Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻAuk - He moa wai kai waena kēia e noho ana i ka latitu ʻākau. ʻO kēlā mau ʻelele o nā manu ʻēheu ʻēheu mai ka ʻohana o auks i loaʻa ma nā kahakai a me nā mokupuni o ʻAkelanika ʻAkau, ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.
Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike, aia ma Kanada kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka hapa nui o kēia mau manu, a ʻo ka nui o nā poʻe e hōʻea ana i kēia mau wahi i ka wā o ka pūnana i hōʻea i 50 tausani. Kaulana ka heluna lehulehu o Icelandic no kona nui.
ʻO ka lole kala o ia mau mea e ʻike ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao luna, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke poʻo, nā ʻēheu, ka ʻāʻī a me ke kua, ʻeleʻele ʻōlinolino me ka hoʻohui o nā blotches o kahi kala brownish, a ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, ma ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo.
Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā laina keʻokeʻo ma ka maka o kēia mau manu. Holo lākou mai nā maka a i ka nuku nui, mānoanoa, ʻike ʻia i pelupelu ʻia, pālahalaha ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao, kahi e kū ai nā puka ihu e like me nā ʻoki.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana lahilahi i nā ʻēheu o kēia mau mea. E wehewehe pono ia i ke kala o nā manu hiki ke loli iki ke kaumaha i ka makahiki o kekahi kanaka a me ke kau.
ʻO ke poʻo o kēia manu manu he kūpono i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino. ʻAʻole kaulana nui nā maka ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele i laila. Pōkole ka ʻāʻī o kēia mau mea ola.
Hāʻawi ʻia ko lākou mau wāwae maʻalahi me nā membrane i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, a manoanoa hoʻi. Hāpai iki ʻia ko lākou huelo, ʻoiʻoi ma ka hopena, ana ma kahi o 10 cm. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i ke kiʻi auk.
ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa kūwaho kūwaho ma waena o nā wahine a me nā kāne i ka auk, ʻo ka hope wale nō paha ka nui ma ka nui. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā kāne kāne nui a hiki i ke kaumaha o a i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kilokilo, ke lōʻihi o ke kino a 43 cm, a hiki i ko lākou mau ʻeheu ke loaʻa i kahi 69 cm.
Akā ʻo ia mau ana i loko o nā manu wale nō i nā hihia kūikawā, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou, ʻoiai i ka wā makua, ʻaʻole ulu i ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 20 cm.
Hoʻopuka nā manu i nā kani kani kani, kahi e kani koʻikoʻi ai i ka kali ʻana i nā hana male. Ua like ko lākou leo me "gar-gar", no kēia mau mea ʻēheu i hāʻawi ʻia i ka inoa kaulana.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o ke auk
Nā ʻano
ʻO ka genus o ka auk ma kahi o ʻehā a ʻelima mau makahiki paha i hala, i ka wā o Pleistocene, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kēia manawa. A laila ma ʻAmelika, ma ka panalāʻau kahi o North Carolina i kēia manawa, e like me ka ʻepekema, aia nā mōʻalihaku, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻano auk i make i kēia manawa.
Hiki i ko mākou poʻe o ka wā ke hoʻokolokolo i ko lākou helehelena e nā ʻāpana wale nō o nā koena i loaʻa o kēlā ʻano moa wai mau.
Eia nō naʻe, i kēia mau lā (i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala), ua nalowale kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe mai ka alo o ka honua - ʻaukā ʻēheu... ʻO ka inoa o ia manu he mea kūpono ʻole, no ka mea i ke kaʻina o ka evolution, ua nalowale ka hiki ke lele. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke neʻe i ka lewa, ua ʻauʻau ʻo ia i ka manawa like, ʻoiai ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina ua maloʻo ʻo ia.
Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ke lele, ua pōkole nā ʻeheu o ua mau manu lā, 15 cm wale nō ka lōʻihi, me ka nui o nā kānaka a hiki i 80 knm. Ua like ia mau manu me nā ʻohana ma kēia manawa i hōʻike ʻia i ke kala, koe wale nō kekahi mau kikoʻī, akā ua nui aʻe ka nui (ua hōʻea i ka nui ma kahi o 5 kg). Eia kekahi, manaʻo ʻia kēia mau manu e like loa me penguin.
ʻO nā wahi noho o kēia mau mea ʻēheu pōkole i waiwai i nā kahakaiʻai a me nā mokupuni o ʻAkelanika me nā kapakai pōhaku. Ua lawelawe ka iʻa a me nā crustacean i meaʻai na lākou. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o kēia mau holoholona make i kēia manawa e komo pū me ka polar bear, ʻaeto ʻaeto keʻokeʻo a me ke kohola kohola. Akā ʻo ka weliweli o ka ʻenemi, he kāne.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia kēlā mau manu make i nā kānaka no nā kenekulia he haneli. I ka moʻomeheu India, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he manu kūikawā, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou nuku i mea hoʻonaninani.
Ua pepehi ʻia nā aukawewe ʻole no ko lākou fluff a me ka ʻiʻo, a ma hope ua hana ʻia lākou i holoholona i ukuhi ʻia, e ʻumeʻume ai i nā ʻohiʻohi.
A ʻo ka hopena ka hoʻopau loa ʻia o ia mau manu (ʻo ka mea hope loa i manaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia i ka 1852). No laila, ʻo ko lākou mau hoahānau o kēia mau lā, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o ka manawa, ʻo ia wale nō nā ʻano i ka genus auk e kū maoli nei i kēia lā i ka nahelehele.
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻaukā eheu no ka hope, ʻoiai ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā ana i kēia i ka manawa kūpono. I kēia manawa ke hoʻāʻo nei nā ipo kūlohelohe e hoʻōla i ka hope hope loa o ka genus auk. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka papa inoa o nā lāhui pale ʻia ma Skotlandia, kahi ma ka mokupuni ʻo Fula i kahi mālama mālama ʻia e lawe ʻia ai i kahi leka kūikawā.
I kēia manawa ua hoʻolālā nā ʻepekema, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kūmole mai nā kenekulia ʻelua i hala, i mālama kupaianaha ʻia mai ia manawa, i ka clone a me nā mea make, a laila ala hou a laila hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, no ka mea, ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia, aia nā mokupuni ʻo Farne ma ke kahakai o Pelekane.
ʻO ka mokuʻāina ʻo Maine ma ʻAmelika a me ke kapakai ʻākau o Palani i manaʻo ʻia he wahi noho hema loa ia o ka auk hou. ʻO nā mea noho ʻākau ʻē aʻe, ʻo kēia mau mea eheu mai nā wahi ʻoʻoleʻa e neʻe i nā kau i New England, Newfoundland a me nā kapakai komohana o ke Kaiwaenahonua me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo.
I ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo nā mea hulu manu i hana pūnana ma kahakai ʻo Murmansk. Eia hou, ʻaʻole pinepine pinepine, akā hele mai ma ke kai keʻokeʻo a me ka loko Ladoga. He mea hoihoi ia aia kekahi mau noho o ka inoa like me ka inoa o ka manu ma ka waena konu o ka ʻāina, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai kēlā mau lunamaka o nā holoholona.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Altai a ma nā wahi e like me ʻO Sverdlovsk «ʻAuk»Kū ka inoa o nā kauhale a me nā kauhale.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Makemake kēlā mau manu i ka noho ʻana i nā wai paʻakai a ma nā kapakai pōhaku i nā wahi kahi nui nā meaʻai na lākou, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke luʻu i loko o ka hohonu o ka wai i kahi hohonu loa. Akā i ka lewa, hāʻawi kēia mau mea hulu i ka hiamoe a noʻonoʻo nui.
Ma ka ʻāina, ʻike lākou ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe wikiwiki, hoʻoponopono hou i ko lākou mau wāwae, hoʻopili ʻia no ka ʻauʻau akamai ʻana, akā ʻaʻole no ka hele wāwae ʻana, me nā membrane mānoanoa, lohi a paʻakikī hoʻi. ʻO nā wahi ākea wai ko lākou kumu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kāhea wale nō o ke kūlohelohe i ke kau moʻo e hoʻouka i ia mau mea i uka.
ʻO Auk, e like me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ko lākou ʻohana, kaulana no ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kolamu manu a lākou e hana ai. ʻO kēlā ʻano maʻamau o ka ʻākoakoa ʻana i nā kolone nui e hāʻawi i kēia mau mea i nā mea maikaʻi he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiki ke palekana iā lākou mai nā mea ʻaihue a me nā ʻenemi ʻē aʻe.
Kūleʻa kēia mau manu no ko lākou helehelena a me ka nani o ka helehelena, akā no ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi pono i kahi ola piha i nā kūlana o ke aniau ʻino e ʻae ʻole ʻia no nā mea ola ʻē aʻe he nui, no ka mea aia lākou i ke ākea o ka hau mau loa a me ka hau. Arctic.
Manu ʻaukā Hilinaʻi nui ʻo ia i ka mea wai a ʻo nā ʻōpio o ia mau manu, ke ulu lākou, wikiwiki e kamaʻāina me kēia kaiapuni, e lele ana i ka hohonu hohonu o ke kai mai nā pōhaku.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole no nā moa āpau e hoʻopau hauʻoli me kēlā ʻano hoʻoikaika kino. ʻO ke koa o kekahi mau wahine ʻilihuna pinepine ke kumu o ka pōʻino.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa i kēlā mau manu nā meaʻai ma lalo o ka wai. ʻAuk ʻai iʻa: anchovies, herring, cod, sprat, capelin, a me nā ʻenuhe kai, molluscs lalo, crustacean, shrimps, squid. Ke ʻimi nei i kahi meaʻai kūpono na lākou, hiki i kēia mau mea ola ke komo i loko o ka mea wai no kahi mau minuke a ma ka manawa like i kahi hohonu ʻehiku mika.
E hopu a paʻa i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana, hoʻohana lākou i ka nuku e pili pono loa i kēia, a he ʻano like ko lākou no ke kumu. Makemake kēia mau manu e hoʻohana hou i kā lākou mea pio.
A no laila, ke hiki pono lākou i ka papa, hele koke lākou i luna o ka papa ʻaina, a i ʻole e ʻāwīwī e lawe i ka lāʻau i kā lākou mau keiki ʻO ka hilahila a me ka impudence ka mea i loko o ia mau mea, ke nānā aku i kēia, hana pinepine lākou e hoʻouka i nā manu ʻē aʻe i mea e lawe aku ai iā lākou i nā mea ʻono i hopu ʻia.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hāʻule ka hānau ʻana o kēia mau manu kūikawā i ka wā o ke kau anuanu a pōkole hoʻi. A oʻo makua maoli a hiki ke hana kope i kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī manu auk lilo i wahi ma kahi o ʻelima, i kekahi manawa ma mua iki, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka makahiki ʻehā.
ʻO nā pāʻani mīkini ma kēia mau manu i mua o ka noho aloha ʻana. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e leʻaleʻa i nā hoa hana mua, ke hoʻolauna nei ke auk i ka nani e hoʻonāukiuki pono i ko lākou kuko.
A ma hope o ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā lālā o nā hui i hana ʻia e noho pū, hana ʻia ka moena aloha ma waena o lākou, a me nā manawa he nui, no ka mea hiki ke hana i kēlā ʻano manu i kēia manu a ʻewalu kakini manawa.
Akā ʻaʻole ka manaʻo o ka pono i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka momona o nā manu. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, pinepine ka hana ʻana o nā wahine ma hope o nā ʻano hana nui e hōʻoluʻolu i ka honua me hoʻokahi hua manu.
A i ka manawa like ʻaʻole lākou e waiho i loko o kahi pūnana, akā maʻalahi wale nō ma nā pōhaku, e ʻimi ana i nā māwae kūpono, nā kaumaha a me nā hopena make i loko o lākou. Hana pinepine ʻia ʻo auk, i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi wahi kūpono, hoʻi hou i laila i nā makahiki aʻe.
I kekahi manawa he ʻoiaʻiʻo nā manu e ʻimi e hoʻomākaukau i kahi pūnaewele no ke kau ʻana, ʻoiai e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi i mea kūkulu hale, a e uhi ana i ka lalo o ke kaumaha i hana ʻia me nā hulu a me nā laikini.
ʻO nā hua ʻaukū, kaupaona wale nō ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau gram, he melemele a keʻokeʻo paha i ke kala, a ʻike ʻia nā blotch brown a ʻulaʻula paha i kekahi mau wahi. Lawe ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka hatching iā lākou: ʻo ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne.
Mālama nui lākou a kiaʻi hoʻi i kā lākou keiki, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i aloha ʻole e hoʻopoina loa iā lākou iho. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, inā pilikia ka manu, hūnā paha lākou, poina i nā hua.
I ka manawa like, hiki i nā mākua ke haʻalele i ka paʻa lima ʻole me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoweliweli mai waho, no ka laʻana, ma mua o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o ka keiki, hiki iā lākou ke hele lōʻihi e ʻimi lōʻihi no ka meaʻai, neʻe pinepine loa ia mai ka pūnaewele pūnana.
Kūpono loa kēlā ʻano inā hānau nā manu i nā keiki, e like me ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻohana, i nā kolone, a no laila palekana lākou a me kā lākou mau moa. Akā ke kū aʻe nā hope o ka genus, ʻaʻole ʻae nā mākua iā lākou e hele lōʻihi. ʻO ka manawa incubation ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina.
Inā nalowale kahi hua manu ma muli o kahi ulia pōpilikia, hiki i kahi mau aukua male ke ola i ko lākou nalowale a hana i kahi paʻa hou. Uhi ʻia nā pīpī ʻAuk me ka pouli i lalo (i nā hola mua o ke ola ko lākou kaumaha ma kahi o 60 gram) hānai ʻia e ko lākou mau mākua ma ka ʻai iʻa.
I ka manawa mua, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa lākou i ka neʻe nui, kōkua ʻole lākou a paʻa mau. Akā ma hope o ʻelua mau pule ua hoʻomaka lākou e maʻa i ke anuanu ʻākau.
I kēia manawa, ulu ikaika nā moa a oʻo a hiki iā lākou ke hele, hele pū me nā mākua, i kā lākou huakaʻi mua i ko lākou ola i ke kumu nui o nā auk āpau - ka wai: ke kai a me ke kai kūʻono, kahi i ka makahiki o ʻelua mau makahiki e aʻo ai lākou eʻauʻau nui.
I loko o ke kai wai, maʻamau, hala ko lākou ola āpau. A ʻo ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola ma kahi o 38 mau makahiki, kahi mea nui ia no nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke aupuni hulu.
