Punawelewele o ʻeono maka - He punawelewele o nā wao nahele me nā one me nā wahi one ʻē aʻe ma ʻApelika hema. He lālā ʻo ia o ka ʻohana punawelewele ʻo araneomorphic, a ʻo nā ʻohana pili o kēia kolo kele i kekahi manawa ma ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kona poʻe hoahānau kokoke i nā spider hermit i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka maka
ʻO ka nananana maka ʻeono maka ka ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻāpana iwi ʻeono maka no kona ʻano pālahalaha a me nā wāwae hope. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka lāʻau make mai ka nahu ʻana o kēia mau ʻanalā ʻo ia ka mea weliweli loa o nā nananana a pau. ʻO ka punawelewele o ke one ʻeono maka he mōʻalihaku ola ia ma mua o ka ʻauheʻe o Gondwanaland ma kahi o 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a loaʻa pū ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hema. Aia he 6 mau laha maʻamau i ka Western Cape, Namibia a me ka Northern Province.
Hui lākou:
- i ke one;
- ma nā puʻu one;
- ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā ʻalapa pōhaku;
- ma kahi kokoke o nā lua ant.
Video: Punawelewele, ʻeono maka maka
ʻO ka nananana maka maka ʻeono mai ka North Cape a me Namibia ʻo ia ka pūnawelewele make loa loa o ka honua. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ma muli o kona wahi noho, kākaʻikahi ia a ʻaʻole makemake e nahu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pono e mālama ʻia kēia punawelewele, no ka mea ʻaʻohe hana kūpono e kūʻē i kāna lāʻau make.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka inoa ʻepekema no ka ʻohana spider one maka ʻeono maka ʻo ia ʻo Sicarius, ʻo ia hoʻi "killer" a me "sica" ka pahi kāwili.
ʻO ka genus kahi a ka nananana maka ʻeono maka i hana mua ʻia ai i ka makahiki 1878 e Friedrich Karsch ma ke ʻano hexomma, me ka ʻano Hexomma hahni wale nō. Ma ka 1879, eia naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Karsh e hoʻohana ʻia nei ka inoa i ka makahiki 1877 no kekahi ʻano mālama hale, no laila ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka inoa pani Hexophthalma.
I ka makahiki 1893, ua hoʻohuli ʻo Eugene Simon iā Hexophthalma hahni i ka genus Sicarius, a ua hāʻule ʻo Hexophthalma a hoʻohana ʻia kahi noiʻi filogenetic ma 2017 e hōʻike ana he ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻĀina o ʻApelika, e like me ka nananana maka ʻeono maka, a hoʻāla hou i ka genus Hexophthalma na lākou. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua mau ʻano hou i ka genus i ka makahiki 2018, a hoʻokahi ʻano i hānai ʻia ma mua, ʻo Hexophthalma testacea, ka mea like me ka pūnana kolo ʻeono maka. Hoʻonui ʻia ka helu o nā laha me ka noiʻi hou.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nanananahe maka ʻeono maka
ʻO ka nananana maka ʻeono maka he 6 mau maka, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 3 dyad, kahi e kau ākea ʻia i ka lālani meli. He ʻili ka cuticle me nā hulu hulu a ʻo ka maʻamau a me ka melemele i ke kala. Uhi ʻia ka punawelewele ʻeono maka me nā lauoho makamae i kapa ʻia he bristles (lauoho lauoho, hulu, ʻano like me ka hana, a ʻāpana paha o ke kino) i mea e hei ai i nā huna one. Hāʻawi kēia i nā camouflage maikaʻi inā ʻaʻole kanu ʻia ka nananana.
ʻO ka nananana maka maka ʻeono maka he lōʻihi kona kino a hiki i 15 mau milimita, a ʻo kona mau wāwae he 50 milima paha ka laulā. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a melemele paha i ke kala me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona. Hōʻike pinepine nā punawelewele ʻeono maka iā lākou iho me nā huna o ke one i hoʻopili ʻia ma waena o nā lauoho o ke kino e hui pū me ke kua o ko lākou wahi kikoʻī. He hilahila a hūnā nā kolo keleawe ʻeono maka, akā e nahu inā hoʻopā wale ʻia.
Mea hoihoi: Hiki i nā nananana maka ʻeono maka ke ola i 15 mau makahiki, ʻehā mau manawa ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka punawelewele.
ʻO kēia mau ʻanalā helehelena he holoholona terrestrial a loaʻa kahi ʻano like ʻole o ke kala like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻanepele one ʻeono maka ke nānā aku i ka lepo a me ka one a lawe i ke kala o ka ʻāina a lākou e noho ai.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nanananae ʻeono maka?
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka i ʻApelika
Ma muli o nā hōʻike evolutionary, manaʻo ʻia nā ʻohana o ka ʻenekini maka maka ʻeono i hoʻomaka ma Gondwana komohana, ʻo ia kekahi o nā supercontinent ʻelua i noho ma kahi o 500 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ma muli o ko lākou noho ʻana i kēia ʻāina i ka wā ma mua loa, ua kapa ʻia kēia mau nananana i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he "fossil ola." ʻO ka mahele o ka ʻohana o kēia kolo i kēia manawa ma ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Latin. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua kū kēia divergence i ka wā i hoʻokaʻawale ai nā supercontinents ma kahi o 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala, e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā ʻApelika mai ʻAmelika.
Hiki ke loaʻa ka nananana maka maka ʻeono i nā one one o ʻAmelika Hema a me Central America. Noho ka punawelewele i ka wao akua a huli i ka hoʻohālua. ʻAʻole like me ka nui o nā mea ʻimi holoholona, ke kali nei lākou i kahi hoʻohālua no kā lākou mea pio, ʻaʻole e ʻeli ka punawelewele ʻeono maka i ka lua. Akā, hūnā ia ma lalo pono o ka ʻili o ke one. Loaʻa iā ia ka lāʻau make hiki ke make, hiki ke hōʻeha i ka puʻuwai, nā puʻupaʻa, ke ake a me nā aʻa, a alakaʻi i ka ʻiʻo pala.
ʻAʻole hana kēia mau mea kolo i nā ʻupena, akā moe wale i ka hapalua o ke one, e kali nei no ka hala o ka mea pio. Pālahalaha lākou, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā wahi maloʻo. He ʻano maikaʻi ʻole ke kolo ʻeleʻele maka ʻeono maka, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano punawelewele ʻē aʻe.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka nanananae ʻeono maka. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nanananae maka ʻeono?
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka i ke kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole e kolo ka ʻenekini maka ʻeono maka i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pio, ke kakali wale nei nō ia i kahi kolo a i ʻole ka moʻo sporpion e hele ai. Ke hana ʻo ia i kēia, lālau ʻo ia i ka mea pio me kona mau wāwae i mua, make iā ia me ka lāʻau make a ʻai ʻia. ʻAʻole pono e hānai pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala o nā maka ʻeono maka, a hiki i nā kolo kolo makua ke ola loloa me ka ʻai ʻole a me ka wai.
Hopu aku ka punawelewele ʻeono maka me ka peʻe ma lalo o ke one. Hāpai ʻo ia i kona kino, ʻeli i kahi kaumaha, hāʻule i loko o ia mea, a laila uhi iā ia iho me ke one e hoʻohana ana i kona mau wāwae mua. Hopu ʻo ia i ka mea pio me kāna mau pale i mua ke holo ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia i kahi punawelewele huna. Inā loaʻa i kahi punawewe one ʻeono maka, e uhi ʻia ia i nā ʻāpana one maikaʻi e pili ana i ka cuticle, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he camouflage maikaʻi.
ʻO ka meaʻai nui o kēia punawelewele, he ʻelala a me nā moʻo huelo ʻawa, a hiki iā lākou ke kali a hoʻokahi makahiki e ʻai i kā lākou mea pio, no ka mea ke nahu lākou i kā lākou mea pio, immobilized koke ia. ʻAi lākou i nā pepeke e hele aʻe ana e kupu koke mai ke one ke hoʻopilikia ʻia. I ka wā o ke komo pono ʻana, hiki i nā huna lepo ke hoʻopili i nā huluhulu loea e uhi ana i nā kino o nā nananana, e hoʻololi nei i ko lākou kala kūlohelohe i ke kaiapuni.
ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau mea ʻino e hana i ka pilikia o ka ʻimi a hopu ʻana i kā lākou mea pio, ʻae kēia spider i ka mea e hoʻokokoke aku iā ia. Ke noho haahaa a alakaʻi ʻana i kahi nohona noho, hoʻopunipuni ka punawelewele iā ia iho ma ke kanu ʻana a paʻa ʻana i nā huna o ke one, a kali a kokoke kokoke kahi mea pio. Ke ʻike maka ʻia ka mea pio, puka mai ka nananana mai ke one mai a nahu i ka mea pio, a hoʻokomo koke i ka lāʻau make i loko ona. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke ʻia ka ʻōpala, a make ka make i loko o kekona kekona.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hopena necrotic o ka poʻohiwi spider one maka ʻeono e kahi ʻohana o nā protein e pili ana i ka sphingomyelinase D i loaʻa i ka lāʻau make o nā mea kolo a pau o kēia genus. I kēia ʻano, ua like ka genus me nā hermits. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka hapa nui o nā laha, a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā hopena kikoʻī o kā lākou lāʻau make i nā kānaka a me nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka maka
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻo kēia punawelewele, e like me ka spider reclusive, hilahila loa. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia i kahi noiʻi ʻo kēia ʻawahia punawelewele ka mea ʻawahia loa o nā nananana āpau. Aia kekahi nīnau e pili ana i ka makaʻu o kēia punawelewele. ʻOiai hilahila loa a ʻaʻohe paha e nahu aku i nā kānaka, aia kekahi (inā kekahi) i hōʻike i ka lāʻau make kanaka me kēia ʻano.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi he ikaika loa ka lāʻau make, me ka hopena hemolytic ikaika (ka haki ʻana o nā hunaola ʻulaʻula a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o hemoglobin i loko o ka wai e pili ana) a me ka hopena necrotic (make make ʻole o nā hunaola a me nā mea ola), e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ke koko mai nā moku a me ka luku ʻana o nā aʻa.
ʻO ka nahu ʻana o kahi spider one maka ʻeono maka ke kumu o nā pilikia he nui, e like me:
- kahe o nā kīʻaha koko;
- lahilahi ke koko;
- hōʻino kino.
ʻAʻole like me nā spider neurotoxic weliweli, ʻaʻohe mea ʻai i kēia manawa no ka nahu ʻana o kēia nananana, ke alakaʻi nei i nā mea he nui he hiki ke make ka nahu ʻana o ka nananana. ʻAʻole i hōʻoia ʻia nā nahu kanaka, aia wale nō ʻelua mau hihia i manaʻo ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi o kēia mau hihia, ua nalowale ka lima o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia ma muli o ka nui o ka necrosis, a i kekahi, ua make ka mea i loaʻa i ke kahe koko nui, e like me nā hopena o ka nahu ʻana i nā ʻāhiu.
Mea hoihoi: ʻAʻole hiki i ka spider one-maka ʻeono ke hoʻopili aku me nā kānaka, a ʻoiai ke hana ia, ʻaʻole nahu mau ia. Eia kekahi, e like me ka nui o nā nananana, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokomo i ka wao me kēlā me kēia nahu, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopili i nā nui.
No laila, ʻo ka hana docile a me ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe o nā ʻanuʻu maka ʻeono maka ka hopena o nā nahu i hōʻike ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole maopopo iki ʻia nā ʻōuli o kā lākou nahu ʻana i nā kānaka.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka maka
Hānau nā punawelewele ʻeono maka me nā hua i pelu ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana silika i kapa ʻia he ʻeke huamoa. Hoʻohana pinepine nā punawelewele i nā loina moʻo paʻakikī (ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kolo lele lele ʻike maka) e ʻae i ke kāne e hoʻokokoke a lawa i ka wahine me ka ʻole o ka pane o ka predatory. Ke kuhi pono nei ke hoʻololi pono ʻia nā hōʻailona e hoʻomaka i ka hānau ʻana, pono i ka punawelewele kāne e haʻalele i ka manawa kūpono ma hope o ka male ʻana e pakele ai ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana o ka wahine iā ia.
E like me nā nananana a pau, hiki i ka nananana maka maka ʻeono ke hana i ke kilika mai nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia e hana i nā cobwebs e like me nā nananana i hiki ke ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole e hana ka nananana maka ʻeono maka i nā ʻupena, eia naʻe, hoʻohana ia i kēia mana kūikawā e hana i nā ʻāpana silika i kapa ʻia he mau ʻeke manu e hoʻopuni i kāna mau hua.
Mea hoihoi: Hana ʻia kahi ʻeke hua manu i nā ʻāpana one he nui i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi i kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka silika spider. Hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻeke ʻeke ke paʻa i nā ʻōpio he nui.
Hoʻolilo kēia mau mea kolo i kahi ʻāpana nui o ko lākou ola i ka pili pili ʻana me ke one, no laila he mea kūpono ia e pau lākou i loko o kahi honua i komo nui ʻia i loko. ʻOiai hūnā kēia mau spider ma lalo o ke one no ka hapa nui o ko lākou mau lā, ke hoʻokokoke ke kāne i ka wahine e male, hana ʻo ia me ka lohi i ʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hakakā a i ʻole ka pane lele ʻana mai ka punawelewele wahine.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā nananana maka ʻeono maka
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nanananahe maka ʻeono maka
ʻAʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā nananawehi maka ʻeono maka. He ʻenemi lākou iā lākou iho i ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo e hoʻokokoke iā lākou. Hiki i nā lālā āpau ke pili iā ia ke hana i ka sphingomyelinase D a i ʻole nā protein i pili. He agena hōʻino kino maoli ia i ka ʻohana punawelewele a loaʻa ʻole i kekahi mau bacteria pathogenic wale nō.
ʻO ka ʻona o ka nui o nā ʻano Sicariidae he mea nui i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hana i nā hōʻino (hāmama hāmama). He lōʻihi ka manawa e hōʻola ai nā ʻeha a koi paha i nā ʻōpala ʻili. Inā hele a maʻi kēia mau ʻeha hāmama, hiki i nā hopena koʻikoʻi. ʻAno ʻole, lawe ʻia ka lāʻau make e ke kahe o ke koko i nā mea kūloko, e hopena ana i nā hopena ʻōnaehana. E like me ko lākou mau hoahānau pili, ka spider hermit, ʻo ka venom o ka pūnana one ʻeono maka he cytotoxin mana. ʻO kēia lāʻau make he hemolytic a me ka necrotic, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu o ke kahe o ke kīʻaha koko a me ka luku ʻia o ka ʻiʻo.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i nahu ʻia e ka nananana maka ʻeono maka hele a hoʻokokoke loa aku i kona wahi huna. Aia kekahi mau ala e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻēmi i ka pohō o ka punawelewele, akā ʻaʻohe loaʻa kahi lāʻau ʻino kikoʻī. I mea e hōʻino ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hōʻalo loa ʻana i kēia nananana, ʻaʻole ia e paʻakikī no ka hapanui o ka poʻe ke noʻonoʻo nei i kona wahi noho.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Punawelewele ʻeono maka maka
Ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 38,000 mau ʻāhiu o nā nananana maka ʻeono, eia naʻe, ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hūnā, manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 200,000 mau ʻano. ʻO ka nohona kūlohelohe o ka nananana maka maka ʻeono e hoʻonui wikiwiki nei ma muli o ka makemake ʻole o ka nananana e hele mamao loa mai ka home. Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka ninaninau ʻana i nā exoskeletons like ʻole i hūnā ʻia e kēia mau spider i loko o ko lākou ola, noho kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka wahi like no ka hapa nui, inā ʻaʻole ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kekahi kumu o kēia no ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻana o kā lākou ʻano hana hoʻopuehu i ka ʻōpū e hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano spider species. ʻO ka nohona o ka nananana maka ʻeono maka he mau ana pāpaʻu, nā ʻāpana, a ma waena o nā wahi neoneo maoli. Kūleʻa pinepine lākou i nā one one papau ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke kanu iā lākou iho a pili i nā huna o ke one.
Aia i loko o ka ʻohana Sicariidae ka lāhui Loxosceles kaulana a weliweli hoʻi. ʻElua mau moʻokūʻauhau ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana, ʻo Sicarius lāua ʻo Hexophthalma (ʻenekahi maka ʻeono maka) i loaʻa i kahi venomoto cytotoxic wale nō, ʻoiai lākou e noho ana i nā wao one a ʻaʻole hiki iki aku ke launa me nā kānaka.
Punawelewele o ʻeono maka He punawelewele nui ka nui i hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wao nahele a me nā wahi one ʻē aʻe ma ʻApelika hema me nā ʻohana pili i loaʻa ma ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka nananana maka maka ʻeono ka hoahānau o ka nananana hermit i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli iki nā nahu o kēia punawelewele i nā kānaka, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻokolohua ʻia he make lākou i nā lāpaki ma waena o 5-12 mau hola.
Lā paʻi: 12/16/2019
Lā hou: 01/13/2020 ma 21:14
