Hoʻolahalaha kūpono ʻia kekahi o nā ʻelele nui loa o nā pepeke i ka honua o nā holoholona. Pōʻai lalo i ka kiʻi hōʻike maopopo i ka pōmaikaʻi o kona helehelena ma ke ʻano he nalo nunui.
Ke ulu nei ka helu o nā ʻano 3000 ma ka Russian Federation a hoʻohui i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Helu ka honua i nā ʻano 25,000-50,000. Ma ke ala o ke ola, pili ia i nā mea ʻino, i waena o nā mea ʻino ʻohana i hapa nui.
Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā wahi noho
Coleoptera nalo honua, wehewehe ʻike ʻia kahi ʻohana nui e kēia mau ʻano:
- ka nui;
- hale kūwaho;
- ke ʻano;
- kala like 'ole;
- chaetotaxy - ke kūlana o nā bristles;
- ke ʻano o nā genitalia.
ʻEtʻī lepo he inoa ʻē aʻe: maʻamau, māla, ulu lāʻau. Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka nui mai ka palena iki -1 mm a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 cm. ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ke kino. Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano i hoʻopuni ʻia me kahi aniani biconvex a i ʻole lau-like, loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano elongated a i ʻole oval.
Maʻalahi ka ʻili, ʻino a pākaha paha. ʻO ke ʻano o ke ana e like me ka naonao, i hōʻike ʻia e ke kino kipi me ka paʻa o ka hope a me kahi poʻo nui.
ʻĀʻā o Cave
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana i nā kahakai one, me ko lākou ʻano pōʻai, like me ka ladybug.
Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka moekolohe o kahi pepeke e nā kūlike o ke kino a me kahi o ka setae ma ka ʻāpana anal. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO ke poʻo i hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia i ka umauma a i ʻole i nā maka ke nānā i mua, e hoʻopau ana i kahi iwi ā lalo ikaika a luna.
Pili ko lākou kinona i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā predator he nui e kahi iwi ā lōʻihi ma ke ʻano o ka pahi (mandible), e paʻa paʻa ana i ka mea pio. Hoʻololi ʻia nā lāʻau Herbivores me nā ā nunui a maka hoʻi e wili i ka mea kanu mea kanu.
ʻO nā maka o nā nui like ʻole, mai ka nui i ka diurnal a i ʻole nā ʻāpana crepuscular, i hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻia i nā ʻano parasite. Nui nā ana a me nā ʻano lepo o ka liʻiliʻi. Kū ikaika nā whiskeys hoʻomohala.
Aia ka hapa mua o ka lae i kahi indentation: ʻo ka lōʻihi ka ʻaoʻao mua, ʻo ka mea pōkole ka fossa mua. Aia ke koina o ka hoʻolohe ʻana ma waenakonu a i ʻole ma ke kumu o ka auwae.
Loaʻa i nā antennae filifiliaormment segmentment kekahi a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hulu. I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā antennae. Hōʻike ʻia ka pahu i nā ʻano like ʻole. Paipai kona ʻano hāiki i ka neʻe maikaʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano Burrowing e kahi ʻano o ke kino paʻa.
Lele maikaʻi ʻole nā beetle a lele ʻole paha, hoʻohana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu wale no ka puehu. I nā lele ʻana, uhi ʻo elytra paʻakikī i ka ʻōpū a kokoke pau loa. Underdeveloped a i ʻole absent elytra i kekahi laha i kekahi manawa ulu pū.
ʻO nā wāwae lōʻihi a lahilahi hoʻi me ka 5-segment tarsus kūpono kūpono no ka holo a me ka hele wāwae. Pili ka neʻe agile me ka waiwai o ka nāwaliwali a i ʻole ke eo ʻana o ka lele. ʻOkoʻa nā kāne mai nā wahine i nā ʻāpana lōʻihi.
I nā ʻelele burrowing, mānoanoa lākou. Loaʻa i ka tibia i mua kahi notch - kahi lālā no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā antennae. Me ke kōkua o ka māhele māiʻu, hoʻopili pono nā beetle i ka substrate a hoʻopaʻa i ka mea kanu.
ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā kolo me ka predominance o nā kala ʻeleʻele. Maʻalahi ke kāʻei ānuenue a me ke aniani metallic. ʻO nā ʻelele kala e like me ka mea nui - Nalo honua Caucasian, hiki i kahi lōʻihi o 6 cm.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kamaʻāina o ka Caucasus ʻĀkau ma lalo o ka pale o ka Red Book o Lūkia. Hiki ke poni a ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kino ʻōlinolino o ka beetle i ke kala me ka sheen metallic ma lalo.
Loaʻa i nā lālā o ka ʻohana kahi plasticity ecological kupaianaha a hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia wahi mai ke anu anuanu i nā ululāʻau tropical a me nā wao akua. Ma waho o Rūsia, hiki ke loaʻa pinepine iā lākou ma Ukraine, Moldova, ʻEnelani, Kuekene, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.
Noho lākou i ka papa o ka papa o luna a i ʻole ia, i kekahi manawa i nā kumulāʻau. ʻO lākou nā kamaʻāina o ke aniau me ka wela kiʻekiʻe, makemake lākou i ke ʻano mahana.
Nalo honua Caucasian
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia nā Beetles i kahi nohona ʻāina. Noho lākou i nā hui liʻiliʻi i loko o nā ʻano ʻohana like ʻole o ka ʻohana. Aia ka hale i nā papa liʻiliʻi o ka lepo, ma lalo o nā pōhaku, ma ke kumu o nā laʻalāʻau a me nā mauʻu. ʻO nā ʻano liʻiliʻi wale nō e makemake e kau ma nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau.
Hāʻawi ka hana nui o ka beetles i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻano 3:
- ke ao;
- pō;
- i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO ke kumu, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea kolo i ke ʻano pō pō, i kahi e ʻimi ai lākou i ka meaʻai. Mahalo i nā lālā ikaika a ikaika hoʻi, neʻe wikiwiki lākou i kahi mamao loa, no nā mea i loaʻa iā lākou nā inoa - nā kūkini a me nā kūkini.
Hoʻolilo loa ʻia ke ao i ko lākou puʻuhonua. No ka hoʻoilo, ma ka hopena o ke anuanu o ke kau, lele lākou i ka lepo a hiki i ka puna. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana, piʻi lākou i luna a hoʻomau i kā lākou hana nui.
Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa o ka beetle bombardier ʻĀʻī lepo Crimea loaʻa i ke aloha i ka wai palekana i ka gland anal. Kiola iā ia i ka ʻenemi, ke ʻike nei i ka makaʻu a me ka alualu ʻana.
ʻO ka hui ʻino ʻino a hōʻea i kahi mahana wela ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia a pā me kahi kaomi nui, e kū koke ana i ke ʻano o ke ao. Lele ka predator makaʻu me nā wela i ʻike ʻia. Ua lawa ka waihona o nā mea reagents no 15-35 volley.
Meaʻai kūpono
Ma waena o ka ʻohana pepeke, aia kekahi ʻano me ka ʻano hui o nā meaʻai e ʻai i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.
ʻO Genet Gret beetles ʻai:
- nā mea kolo;
- pūpū;
- ʻenuhe;
- hua hīnaʻi hua waina;
- ʻenuhe honua;
- nā phytophages;
- mea ʻai mea ʻai.
Ke kakali nei ka mea ʻaihue i kāna mea pio i kahi puʻuhonua a i ʻole hopu koke ia me ke kōkua o nā wāwae lōʻihi loloa muscular. Mahalo i ka digestion extraintestinal, paʻa iā ia me nā ā āpana ikaika, e ninini ana i kahi huna mai ka ʻōpū waena e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nāʻiʻo paʻakikī.
Hāʻawi maʻalahi kekahi uhi chitinous iā ia iho i nā ā āpana ikaika. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka lawe a me ka digestion kahi wikiwiki mai 2 a 4 mau hola, e lilo ana i gruel wai. Ke ʻai nei i kahi kuhū, ʻūlū ʻo ia i ka mollusk iā ia iho, a haʻalele i kona hale. Kīkū kahi insect i māʻona i ka lepo no kekahi mau lā.
Herbivorous nalo nalo honua he mea hōʻino o nā mea kanu i nā māla kahi e hoʻolilo mau ai ʻo ia i ka manawa. Aloha i nā ʻano mahiʻai o ka palaoa, bale a me ka rai. I ka pō piʻi ʻo ia i nā pepeiao a ʻai i ka palaoa.
Ma hope o kaʻohi ʻana, hoʻopaʻa paʻa ia i nā wahi me ka palaoa i ninini ʻia. Hoʻohana pū ia i ka mauʻu, nibbling i nā lau ʻōpio a waiho wale i nā kaha. Nanea ʻo ia i ka nectar a me ka pollen ma nā pua me ka leʻaleʻa.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
ʻEtʻī lepo pili i nā nalo lōʻihi - mai 3 a 5 mau makahiki. Holo mālie ka pōʻaiapuni ola o ka pepeke mai ka hua manu a i ka larva, pupa, a me ka imago. Hoʻomaka ka wā hānau ma hope o ke kau puna kau moʻo, i hana mau ʻia i ka mahina o ʻApelila.
Pīʻī palaoa
Hoʻolilo kekahi wahine i kahi manawa hoʻokahi o 50-80 mau hua i pololei i loko o ka lepo i kahi hohonu o 3 cm. No kēia, koho ʻo ia i kahi wahi pulu me ka lepo momona. Ke kaumaha nei nā ʻūlū a 160 mg a hiki i 2 cm lōʻihi ma hope o 13-14 mau lā.
He ʻeono mau wāwae manō ko lākou. Lilo ke keʻokeʻo o lākou i keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele i 10 mau hola. ʻO ka iwi ā o nā mea ʻaihue liʻiliʻi, 40 mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, he mana ko lākou e ʻai i nā mollusks lepo. Hoʻopili paʻa i ka mea i hoʻomake ʻia, ʻoiai ka hoʻomau a me ka huna ʻana o ka hua a me ka hua, kanu iā ia iho i ka lepo me ia a ʻai pū.
Hoʻopau ka hoʻomohala Larval e ka hopena o ke kauwela. Hana ʻia ka pae aʻe - pupation, a he 15-25 mau lā ka lōʻihi. ʻO ke kino ʻōlohelohe o nā pupa waho he like ia me ka beetle makua.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona nā ʻāpana o nā setae protruding ma ka ʻaoʻao hope a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka pupa ka hapanui i loko o kahi moe i hana ʻia i ka lepo a i ʻole substrate.
I ka hoʻoilo, komo ia i ke kūlana makua me ka lōʻihi o 2-3 mau makahiki. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona mua o nā ʻōpio e pili i nā kūlana o ke aniau a mālama ʻia i ka mahina o Mei-Iune. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻomaka o ka oʻo ʻana o ka hua palaoa.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano nui i ka wā waiū o ka oʻo o nā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. I ʻAukake, hāʻule ia i ka diapuse - kahi kū o ke kaʻina hana, a kanu iā ia iho i ka lepo a 40 cm.
Pehea e hana ai i ka nalo honua pest
Hana kolohe nalo nalo, pehea e pakele ai mai kahi mea ʻaihue kolohe - pili kēia nīnau i waena o nā māla a me nā māla he nui. Lawe ka hōʻino ʻana i ka pepelu i nā pilikia ma nā wahi mahiʻai wale nō, akā, i nā hale pū kekahi, kahi e hiki ai i nā nalo pīhoihoi ke komo i loko.
ʻO kahi ala i hoʻopili ʻia me nā agrotechnical a me nā ana kemika, me kahi hōʻiliʻili wikiwiki ʻana me ka ninini ʻole ʻana i ka palaoa, kōkua i ka pale kiʻekiʻe loa i nā mea ʻino.
Nalo ʻeleʻele no ka hale - ʻaʻole kahi hanana pinepine a ʻoluʻolu ʻole hoʻi. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ko lākou noho ʻana i ke keʻena no ka nele i ka meaʻai. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili i nā wahi āpau me nā lū. ʻO nā mea maopopo i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā nalo kūloko:
- nā huahana meaʻai: ka palaoa, nā palaʻai, kaʻuala, a pēlā aku.
- ʻōpala meaʻai;
- ōpala;
- wahie;
- wahie kahiko.
ʻO ka hana koke ʻana e hoʻopau i nā mea kolo e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka pālahalaha. I ke kaua ʻana i nā nalo, nā ʻano pono:
- hoʻomaʻemaʻe laulā me ka hulina akahele no kā lākou wahi;
- ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me ka soda a i ʻole nā pāʻina vineka
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau insecticidal no nā mea kolo;
- pale pale ma nā puka aniani.
Pono pono e nānā i ka palekana o ka meaʻai i kahi ʻano pani. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano nalo honua i hōʻea i nā helu he nui a he mea nui i ke kaiaolaola kūlohelohe a anthropogenic. ʻO nā pepeke he hōʻailona o ke kūlana o ke kaiapuni a me ke kū ʻana o ka haumia kanaka.
