ʻO Alapakhsky Bulldog - kekahi o nā ʻano ʻīlio laha ʻole loa o ka pūʻulu hakakā. Kaulana ia no kona ikaika nui a paʻakikī kona ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻīlio mai kēia ʻāpana e ulu ikaika loa inā ʻaʻole i hānai pono ʻia lākou, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui i nīnau ʻia.
E kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o kona kumu, nā kikoʻī, ke ʻano, nā lula o ka mālama a me ka hānai ʻana. Akā ʻo ka mea nui e haʻi mākou iā ʻoe pehea ʻoe e launa pū ai me ia ʻano holoholona e lilo i mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
I kēia lā aia ma kahi o 140-150 mau kānaka i ka honua ʻīlio alapakhsky bulldog... Ua hele mua ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika o kēia wā, akā ʻo kona kūpuna ka Bulldog English kaulana.
Hoihoi! ʻO "Otto" ka inoa lua o kēia ʻano. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻīlio mua, ka mea a ka poʻe hānai i hoʻohewa ai ma ke ʻano he "Alapakh bulldog", he inoa kona. No laila, hoʻoholo ʻia e kāhea i kāna poʻe mamo pēlā.
ʻO ka mea hānau mua o kahi lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui e nīnau ʻia ana he American Buck Lane e noho ana ma Georgia. Ua makemake ʻo ia e hānai i kahi ʻano laha o ka mea kanu ʻīlio me ka hiki ke hana maikaʻi, akā ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i kahi mea hou aʻe. Ma hope o nā makahiki o ka hoʻokolohua ʻana me ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻīlio ʻokoʻa mai ka lawelawe a me nā pūʻulu hakakā, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Lane i kahi ʻano kū hoʻokahi me nā ʻano kikoʻī kikoʻī.
He ikaika ikaika ko Bulldogs Otto, paʻakikī, nānā pono a akahele hoʻi. I kekahi manawa lilo lākou i impulsive, akā, me ka mālama pono ʻana, ulu a hoʻolohe lākou.
He kūpaʻa ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka lāhui, kuleana a hilinaʻi hoʻi. Lilo ʻo ia i kāna haku ʻaʻole kōkua wale, akā he hoa aloha pū kekahi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i kēlā ʻīlio. Loaʻa iā ia kahi piha o nā ʻano pale: ka nānā pono ʻana, ka hiki ke kali, ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi a hoʻomohala i ka ʻike.
ʻAʻole pono ia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kēlā ʻīlio e pale i ka ʻohana a me ka home, mai ka mahina mua o ke ola e ʻike ʻo ia i kāna misiona. Mālama ʻo ia i nā malihini āpau me ke ʻano kānalua ʻole, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i kekahi. Hiki i ka hoʻouka. ʻO ia ke kumu e pono maoli ai ʻo ia i ka hana naʻauao kūpono.
ʻO ka mea nui, huhū ka ʻīlio i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o kahi malihini e komo i kona panalāʻau. I kēia manawa, hele ʻoi ʻoi ʻo ia, nui ka walaʻau a me ka huhū. ʻO Bulldog i kēia wā hiki ke kapa ʻia he weliweli. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāohi ʻia kona huhū, hiki iā ia ke hoʻouka i kahi kanaka āna i manaʻo ai he weliweli, a hōʻeha iā ia i ke kino.
No laila, paipai mākou e kiʻi i kahi ʻīlio i ka poʻe i mākaukau e hoʻolilo i mau makahiki i ka hānai ʻana iā ia. Mai poina i nā pīpī i hiki i ka huhū, e like me ka Alapakh Bulldog, hoʻoweliweli i kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ia he kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli iā lākou, akā hōʻike i ka pono e hoʻāʻo e hoʻolauna iā lākou.
Kūlana launa
ʻO Alapakh bulldog i ka kiʻi nani ke nānā aku. Ikaika ʻo ia, muscular a lōʻihi hoʻi. Piʻi ia mai 50 a 70 cm i ke kiʻekiʻe a loaʻa ke kaupaona mai 25 a 37 kg. ʻOi aku ka pōkole a me ka māmā o nā bitches ma mua o nā kāne. Kapa ʻia kēia hanana he "dimorphism moekolohe" i ka zoology. E pili ana i ka hoʻolālā a me ka leo, ʻo ka lunamakaʻāinana o kēia laha e like loa me ka American Staffordshire Terrier.
He paʻakikī ʻo ia, lōʻihi a muscular hoʻi. He kua ākea kona kua, kahi malo nui i wehewehe pono ʻia, kahi umauma poepoe a voluminous. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā iwi ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ua ʻīlio lā. Inā ʻole, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he lahilahi a pono nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui.
He wāwae ʻokoʻa ka bulldog. ʻO nā hope he ʻaneʻane 1.5 mau manawa ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā mea mua, ʻo ia ke kumu e ala iki ai ka malo o ka holoholona ke hele wāwae. Lahilahi ka huelo, lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa kuʻi. Inā ʻaʻole ʻimi ka mea nona ka loaʻa kālā mai ke komo ʻana o kāna pipi i ka hakakā ʻīlio, a laila ʻaʻole pono iki ka huelo. Mālama maikaʻi ka ʻīlio. Ma kona ʻāʻī pōkole he nui nā pelu o ka ʻili mānoanoa i pelu ʻia i loko o kahi "akordion".
He puʻupuʻu pōkole a pōʻai kona. ʻO ka ʻāpana ka hapa nui o ka puana. He ākea a ikaika ʻo ia. Pololei ka nahu, nahu ʻāpana. He ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo ʻoi loa ka bulldog i loko o kona waha, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokele paʻa i ka ʻiʻo o kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia. Mahalo i nā ʻohana paʻa paʻa, ikaika loa ka paʻa o kona waha.
Liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao o ka ʻīlio, he triangular ke ʻano. Ke kau nei i ka hapalua o lalo, kahi kaʻawale loa. Hōʻike ka maka, me ka ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka iris māmā. Ua uhi ʻia lākou e ka ʻili o luna o ka ʻili. Nui a pulu ka ihu. Lips - ākea, hāʻule.
Hoihoi! He mau maka kū ʻole ko Alapakh Bulldog, a i ʻole he iris. He kala momona momona kona, e hoʻomālamalama i ka lā. Mahalo nui ʻia nā maka maka polū. Pōkole ke ʻano o ka ʻahu ma ia ʻīlio. Manaʻo iki kahi maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻopā ʻana, paʻakikī loa.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke aka:
- ʻEleʻele ʻeleʻele.
- Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
- Kākoʻo ʻeleʻele.
- Mākala māmā.
Eia hou, ua hānau pinepine ʻia nā lunamaka o ka lāhui i nīnau ʻia. ʻO nā bulldogs Alapakh me ka huluhulu makame i waiwai nui ʻia. Akā aneane ʻaʻole lākou i hānau ʻia he tiger.
ʻAno
ʻO Breed Alapakhsky Bulldog - ʻaʻole kākaʻikahi wale nō, akā poʻokela pū kekahi. Hāʻawi ʻia kona mau lunamakaʻāinana i kahi helu nui loa o nā mea maikaʻi. He wiwo ʻole lākou, koa a koa hoʻi. ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine he mau kiaʻi maikaʻi a me nā kiaʻi kiaʻi. ʻAʻole lākou e ʻae i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia i ko lākou ʻohana. Mākaukau mākou e hoʻopau i nā hoʻoweliweli iā mākou iho.
No nā malihini i waho o ka home o ka ʻāina i pale ʻia e ka otto bulldog, hiki i kēia mau ʻīlio ke makaʻu. Hoʻohuoi nui lākou i nā malihini. ʻO ka likelika e hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻoluʻolu me kahi lāʻau a hoʻowalewale paha i ka ʻole.
Eia naʻe, mai noʻonoʻo he kolohe ʻole kēia mau ʻīlio a lawa ʻole hoʻi ka luku. Ma ka pōʻai ʻohana ʻoluʻolu lākou, aloha a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi. ʻOiai kahi ʻīlio hakakā e hiki ke hōʻike i ka palupalu a me ka mālama. Inā maopopo iā ia ke huhū nei kekahi o ka home, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hōʻoluʻolu iā ia, hiki iā ia ke mālama, no ka laʻana, hoʻomaka i ka palu ʻana i kona ʻili. Ma ke ala, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia ka "honi" ʻana o kahi ʻīlio i ke kanaka.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka lunamakaʻāinana mālie o ka lāhui hiki ke kapa ʻia he kaulike. Inā maopopo i ka holoholona ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kona ʻohana, ʻaʻole ia e noho hoʻomaha, hōʻike i ka hopohopo a hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻouka kaua. Ma ke ʻano maikaʻi, hiki iā ia ke kono i kekahi mai ka hale e pāʻani.
ʻAʻole loa ʻo ia e kumakaia i ka mea nāna ia, e hoʻohuli a hilinaʻi hoʻi. Akā, hōʻino nui kekahi mau mea i kā lākou mau ottos, kahi e kolohe ai a kolohe ai hoʻi. A hiki i ka 1-2 mau makahiki, ʻoliʻoli a hauʻoli hoʻi kēia mau ʻīlio, akā i ko lākou oʻo ʻana, hele a mālie lākou.
ʻO nā mākau noʻonoʻo o ka ʻīlio kūpono i ka nānā nui. Kūleʻa lākou. Hoʻomanaʻo ka holoholona i kekahi kauoha i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa 2-3, hopu i nā loli iki i ke ʻano o nā ona ona, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou.
Akā, ʻo ka mea nui loa, maopopo mau iā ia ka mea a ka mea ʻona e manaʻo ai mai iā ia. I kahi kūlana ke pono e pale iā ia, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i wikiwiki, hana ʻo ia i kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi o ke kūlana, hoʻoholo iā ia wale nō. I nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, hilinaʻi ia i ka mea nona.
Kaohi ʻia i ka manaʻo e hōʻike i ka naʻau. Me he meaiki loa paha ka pae o ka otto, no ka mea he akahele ka hapa nui o ka manawa, akā ʻaʻole ia. He ʻano phlegmatic-choleric mālamalama kēia ʻīlio. Nānā ʻo ia, charismatic a nani. Hoʻoiho ia i nā manaʻo o haʻi, ʻoiai i loko o kekahi poʻe ke kumu o ka makaʻu.
ʻO ka Alapakh Bulldog kekahi o nā lāhui ʻīlio e launa pū me nā keiki. Nanea ʻo ia i ka pāʻani ʻana me lākou, ke nānā nei a me ka hōʻoia ʻana ʻaʻole lākou e pilikia. ʻO nā bitches, ʻaʻole kāne, ʻoi aku ke akahai e pili ana i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā keiki. ʻOi aku ke kuleana a me ka makaʻala o ka poʻe hope.
Kaha! No kahi keiki i komo ʻole i loko o ka ʻohana Otto Bulldog, hiki iā ia ke makaʻu. No laila, inā ʻo ʻoe, he holoholona like me ia ma ka home, ke kali nei no nā malihini me nā keiki, mai waiho hoʻokahi iā lākou.
Koho ka lāhui i ka pili aloha a me ka launa ʻana. E pāʻani hauʻoli ʻo ia me ka mea ʻona, nāna e hōʻike ākea i kona aloha iā ia, akā e haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hana hoʻomāinoino a hoʻomāinoino. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomanawanui i nā holoholona, akā aloha ʻo ia me kēlā mau ʻelele o ka holoholona i ulu pū me ia. Makemake e patronize ma mua o ka hakakā.
Mālama a me ka mālama ʻana
Kūpono ka Alapakh Bulldog no ka mea hānai ʻīlio haʻuki a i ʻole he aloha holoholona wale me kahi nohona hana. Pono ʻo ia i nā hele lōʻihi a ʻōnaehana hoʻi, ke ʻano a me ka hoʻoikaika kino. Makemake ʻo ia e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa, e hoʻomaha me kona ʻohana.
Inā loaʻa kahi manawa kūpono e lawe i kēlā ʻīlio me ʻoe i ka nahele, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana. ʻO kahi hele wāwae i nā wahi nahele mānoanoa, kokoke i ka waihona wai, e hoʻohauʻoli nui iā ia a e hoʻokau iā ia me ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻO kekahi Otto Bulldogs he ʻauʻauʻau maikaʻi loa lākou, no laila ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e pāpā iā lākou mai hele wale i ka muliwai.
Mea nui! Me nā ʻīlio ʻeleu, hiki iā ʻoe ke pāʻani i ka "lawe lāʻau", aʻo iā lākou i nā kauoha like ʻole, holo, pāʻani pāʻani a hoʻomaha wale pū.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i kahi bulldog ma nā wahi āpau, ʻo ka mea nui he wahi pilikino kāna. Makemake ʻo ia e hiamoe ma kāna iho, pinepine pinepine i kahi papa palupalu. Inā ʻoe e mālama i kahi pipi ma loko o ka hale, a laila e hoʻolako iā ia me kahi hale manu ākea. E uhi ʻia ka pahu o ka holoholona i nā mea mehana i ʻole anuanu i loko o ia i ka hoʻoilo. Ma ke ala, ua insulate maikaʻi ka mauʻu i ka "wahi noho" o ka ʻīlio.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e waiho i nā kīʻaha me ka meaʻai a me ka wai no kahi ʻīlio kūloko ʻaʻole kokoke i kona wahi moe, akā i ka lumi kuke, i hiki ai iā ia ke ʻai ma kahi o kēlā me kēia mea ʻē aʻe. Akā, inā noho kāu pipi ʻehā wāwae ma ke alanui, i ka pā, hiki iā ʻoe ke waiho i kāna pola i ka aviary a i ʻole i loko.
Koi ʻia ka mālama liʻiliʻi. No ka mea he koloʻuʻulu a kākole pokole kā ka Alapakh Bulldog, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai ke kāhili pinepine. Ua lawa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waihona no nā ʻīlio he 1-2 mau manawa i ka wā o ka moulting, ʻoi aku ke kikoʻī i ke kauwela. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻauʻau ʻana o ka ʻīlio pinepine. E holoi ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia ʻeono mau mahina, akā inā aia kahi pilau, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā kaʻina wai.
Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mālama hou:
- E pīpī i nā maka o kāu pipi mai ka waikawa.
- E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kona mau pepeiao mai ka wax a me ka lepo.
- Palaki i ka pā mai kona mau niho a me nā ʻāʻī.
- Wehe i kahi lepo maloʻo ma waena o nā pads o kona mau manamana lima.
Meaʻai kūpono
Lilo i ʻīlio ikaika, kūpaʻa a maikaʻi hoʻi, ʻo ka mea mua, mahalo i ka meaʻai maikaʻi. Pono pono ʻo Otto i ka protein, momona a me ka ikehu. ʻO Alapakh Bulldog Puppy pono e ʻai ma kahi o 300 gram o ka ʻiʻo i ka lā, ʻoi aku ka maka. E hana ka moa, puaʻa a hipa paha.
Pono ʻo ia e inu i ka waiū nui. ʻO kēia mau meaʻai ʻelua kahi kumu o ka protein a me ka calcium. E mālama kēlā ʻano meaʻai i ka holoholona i ke olakino a me ka ikaika. E hoʻomaka mālie ia e loaʻa ka nui o nā mākala. Pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai inā ʻai pono kahi otto? I ka makahiki mua o ke ola, e ʻike maopopo ʻia nā mākala ma kona kino, keu hoʻi ma ka sternum.
Nā meaʻai hou aʻe hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi iā ia:
- Huamoa.
- Keiki, tī
- Hua.
- Nā mea kanu.
- Porridge.
- Pasta.
- ʻUala paila.
- Palaoa.
- ʻAi iwi.
- Iʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka ʻīlio i kahi papaʻai kālepa i 1.5 mau makahiki. ʻO ka meaʻai maloʻo Premium / Super premium maikaʻi loa nona. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e hānai ʻelua mau manawa i ka lā, kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi.
ʻO ke ola a me ka hana hou
Ma ka awelika, ola ʻo Alapakh Bulldogs i nā makahiki 14-15. ʻO kēia nā ʻīlio ikaika a kūpaʻa i ke kino e kūpono i ka mahalo. Pono e ʻike pono ka mea hānai o kēia lā i mea e hiki ʻole ai i kahi otto me kahi English a i ʻole French Bulldog. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa kālā he nui no ka mestizo!
ʻO ka manawa kūpono loa no nā ʻīlio moʻa he 3 mau lā o ka estrus no ka wahine. ʻIke ke kāne iā ia, a ma hope e hoʻouna ʻia ka hōʻailona like i kona lolo. Loaʻa kēia i ke ʻano hānau. Inā hāpai ka wahine ma hope o ka male ʻana me kahi kāne, a laila i ka pule ʻelua e ʻike ʻia kāna peritoneum, a hoʻonui ʻia kona makemake. E loaʻa iā ia nā pēpē i 2-2.5 mau mahina.
Kumukūʻai
I kēia manawa, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole pili pono nā ʻīlio like me ia ma ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation. ʻO nā mea aloha i nā ʻīlio hakakā ikaika i manaʻo ʻia no ka mālama home hiki ke kūʻai i kahi Bulldog English, no ka laʻana. No nā mea pā o ka lāhui e nīnau ʻia nei, aʻoaʻo mākou iā ʻoe e hele i USA a e nānā i nā mea hānai ma laila. ʻO Alapakh Bulldog kumu kūʻai ma ʻAmelika - mai $ 700.
Ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa
He ʻīlio ʻo Otto i hiki i ka huhū. Nui nā hewa i kāna ʻano. I waena o lākou: hilinaʻi nui iā ʻoe iho, palaualelo, makemake e hoʻomake, haʻaheo a me ka hoʻoholo nui. 'Lelo kēia mau mea a pau i ka pono no ka hana aʻo mua.
Mea nui! Inā ʻo Alapakh Bulldog kāu pipi mua, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e ʻimi i ke kōkua i ka hānai ʻana iā ia mai kahi luna ʻīlio aku. ʻO ia iho e huki i kahi papa hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me kahi papahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa me ka holoholona.
ʻO ka mea mua, pono ʻoe e aʻo i ka ʻīlio e pane i kāna inoa ponoʻī. E kapa iā ia inā wale nō ʻo ia a puni, e kia ana iā ʻoe iho. I loko o kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi hale hou, e hoʻomaka ana ka ʻīlio ʻīlio e pane i kāna inoa kapakapa.
ʻO ka lua, e hōʻike iā ia i ka lāliʻi. ʻAʻole pono ʻo ia e hoʻomaha iā ia iho i ka hale kahi e noho ai ka poʻe. I kēia hihia, pono e hōʻino ʻia ka ʻīlio a kipaku ʻia i waho i ke alanui. Pehea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai iā ia e hoʻohana i kahi lua? Ke ʻike ʻoe ke honi nei ʻo ia i ka lepo, e ʻike ʻoe e lele koke ʻo ia. I kēia manawa, e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu pipi. Mai poina e mālama iā ia me kahi mea ʻono e hoʻohui i ka hopena maikaʻi.
ʻO ka mea nona kahi ʻīlio e pono e lūlū i ka mahalo ma kāna ʻāpana, no laila, e mālama mau ʻia kahi pilina hierarchical me ia. Mai hoʻolohi a hoʻokuʻu iā ia e hana i kāna makemake. Mai hoʻokuʻu iā ia e hōʻole a hōʻole paha e hāhai i ke kauoha. Pono e nānā pono i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana me ka lei.
Aʻoaʻo hoʻoikaika kino:
- Hoʻopili i kahi kaula i ke kola o kāu holoholona.
- Kono iā ia e kū ma kou ʻaoʻao a hoʻomaka e neʻe i mua.
- A laila, kau i ka hana a ka ʻīlio. Inā makemake ʻo ia e hele i mua, huki i ke kaula i hope i pae ai ʻo ia me ʻoe a kū no kekahi mau kekona. ʻĀ, inā e hele wāwae ana ka holoholona, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi iā ia i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka neʻe.
Mai ʻae i kāu ʻīlio e lawe i ka meaʻai mai ka papaʻaina, no ka mea e hōʻino kēia iā ia. Hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻo Otto iā ia iho i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, akā ma muli o ka palaualelo hiki iā ia ke pale aku, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana iā ia i mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa pāʻani. E uku i kāu holoholona no nā hoʻāʻo kūleʻa!
Kaohi i kāna kamaʻilio ʻana me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻohana. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻīlio e hakakā me kekahi. Inā kū kēia, e komo pono. Mai hoʻokuʻu iā ia e hoʻouka i kahi kanaka a holoholona paha, ma ke ʻano nui, kaohi i kāna ʻano.
Nā maʻi kūpono a me pehea e mālama ai iā lākou
Ua kaupalena ʻia ka moe kolohe o ka Alapakh Bulldog ma muli o kāna helu liʻiliʻi. Akā, ua hoʻokumu nā lunamaka o kēia laha iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano he kiaʻi kiaʻi kūpono a me nā kiaʻi me ke olakino maikaʻi loa.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou e pale i ka cataract a me ka huli ʻana o ka eyelid. Inā manaʻo ʻoe ua hele a maka nā maka o kāu holoholona, e hōʻike pono iā ia i kahi loea no laila, inā hōʻoia ʻia ka hōʻoia, e kuhikuhi ʻo ia i ka lāʻau. ʻAʻole hiki ke holoi i nā maka ʻōpua o ka holoholona me kahi kī tī a mea lāʻau paha iā ʻoe iho.
Hiki i ka Otto ke hoʻomohala i nā pilikia pepeiao, keu hoʻi inā ʻaʻole hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka wax mai kā lākou mau aʻa pepeiao.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e noho pinepine nā microorganism pathological ma luna o ia mea, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili, ka mumū a me ka ʻula o nā pepeiao. I kēia hihia, kōkua nā kulu a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
