Ka ʻelele o nā lele parasite - kēpau no ka ʻohana Diptera. Ma mua o 150 mau ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a wehewehe ʻia, kahi e hiki ai i kekahi ke hana ʻino i ke kanaka. He aha ka mea e makaʻu ai ka parasite i nā māmela, ka nohona o ka ʻenekia, pehea e hānau ai - e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kēia i kēia paʻi.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO Diptera me nā antennae pōkole no ka ʻohana Tachi-nidae. ʻO nā hemispheres nui o nā maka me ka hakahaka nui o nā kala ma kahi kino shaggy a i 17 mm ka lōʻihi, nā ʻeheu aniani o kahi lele e hana i ka hiʻohiʻona o waho. ʻO Dermatobia hominis, kahi ʻano weliweli no nā kānaka, noho ma Central America. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻouka a kau i kāna mau hua ma lalo o ka ʻili.
Ua ʻike ka poʻe he nui i kēia mau nalo nui me ke kala ʻōniʻoniʻo ma ka ʻāina, kūlohelohe a lawaiʻa paha. Ma waho gadfly i ke kiʻi like loa me ka lio dipteran, huikau pinepine lākou me kekahi. ʻO ko lākou wahi noho like. Kuhi ʻia ka nahu manuā e ka pōloli, he pepeke omo koko. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ka meaʻai. ʻO Gadfly e like me ʻīlio lio hiki ke nahu, akā no nā kumu hānau wale nō.
I kekahi mau āpana, ʻike ʻia ka ʻenekela i ke kolo. Nui nā ʻano o nā lele dipteran, parasitizing nui i nā māmele nunui, i hoʻohui ʻia e ka huaʻō ʻo gadfly. Nā ʻano maʻamau no nā pepelu:
- size gadfly 15-20 mm o;
- hemo ka waha, a he emi paha;
- kahi kumu me villi;
- maka nunui;
- kino oval;
- ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā wāwae o mua ma mua o nā ʻaoʻao hope;
- ʻaneʻane aniani mōakāka hei.
ʻOkoʻa loa nā waihoʻoluʻu o ke kino. No ka latitu ʻākau, ʻoi aku ka mālie o nā kani:
- palaunu;
- hina hina;
- nā aka ʻokoʻa o ka polū.
I ke kūkulu hema a i nā tropika, ʻano like ka ʻenekua me nā bumblebees liʻiliʻi me nā kaha ʻalani-ʻeleʻele. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka wikiwiki lele o kahi gadfly o 120-140 km / h ka mea like me ka dragonfly.
Nā ʻano
Aia i loko o ka ʻohana Well-podermatidae nā kolo kahi e ulu ai ka larva ma lalo o ka ʻili o nā holoholona i nā nodule. Palu lākou i nā mea mamele ʻokoʻa. I waena o lākou:
- ʻAi palaoa liʻiliʻi. Lōʻihi iki ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma aneʻi. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua ma ka hulu hipa. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā larvae mai o lākou mai ma lalo o ka ʻili. ʻAʻohe neʻe.
- Māmele nunui. Ma hope o ke kau ʻana i ka lauoho, hoʻomaka ka larva mai nā hua manu e neʻe i ka hope o ka holoholona. Hele kā lākou ala o ka neʻe ʻana ma ka papa subcutaneous, ma loko o ka mākala, nā loko o loko. Ka manawa huakaʻi mai 3 a 9 mau mahina.
Aia kekahi ʻano o nā gadflies:
- ʻO Gasterophilidae nā parasites i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā holoholona. Nā lele o ka waena i ka nui (9-20 mm). ʻAʻole pono nā mākua i ka meaʻai. Loaʻa lākou i ka hemisphere hikina, akā maʻamau ka equines ma nā wahi āpau. Noho ka larvae i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā equids, ʻelepani, hippos. Ke waiho nei ka gadfly wahine ma kahi o 2 tausani mau hua ma ka ʻili a i ʻole ka lauoho i kokoke i ka waha. Ke kau nei ʻo Gasterophilus pecorum ma ka mauʻu. Hoʻokomo nā larva instar mua i ka ʻōnaehana digestive a ola a hiki i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Kūlohelohe (me ka excrement) hele lākou i waho. I nā holoholona i loaʻa i nā maʻi ʻino, hoʻomōhala gastrointestinal pathology.
- ʻO Equine (Gasterophilus intestinalis) kekahi o nā ʻano maʻamau. Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi mai 13 a 16 mm. Ma ke kino, melemele a huluhulu nā oho. Pau nā ʻeheu me nā kiko ʻeleʻele. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaulana kahi kiko ʻeleʻele ʻōniʻoniʻo i loko o ke aʻa radial. Hoʻohana ka insect i nā lio a me nā hoki no kāna hana hou ʻana. I nā wahine, kūlou ikaika ka ovipositor ma lalo o ke kino. I ka wā o ka lele, hoʻomoe nā wahine i ka ʻili o ka ʻili i nā wahi kahi e ʻalalā ai ko lākou mau niho. Ke komo ka larva i ka waha, ulu ia no hoʻokahi mahina, a laila hele i loko o ka pharynx i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻO kā lākou helu i kekahi manawa hiki i nā haneli.
- ʻO ka hypodermis ʻĀkau (Oedemagena taran-di) - ola ʻo ka reindeer. Uhi nā holoholona no ka hoʻoilo i kahi mamao loa. Ma laila e ulu ai nā mea kolo, haʻalele i ka mea nona a neʻe i ka lepo. Me ka hoʻomaka o ka puna, auwana ʻākau ka reindeer. Pono nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e lele i mau kilomita e hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou i nā holoholona. Kipaku ka naʻau kūlohelohe i nā kolo i ke kūkulu ʻākau, hiki lākou i ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia a hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻouka kaua i nā dia pale ʻole. Hiki i hoʻokahi wahine ke hoʻomoe i nā hua manu he 650.
Māhele ʻia nā gadflies a pau e like me ke ʻano o ka hāmama ʻana o ka waha. I Oestridae typicae, he mea ʻole a i ʻole hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka hui liʻiliʻi ʻo Cuterebridae he proboscis (waha) hou aku ko lākou, me ka ʻole o ka tentacles. Māhele nā ʻepekema i ka ʻano mua i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana.
- Gastricolae - larvae me nā lou ʻelua no ka hoʻolauna ʻana, aia nā tubercles kūikawā me nā kua liʻiliʻi;
- ʻO Cavicolae - ʻelua mau lou a me nā spines nui, wahine viviparous, ʻaʻohe ovipositor;
- Cuticolae - ʻaʻohe lou, nā lola liʻiliʻi, ʻaneʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ka pipi e hoʻouka nei iā Hypoderma bovis De G. ʻūlū bovine... No nā lio, hoki, ua lilo ka laha lio i mea hoʻoweliweli. E hoʻāʻo nā hipa e pakele mai ka ʻano hipa ʻo Oestrus ovis L. ʻOiai ʻo nā holoholona hihiu kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī.
- Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā squirrels ʻAmelika e C. emasculator Fitch;
- he ʻōpū o ka ʻelepani e hoʻopili ana iā Cobboldia elephantis Brau;
- ʻeha ʻo Rhinoceros iā Gastrophilus Rhinocerontis Ow.
I nā tropics o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ola ʻo Ver macaque a me moyocuil, ka mea hiki ke hoʻouka pōpilikia ʻole i kahi kanaka. Mahope iho nahu gadfly a ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka larva ulu i loko o kahi tumo nui, a i ʻole ka induration me kahi puka ma luna. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā ʻīlio, holoholona.
I ke kiʻi, ka larva gadfly
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
ʻOkoʻa ka wahi o ka parasitism ma waena o nā gadflies, no laila aia he 3 ʻano:
- Gastric. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia i nā wahi āpau. Hoʻokau ka wahine i ka hulu hipa, nā lālā a me ka mauʻu. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i loko, hoʻomaka ka pōʻai oʻo. ʻO ka hopena he puka i ka ʻili o ka ʻili ma o fistulas a i ʻole me nā huahana ʻōpala. Hoʻopili kēia mau mea āpau i ka makaʻu nui i ka holoholona. ʻO ka equine ka mea maʻamau kēpau.
- Palapala ʻāina. ʻO ka nohona o kēia ʻano nā latitude āpau, koe wale no ka North ʻAkau. Koho i nā pipi ma ke ʻano he mea ʻino. Hāpai ka pepeke wahine i nā hua i ka huluhulu, komo ka larva i ka ʻili. Hoʻolālā kahi kiko o ka mumū - myiasis. Ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, komo ka parasite i ka papa subcutaneous, e hana ana i nā lua ma laila. ʻO nā hihia o kona komo ʻana i ka iwi poʻo o kahi holoholona a me ka lolo o ke kanaka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He make kēia.
Pepeiao ʻūlili, kau i ka larva ke nahu ʻia
- ʻŌpū. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui mai nā mea ma mua o ka hānau ʻana o nā wahine wahine i nā lū i ka wā lele, e kāpae ana i ke kahua o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua. Hiki iā lākou ke pīpī iā lākou ma ka membrane mucous o nā maka, nā ihu o kahi holoholona a kanaka paha. Noho ka parasite i loko o ka maka, ʻōnohi a i ʻole ka ihu. A laila, ma ka neʻe ʻana, komo i loko - nā sinusa, i loko o ka lua waha, a pēlā aku. Hoʻoulu ka mumū nui ma ka pūnaewele injection.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia kahi caviar gadfly ma nā hipa.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka gadfly kanaka ma Lūkia, akā hiki ke pālahalaha ʻia e ka poʻe i loaʻa i nā maʻi ʻino. ʻOkoʻa ia mai ke koena e ka hana komo komo. Hoʻomoe mua ka wahine i nā hua manu i kahi insect hiki ke ʻai i ke koko kanaka. ʻO ka maʻa mau he makika, tick a i ʻole nā mea ʻoki koko. Ma hope o ka nahu ʻia ʻana larva ʻāpala neʻe ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, hoʻomau ke ʻano o ke ola ma laila.
Hiki ke loaʻa ka parasite ma nā wahi āpau koe i nā latitude anuanu (Antarctica). ʻO ke kumu ke ola gadfly i nā aniau mahana a mehana. Ma Rūsia he nui lākou o ka nui o Siberia, nā ʻĀina a me nā ʻĀkau ʻĀkau. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia o nā ʻenekeke kokoke:
- hanai holoholona;
- nā mahinaʻai holoholona
- nā wahi e hele ai nā holoholona.
Makemake nā mea ʻino i kahi aniau onaona, no laila ulu lākou i ka nui ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai, nā kino wai a me nā poho.
ʻAiʻai Pono
Loaʻa ka meaʻai i ka larva parasite i loko o ka mea i loaʻa. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mākua ke apo i ka meaʻai, hoʻemi ʻia kā lākou mea hana waha. ʻO ka pest i loko o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia he pear-shaped me nā spike obligatory ma nā unahi no ka holomua. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea āpau i ka capsule sclerosed me kahi puka ma lalo. Hiki i ka lōʻihi 25 mm, ke anawaena he 7 mm.
ʻO ke kumu no ka meaʻai ka wai koko. Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i loko o ka mea hoʻokipa, hoʻomaka ka larva e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea pono āpau no ke ola hou aku. I ke kino o ka parasite, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi mea wai, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻehaʻeha a me ka mumū.
He aha ka weliweli i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona
ʻ .pala nūhou Gadfly, no ka poʻe, ʻo ka mea weliweli loa ka ʻōpū a me ka lua. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kino, hoʻomaka ka larva e hānai hana. Ua hoʻonele iā ia i ka ikaika nui, nā wikamina, nā hana pathological e hoʻomaka. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ke kino a me nā mea o loko, a iho i ka lolo, ke kumu o nā pilikia olakino. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā make mai ka maʻi.
Ke komo ka larva i loko o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, hoʻomaka ka myiasis (ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi parasite). Hana pinepine kēia i ke kauwela. Ke hele nei ke kaʻina maʻi i nā pae:
- hoʻopaʻa kahi pepeke wahine i nā hua ma ka ʻaoʻao huluhulu o ke kanaka (pinepine ma ke poʻo);
- hoʻomaka ka parasite mai ka wela o ke kino e hele mai i ka ʻili;
- hoʻolauna ma lalo o ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o nā lālā;
- ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā fistula no ka hanu ʻana o nā parasites, ma o lākou e hele ai i waho.
Aia kekahi pūʻulu pilikia i loko o nā kānaka. Pono e akahele kēia mahele i ka wā e hele wāwae ana, ke hana pū ʻana me nā holoholona. I ka ʻāpana o ka piʻi nui o ka maʻi:
- makahiki kiʻekiʻe;
- nele i ka maʻemaʻe;
- ka maʻi noʻonoʻo;
- ʻiʻini i ka wai ʻona;
- ʻano 1 a me ka maʻi ʻaʻano 2;
- nā maʻi e hoʻonāukiuki i ka pale o ka hematopoiesis;
- noho pinepine i nā tropika a me nā subtropics.
Ma kahi hōʻailona iki o ka maʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻokaʻaʻike i kahi keʻena lapaʻau. Weliweli nā lele o Gadfly no nā holoholona, huhū lākou, palekana ʻole nā holoholona mai kā lākou hoʻouka kaua ʻana. Hoʻoweliweli nui ka mea i hiki i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, hoʻomaka e haʻalele i ka kaupaona mai ka meaʻai maikaʻi ʻole.
Hoʻoemi kēia i ka hana ʻana o ka waiū i nā holoholona. Hāpai ka larvae parasitic i nā mea momona na lākou iho. ʻO ka nui o nā mea pests nāwaliwali nā holoholona, maʻi lākou, nalo ka maka. Hoʻopau ka neʻe ʻana i ka hana luku ma hope o ka maʻi. Hoʻopilikia nā aʻalolo, hoʻomaka ka kahe ʻana o loko a me ka paralysis.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hele ka mea kolo i loko o kahi pōʻaiapili hoʻololi piha: hua manu, ʻūlū, pupa, imago. ʻO ka manawa ke ola he 1 makahiki. Hoʻokahi mea kū hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā meaʻai i nā gadflies makua. Hiki ke ola o lākou ma muli o nā mea i ke kino i loaʻa i ka larva. Pili ka wā o ke ola i ka mahana a me ka wikiwiki a ka ʻenekena e hoʻonohonoho ai i kahi "kahua pāʻani" no nā keiki.
Mele wahine koho pono i kahi ma ka ʻili o ka holoholona. ʻO nā wahi me ka lauoho liʻiliʻi e kūpono no kēia. Hoʻoponopono lākou i 2-3 mau hua i kēlā me kēia lauoho. Kū kēia kūlana mai 3 a 20 mau lā. Nā pae hoʻomohala:
- Ulu ka larva ma ke kahua 1 no kekahi mau lā, a laila komo i loko o ka mea i pā ʻia, mahalo i nā lou ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Hele ka neʻe i nā kīʻaha koko, ke kolamu o ka iwi kuamoʻo a i ka momona momona i ke ala o ka canull medullary. Hele ke koena i ka esophagus, hoʻolauna ʻia i nā aʻa mucous.
- Nā ʻūlū 2-3 tbsp. neʻe i ke kua, kua i lalo. Ma ke kahua o ka hoʻopili - nā hunaola capsule. E hoʻomohala hou, pono lākou i ka oxygen. No kona komo ʻana, hana nā larvae i nā neʻe kūikawā ma o ka ʻili o ka holoholona (fistula). I ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻokahe lākou, ma o nā puka i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā dermis hiki lākou i ka papa. Ma hope o kēlā pupation hana ma ka honua.
- ʻO ka papa aʻe aʻe mai 1 a 7 mau lā ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kino o ka holoholona. ʻO ka helu o ka ulu hou ʻana o nā pupae, kaukaʻi ʻia me ka wela a me ka mahana, mau nā lā he 33-44.
- A ʻo kahi hopena, puka mai kahi lele (imago) makua ma waena o ʻekolu a ʻelima kekona. Mākaukau ka mea kolo no ka moena hou a me ka lele ʻana.
Hoʻopau ke ola pōkole o ka lele (1 makahiki) me ka make, ʻaʻole hibernate ka gadfly i ka hāʻule. I ke kau anuanu, noho nā larvae i loko o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Noho iki kahi pepeke makua (3-20 mau lā). I ka hopena o ke ola, lilo ka hapa nui o ke kino. I ke anuanu, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole lele ka mea kolo. I kēia hihia, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke ola e kekahi mahina.
Hiki i nā gadflies makua ke hānau hou ma hope koke o ka puka ʻana mai nā pupa. ʻIke ʻia ke kaʻina o ka moena i kahi mau e lele ai lākou i kēlā me kēia makahiki. A laila hoʻomaka nā wahine e ʻimi i kahi holoholona no ka hānau ʻana. ʻO kahi hua nui o nā hua i kēlā me kēia e paipai i ka hana kope wikiwiki. He mau ʻenemi ko nā kolo, he manu wale nō. Ma nā ʻaoʻao hema, hui ʻo gadflies ma mua o ka latitu ʻākau.
Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Gadflies i ka noho ʻana ma kahi o nā holoholona he nui. Hāleʻa lākou i nā rodents liʻiliʻi, artiodactyls, nā rhino nui a me nā ʻelepani. ʻOiai me ka helu liʻiliʻi, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka manuahi o nā wahine, hoʻonui wikiwiki nā kolo me ka aneane pau ʻole o nā ʻenemi.
