Moa He ʻumikūmākahi mau ʻano i loko o nā moʻomeheu ʻeono, he mau manu lele ʻole i hoʻopau ʻia i Aotearoa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma mua o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe Polinesia ma ka pae ʻāina ʻo Nūhōlani ma kahi o 1280, aia ka heluna kānaka Moa ma kahi o 58,000. ʻO Moa ka mea kanu nui ma nā ululāʻau o Nūhōlani, ulu lāʻau a me nā kaiaola subalpine no nā tausani makahiki. Ua hala ka nalowale ʻana o ka Moa ma kahi o 1300 - 1440 ± 30 mau makahiki, ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana o ka poʻe Maori i hōʻea mai.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Moa
Pili ʻo Moa i ka papa Dinornithiformes, kahi ʻāpana o ka hui Ratite. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi genetic ʻo kona pili kokoke ka tinamu ʻAmelika Hema, ka mea hiki ke lele. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia he pili pili loa ka kiwi, ka emu a me nā cassowaries i ka moa.
Video: Manu Manu
I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a me ke kenekulia 20, ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano moa he nui, akā he nui nā ʻano i kau ʻia ma nā iwi iwi ʻelua a pālua ʻia kekahi i kekahi. I kēia manawa aia he 11 mau ʻano ʻike ʻē ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo nā noi hou ʻana o DNA i unuhi ʻia mai nā iwi mai i nā hōʻiliʻili hale hōʻikeʻike aia kekahi mau kūʻauhau ʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu i hoʻokumu i ka huikau o ka hoʻokupu kālā o Moa ka hoʻololi i loko o ka nui o ka iwi ma waena o nā makahiki hau, a me ka dimorphism moekolohe kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o kekahi ʻano.
ʻIke hoihoi: Loaʻa i nā Dinornis species ka dimorphism moekolohe ʻoi loa: hiki i nā wahine a 150% o ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 280% o ke koʻikoʻi o nā kāne, no laila, a hiki i ka 2003, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi 2009 ʻo Euryapteryx gravis a me Gordus kekahi ʻano, a i ka makahiki 2012 ua unuhi ʻia kahi noiʻi morphological ma ke ʻano he subspecies.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kālailai ʻana o DNA i kekahi mau laina evolutionary pohihihi i kū i kekahi mau moʻokūʻauhau o Moa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana a i ʻole nā mea lawelawe; Ua like ʻo M. benhami me M. didinus no ka mea aia nā iwi o nā mea ʻelua i nā hōʻailona maʻamau. Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i ka nui i kā lākou wahi noho, i hui pū ʻia me nā inconsistencies wā ʻē. ʻO ka loli like ʻole i ka nui i ʻike ʻia ma Pachyornis mappini o ka North Island. ʻO nā koena mua o nā moa i hele mai nā holoholona Miocene o St. Batan.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu manu
Kūkulu hou ʻia nā koena moa i loaʻa i nā iwi iwi i ke kūlana papamoe e hoʻolālā i ke kiʻekiʻe kumu o ka manu. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili o nā ami o ka vertebrae i nā holoholona i hili ʻia ke poʻo i mua e like me ke ʻano o ke kiwi. ʻAʻole pili ka iwi kuamoʻo i ke kumu o ke poʻo akā ma ka hope o ke poʻo, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili kaulike. Hāʻawi kēia iā lākou i ka manawa kūpono e ʻai i nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hāpai i ko lākou mau poʻo a nānā i nā lāʻau ke pono. Ua alakaʻi kēia ʻike i ka loiloi o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka moa nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua ulu kekahi mau ʻano moa i nā kūpana nui. ʻAʻole ʻēheu o kēia mau manu (nele lākou i nā ʻaoʻao mua). Ua ʻike ʻepekema ʻekolu mau ʻohana moa a me 9 mau lāhui. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo D. robustus a me D. novaezelandiae, ua ulu a nui i ka nui e pili ana i nā manu e kū nei, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 3.6 m, a ua hōʻea ko lākou kaumaha i 250 kg.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe moʻolelo o nā kani a ka moa i hana ai, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau kuhi e pili ana i kā lākou kāhea leo mai nā koena fossil o kahi manu. Kākoʻo ʻia nā trakea o ka MCHOW i ka moa e nā apo iwi he lehulehu i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā apo trachea.
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o kēia mau apo ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelua genera o Moa (Emeus a me Euryapteryx) i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka trachea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hiki ka lōʻihi o kā lākou trachea i 1 m a hana i kahi loop nui i loko o ke kino. ʻO lākou wale nō nā manu i loaʻa kēia hiʻohiʻona, me ka hoʻohui i kēia, he mau ʻano manu like ʻole e noho nei i kēia lā kahi ʻano like o ka larynx, e like me: nā manuʻoki, nā manu puaʻa, nā manu kuā. Pili kēia mau ʻano me ke kani hohonu o ka leo i hiki ke hiki i kahi mamao loa.
Ma hea i noho ai ka moa?
Kiʻi: Manu moa pau
He hopena ʻo Moa i Nūhōlani. ʻImi ʻia nā iwi mōʻī i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻikepili kikoʻī e pili ana i ka nohona i makemake ʻia o nā moa kikoʻī a hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano faunas kūpana.
Mokupuni Hema
ʻElua mau ʻano D. robustus a me P. elephantopus no ka mokupuni hema.
Ua makemake lākou i nā fauna nui ʻelua:
- nā holoholona o nā ululāʻau beech o ke kahakai komohana a i ʻole Notofagus me ka ua nui;
- ʻO nā holoholona o nā ululāʻau ua maloʻo a me nā kumulāʻau hikina o nā Alps Hema i noho ʻia e nā ʻano e like me Pachyornis elephantopus (moa mānoanoa), E. gravis, E. crassus a me D. robustus.
ʻElua mau ʻano moa ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma ka South Island, ʻo P. australis a me M. didinus, i komo pū ʻia me nā manu subalpine me ka D. australis maʻamau.
Ua loaʻa nā iwi o ka holoholona i nā ana ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana ʻākau o Nelekona a me Karamea (e like me Sotha Hill Cave), a me kekahi mau wahi ma ka wahi ʻo Wanaka. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo M. didinus he moa kuahiwi no ka mea ʻike pinepine ʻia kona mau iwi i ka ciia subalpine. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻia kēia ma ka ʻilikai kahi i kū ai nā ʻāina pali a kūpono hoʻi. ʻAʻole maopopo ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā wahi kai, akā aia lākou ma nā wahi like me Kaikoura, ka Penei ʻo Otago, a me Karitane.
Mokupuni ʻĀkau
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā paleofaunas o ka North Island ma muli o ka nele o nā koena mōʻalihaku. ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka pilina ma waena o ka moa a me ka nohona ka mea like. ʻOiai ʻo kekahi o kēia mau laha (E. gravis, A. didiformis) i noho ma nā mokupuni Hema a me ʻAkau ʻĀkau, no ka mokupuni hoʻokahi wale nō ka hapanui, kahi e hōʻike ana i ka like ʻole ma mua o nā makahiki he kaukani.
Ua lanakila ʻo D. novaezealandiae lāua ʻo A. didiformis i nā ulu lāʻau o ka ʻAkau ʻAkau me ka nui o ka ua. ʻO nā ʻano moa ʻē aʻe i noho ma ka ʻAkau ʻAkau (E. Gordus a me P. geranoides) i noho i nā wahi nahele maloʻo a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi. Ua loaʻa ʻo P. geranoides ma ka mokupuni ʻĀkau, ʻoiai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o E. gravis a me E. Gordus ʻaneʻane pili ʻokoʻa, me nā mea i loaʻa ma nā kapakai wale nō ma ka hema o ka ʻAkau ʻAkau.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i noho ai ka manu moa. E nānā kāua i ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka moa?
Kiʻi: Moa
ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike pehea a me ka mea a ka moa e ʻai ai, akā kūkulu hou ʻia kā lākou papaʻai e nā ʻepekema mai nā mea i haku ʻia o ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona, mai nā kōpua i mālama ʻia, a ʻo kahi hopena hoʻi o ke kālailai morphological o nā iwi poʻo a me nā nuku a me ka nānā ʻana i nā isotope kūpaʻa mai kā lākou iwi. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hānai ʻana o ka moa i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana, e like me nā lālā fibrous a me nā lau i lawe ʻia mai nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa a me nā kumulāʻau. Ua like ka nuku o Mao me nā ʻāpana ʻoki kalai a hiki ke ʻoki i nā lau fibrous o New Zealand flax formium (Phórmium) a me nā lālā me ke anawaena o ka liʻiliʻi 8 mm.
Ua hoʻopiha ʻo Moa ma nā mokupuni i kahi kaolaola i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i noho ʻia e nā māmela nui e like me nā antelope a me nā llamas. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mau biologists ua ulu kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu e hōʻalo i ka nānā ʻana i ka moa. ʻO nā mea kanu e like me Pennantia he mau lau liʻiliʻi a me kahi pūnaewele paʻa o nā lālā. Hoʻohui ʻia, he lau ʻōpio ʻōpio ʻo Pseudopanax plum a he laʻa kūpono paha ia o kahi mea kanu i ulu.
E like me nā manu ʻē aʻe, ua ale nā moa i nā pōhaku (gastroliths) i mālama ʻia i loko o nā gizzards, me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi hana haki i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻopau i nā mea kanu kohu ʻole. Maʻalahi, pōʻai, a me ka quartz nā pōhaku, akā ʻo nā pōhaku ma luna o 110 mm ka lōʻihi i loaʻa i waena o nā ʻike o ka ʻōpū Mao. ʻŌpū ʻōpūmanu hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau kilogram o ia mau pōhaku. Ua koho ʻo Moa i kāna mau pōhaku i wae ʻia no kāna ʻōpū a wae ʻo ia i nā ʻiliʻili paʻakikī loa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu manu
ʻOiai he moa manu lele ʻole ka moa, ua kupu mai nā nīnau no ka hōʻea ʻana o kēia mau manu i Nu Kilani a mai hea mai. Nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hōʻea ʻana o ka moa ma nā mokupuni. Hōʻike ka manaʻo nui loa i ka hōʻea ʻana o nā manu moa ma Nūhōlani ma kahi o 60 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻano moa "basal".Megalapteryx ma kahi o 5.8. ʻAʻole ia he kumu no ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kikoʻī ma waena o ka hōʻea ʻana ma kahi o 60 Ma a me ka cleavage basal 5.8 Ma i hala aku nei, akā ua nalowale nā fossil, a ua nalowale paha nā lālani mua o nā moa.
Ua nalowale ʻo Moa i ka hiki ke lele a hoʻomaka i ka neʻe wāwae wāwae, e ʻai ana i nā hua, nā ʻōpuʻu, nā lau a me nā aʻa. Ma mua o ke kū ʻana o ke kanaka, ua loli ka moa i mau ʻano like ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o nā moʻo nunui, aia kekahi mau ʻano liʻiliʻi i kaupaona ʻia a 20 kg. Ma ka Mokupuni ʻĀkau, ma kahi o ʻewalu mau ala moa i ʻike ʻia me nā paʻi fossilized o kā lākou mau ala i ka lepo flvial, e like me ka Waikane Creek (1872), Napier (1887), ke kahawai ʻo Manawatu (1895), Palmerston North (1911), ke kahawai ʻo Rangitikei ( 1939) a ma Lake Taupo (1973). Ke hōʻike nei kahi ana o ka mamao ma waena o nā ala i ka wikiwiki o ka hele ʻana o ka moa he 3 a 5 km / h.
Moa nā holoholona clumsy e neʻe mālie i ko lākou kino nui. ʻAʻole kū i waho ko lākou kala i kekahi ʻano mai ka ʻāina a puni. Ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia nei e nā koena moa (ʻili, ʻili, hulu) i mālama ʻia ma muli o ka maloʻo ʻana i ka wā i make ai ka manu ma kahi maloʻo (e laʻa me ke ana me kahi makani maloʻo e pā mai ana), ua huki ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo no nā ʻōhua kūpaʻa mai kēia mau koena. moa. ʻO ka plumage o nā ʻano mauna he ʻāpana nui ia i ka waihona, i uhi i ka ʻāpana o ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Pēlā paha i hoʻololi ai ka manu i ke ola i ke ʻano o ka hau alpine.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: moa nahele
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka moa e ka momona momona a me kahi wā oʻo lōʻihi. Ma kahi paha o 10 mau makahiki o Puberty. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka laha nui ʻana a hiki i ka nui o nā mākua, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā lāhui moa liʻiliʻi, i ulu nui nā iwi iwi. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike e kūkulu nā moa i nā pūnana. Ua loaʻa nā hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻāpana egghell i nā ana a me nā wahi pōhaku, akā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūnana. ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o nā puʻuhonua pōhaku ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka mokupuni ʻĀkau i ka wā o 1940 i hōʻike ʻia ai nā kaumaha liʻiliʻi i kālai ʻia i loko o ka pumice palupalu a maloʻo.
Ua kiʻi ʻia mai kahi mea hoʻomoe moa mai nā hale pōhaku ma ka wahi o Otago Waena o ka South Island, kahi i makemake ai ke aniau maloʻo i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka anuunuu (me nā lālā i ʻoki ʻia e ka nuku o ka moa. Nā hua a me nā pollen i ʻike ʻia ma nā mea hana pūnana. Hōʻike i ka hopena o ka pūnana a i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana moa moa ma nā wahi archaeological a me nā puʻu one ma kahakai o Nūhōlani.
ʻO nā hua moa moa he kanakolukumamāono i mālama ʻia i nā hōʻiliʻili hale hōʻikeʻike ʻokoʻa loa i ka nui (120-241 mm ka lōʻihi, 91-179 mm ka laulā). Aia nā puka ʻoki liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻili o waho o ka iwi. ʻO ka nui o nā moa he pūpū keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai he mau hua manu ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā moʻa mauna (M. didinus).
ʻIke Leʻaleʻa: Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma 2010 he palupalu nā hua o kekahi ʻano, aia wale nō ma kahi o ka millimeter ka mānoanoa. He mea pūʻiwa nō ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau hua manu lahilahi i waena o ka nui o nā moa i loko o ka lāhui Dinornis a ʻo ia nā hua manu nāwaliwali loa i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka DNA kūwaho mai nā ʻili manu i hōʻike ʻia i hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau hua liʻiliʻi e nā kāne māmā. ʻO ke ʻano o nā hua moa lahilahi o ka moa nui e hōʻike nei ua haki pinepine nā hua i loko o kēia mau ʻano.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka moa
Kiʻi: Manu manu
Ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka lāhui Maori, ʻo ka moa ʻaihue manu wale ka ʻaeto nui ʻo Haasta. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo New Zealand mai ke koena o ka honua no 80 miliona mau makahiki a he kakaikahi nā mea hōkai ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o nā kānaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole nāwaliwali wale nā kaiaolaola, akā ʻaʻohe o nā lāhui ʻōiwi i nā adaptation e hakakā i nā predators.
Ua hōʻea ka poʻe Maori ma kahi manawa ma mua o 1300, a ua pau ka ʻohana Moa ma muli o ke alualu holoholona ʻana, ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka nalowale o ka wahi noho a me ka ululāʻau. Ma ka 1445, ua make nā moʻo āpau, a me ka ʻaeto Haast i hānai iā lākou. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou e hoʻohana nei i ka carbon i nā hanana i alakaʻi ʻia i ka make ma lalo o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mau ʻepekema e ola paha kekahi mau ʻano o M.didinus i nā wahi mamao o Nūhōlani a hiki i ka 18th a hiki i nā kenekulia 19, akā ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia kēia manaʻo.
Wahi a nā mea nānā Maori ke alualu nei lākou i nā manu ma mua o ka makahiki 1770, akā ʻaʻole pili kēia mau hōʻike i ka ʻimi manu ʻana, akā i kahi hana maʻa i waena o nā mokupuni hema. I nā makahiki 1820, ua hōʻike hewa kekahi kanaka ʻo D. Paulie ka inoa ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi moa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Otago o Nūhōlani.
ʻO kahi huakaʻi i nā makahiki 1850 ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Lieutenant A. Impey i hōʻike aku ai i ʻelua mau manu e like me emu ma kahi puʻu o ka South Island. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi wahine he 80 ona makahiki, ʻo Alice Mackenzie i ka makahiki 1959 ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka moa i ka nahele o Fiordland i ka makahiki 1887 a ma ke kahakai ʻo Fiordland ke 17 ona makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua ʻike pū kona kaikunāne i ka moa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Moa
ʻO nā iwi i pili kokoke iā mākou mai ka makahiki 1445. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻike i hōʻoia ʻia no ka noho hou ʻana o ka manu. Kū mai kekahi manaʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o ka moa i nā kau hope. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, a i hala iho nei ma 2008 a me 1993, ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe ua ʻike lākou i ka moa ma nā wahi like ʻole.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ke kiʻi hou ʻia ʻana o ka manu takaha i ka makahiki 1948 ma hope o ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o kekahi mea mai ka makahiki 1898 e hōʻike ana he hiki ʻole ke loaʻa nā ʻano manu laha ʻole i kahi manawa lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, he manu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka takaha ma mua o ka moa, no laila hoʻomau ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka poʻe loea ʻaʻole paha e ola ka moa..
Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo Moa ma ke ʻano he moho kūpono no ke alahou ʻana e ka cloning. ʻO ke kūlana moʻomeheu o ka holoholona, i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka make ʻana he mau haneli mau makahiki wale nō i hala. ua ola kekahi heluna nui o nā moa i koe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻenehana klone ʻana e ʻae hou i ka moa. ʻO Pretreatment e pili ana i ka kāʻili ʻana o DNA i hana ʻia e ka geneticist Kepanī ʻo Yasuyuki Chirota.
Ua kupu mai ka hoihoi i ka moa no ka ola hou i ka waena o 2014 i ka manawa a ka MP New Zealand ʻo Trevold Mellard i manaʻo ai e hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi. moa... Ua hoʻomāʻewaʻewa ka manaʻo i ka poʻe he nui, akā ua loaʻa ke kākoʻo mai kekahi mau loea o ka mōʻaukala maoli.
Lā paʻi: 17.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/25/2019 ma 21:12
