wahi noho o nā kāne e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine a hiki ke hoʻopili me nā ʻāina wahine.
Hiki i kahi mea ʻino ke noho ma kona kahua no nā makahiki, akā ʻaʻohe ona home mau. No ka hoʻomaha e koho ʻo ia i nā wahi he 5-6, a māka hoʻi ia a e hoʻololi mau. Kūpono kēlā me kēia hale pale ma ke ʻano he puʻuhonua, ʻoi aku ma kahi kiʻekiʻe:
- hollow a i ʻole ke kahawai ma luna o 2 m mai ka honua;
- puka ʻūhā;
- pūnana manu;
- nā kahawai hohonu ma waena o nā pōhaku.
He launa aloha lākou kekahi i kekahi. Hiki i nā kāne ke hakakā no ka wahine i ka wā o ka moʻa a i ʻole no ka ʻāina, i nā hihia ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka huhū. Alakaʻi ʻo Martens i kahi nohona pōlele - alualu lākou a pāʻani i nā hola pouli, a hiamoe i ke ao. ʻO ka Nilgirskaya kharza wale nō e hana i ke ao, ʻoiai ka ilka i loaʻa ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā.
Hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele i kā lākou pūnaewele inā alualu i nā squirrels, ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo nei ʻaʻole e iho i lalo i ka honua me ka ʻole, akā e alualu ai i ka mea pio, e lele ana ma nā lālā. Mālama kēia mau holoholona a pale i ka poʻe.
Hele wale ka pōhaku marten me ka makaʻu ʻole ma kahi o kahi e noho ai nā kānaka a hoʻouka aku i nā peni me nā holoholona laka. Neʻe mau ka marten i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, a i ka hoʻoilo wale nō e moe ai i kahi pale no kekahi manawa a hānai i nā meaʻai iʻohi mua ʻia.
Kahi noho
He ākea loa ka wahi hoʻokaʻawale. Ke ola nei ka marten ʻaneʻane kokoke i nā ululāʻau āpau a me nā pae mauna me nā mea kanu nui, kahi i haʻahaʻa a anuanu hoʻi ke aniau. ʻO ka wahi punahele kahi deciduous ākea, coniferous a i ʻole nā wahi i hui pū ʻia me nā kumulāʻau perennial a me nā kihi haʻalele. Noho ʻia nā holoholona e like me ko lākou ʻano:
- ʻoi aku ka pine marten i ka pine, coniferous a me nā ululāʻau huikau o ʻEulopa a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAsia, ua koho ʻia i mau mea nui mai Siberia Komohana a i nā Mokupuni ʻo Baletika, noho nō ia ma Caucasus a ma ka hema o ke Kaiwaenahonua;
- Aia ka marten pōhaku ma nā ʻāina pōhaku ʻaneʻane ma waena o Eurasia, mai ka Himalayas a i ka Iberian Peninsula, a ua noho pū ʻia hoʻi ia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Viscontin (USA);
- Noho ʻo kharza i nā moku ʻo Ussuri a me Amur o Lūkia, ka ʻaoʻao hikina a me ka hema o Kina, nā kuahiwi Himalayan a me ʻĀkia hikina;
- Noho ka marten ʻAmelika ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau: ua noho ʻo ia i nā ululāʻau mai Nū Mekiko a hiki i ka ʻākau o Alaska
- ola ka Nilgir marten ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o Nilgiria, ma nā pae mauna o ka Ghats komohana - hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano wale nō ma ka hema o India;
- Noho ʻo Ilka ma ka hikina, komohana a ma waenakonu o ʻAmelika Hema, e like me nā mauna o Kaleponi a hiki i nā palena o West Virginia.
ʻO ka sable Kepanī kahi ʻano laha ʻole o ka genus marten, a noho ia i nā helu liʻiliʻi ma nā mokupuni Kepani (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), a ma Kōlea ʻĀkau a me Kōlea Hema.
Meaʻai kūpono
Marten predator undemanding i ka meaʻai, akā ʻo kāna papaʻai nui ka meaʻai holoholona. Huli ʻo ia i nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi, nā manu, nā kolo nui a hiki i nā hedgehogs e noho ana i kona panalāʻau.
Inā aia kahi kino o ka wai ma kahi kokoke, hoʻopili ʻia nā rana, nā ʻūlū, nā larva, nā iʻa a me kāna caviar i ka papa kuhikuhi. ʻAihue kēia holoholona i nā hua i kau ʻia, ʻai i nā meli meli mai nā apiaries ʻāhiu. Mea ʻai punahele: squirrel, vole, shrew, black grouse, lāʻau ʻauʻau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Makemake ka marten i ka meaʻai hou, akā ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā i ke kino. I nā mahina kau wela, ʻai nā omnivores i nā hua ʻāhiu, nā pūhaka ala, nā ʻoma a me nā pears ʻāhiu, a me nā nati. Noho kahi lehu mauna i kahi wahi kūikawā i ka papaʻai. He kūpale kūpale ia a me nā ʻano anthelmintic kāna hana. ʻAi nā Predators iā ia i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻohiʻohi i nā hua i ka wā e noho ana ma nā lālā.
Hoʻopiʻi hou
Ua oʻo makua ʻo Martens i ka makahiki 2, akā ʻo ka hua mua lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 3. I Pepeluali, mālama ʻia nā pāʻani moena, akā ua kapa ʻia lākou he "rut wahaheʻe" no ka mea ʻaʻole kū ka hapai. Hoʻoipoipo nā kāne i Iune-Iulai, i kēlā manawa hoʻomaka ka wahine i ka estrus, a ʻo 2-4 mau lā ka lōʻihi. I ke kauwela, nui kekahi o lākou, he hoʻomaha ma waena o lākou he 1-2 mau pule. Hoʻokomo kekahi kāne i 3-5 mau wahine.
ʻAʻole pili koke ka hua i ka kōpū, i ka mua aia kahi pae lōʻihi lōʻihi, a hoʻomohala ka embryo ponoʻī no 30-40 mau lā wale nō. Ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, nānā ka makuahine i kahi no nā keiki, ke koho ʻana i nā pūnana ākea a i ʻole kahi puha kahiko. He 8.5-9 mahina ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana, a ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā keiki makapō a kuli hoʻi i Malaki-ʻApelila. Lawe ka marten i nā pēpē 2-4 i kēlā me kēia manawa, i nā manawa kakaʻikahi i hānau ʻia nā holoholona he 5-7.
ʻO ke kaupaona o ke keiki hānau he 30-40 g, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 100-110 mm. Uhi ʻia nā pēpē me ka lauoho maikaʻi a pōkole hoʻi. ʻAʻohe o lākou niho, no nā lā he 40-45 mua lākou e hānai ai i ka waiū o ka makuahine a ke hoʻonui nei i ka paona. Haʻalele ka makuahine i ka pūnana e ʻimi holoholona, a inā he mea weliweli, kauō ka pua i kekahi wahi ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ka lohe mua i nā pēpē (ma hope o 20-25 mau lā), a ma hope o 5-7 mau lā, hāmama nā maka.
Ma 7-8 mau pule, hū nā niho mua, a hoʻololi nā keiki i nā meaʻai paʻa a hoʻomaka e haʻalele i ka puʻuhonua. Ma 2.5 mau mahina, neʻe ikaika nā pēpē, hoʻolauna ka makuahine iā lākou i ka honua a puni lākou a aʻo iā lākou e ʻimi holoholona. Ma 16 mau pule ʻike nā pēpē i nā mea āpau a hiki, akā a hiki i Kepakemapa noho lākou i kahi kokoke i ko lākou makuahine. I ka hāʻule, haki ka ʻohana, a haʻalele nā mea āpau e nānā i ko lākou wahi.
Wā ola
I ke pio ʻana, lawe aʻa ka marten me ka makemake ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa - a lilo i home, a i ʻole hōʻike i ka huhū. Me kahi hopena maikaʻi, hiki iā ia ke ola a 15 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. I loko o kona kūlohelohe, hiki i kahi predator waiwai ke ola i 11-13 mau makahiki, akā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki iki i kēlā makahiki. Māmā ka holoholona i nā parasites a me nā maʻi e hiki ai i kona make.
I loko nō hoʻi o ka nahelehele, ʻike nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe noho ululāʻau iā marten ma ke ʻano he hoʻokūkū, a hiki i kaʻaina awakea. ʻO kona mau ʻenemi hana nui ʻo ka ʻalopeke, ka lynx a me ka ʻīlio hae, a me nā manu dexterous - aeto pueo, aeto gula a me ka hawk.
Akā ʻo ka mea nui i ka luku ʻia ka holoholona he kāne. Hulu Marten ua pipiʻi mau. ʻOiai i nā laha ākea e like me marten pōhaku a i ʻole marten-bilhed marten, ʻaʻole ia he kumu kūʻai.
Hopu holoholona Marten
He holoholona hihiu waiwai nui ka marten. Hoʻomaka ka wā ʻimi holoholona i Nowemapa a mau a hiki i Malaki, ʻoiai hulu a hulu ka hulu o ka holoholona. I ka puna, mae ka ʻili a hoʻolei, a laila luku ʻia ka predator ma ke ʻano he pest (maʻa mau ka marten pōhaku e hoʻonāukiuki i nā mahiʻai). Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia ʻo Martens me nā pahele a me nā pahele.
Palekana ʻia ʻo Nilgir harza a me Kepani sable e ke kānāwai. Hopu holoholona Marten pāpā ʻia kekahi o kēia mau lālā kū hoʻokahi o ka genus weasel. ʻAe ʻia ke koena o nā mea ʻaihue e ʻimi holoholona me kahi laikini hoʻokahi manawa, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai e pili ana i ka ʻano holoholona. Ke lawaiʻa nei no ka martens me ka ʻole o kēia palapala, manaʻo ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona a hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ke kānāwai.
