Mano Pahu mai ka ʻohana Chlamydoselachidae i ka haʻaheo o ka wahi i ke kūlana o ka iʻa kū hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia mea ola weliweli ka mōʻī o nā hohonu o ka honua i lalo o ka wai. Mai ka wā Cretaceous mai, ʻaʻole i loli kēia predator frill i kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana, a ʻaʻole i ulu maoli. Ma muli o ka anatomy a me ka morphology, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano ola ʻelua ʻo ia ka manō kahiko loa e ola ana. No kēia kumu, ua kapa ʻia lākou he "fossil ola a relic" paha. Aia ka inoa generic i nā huaʻōlelo Helene χλαμύς / chlamydas "kapa a ʻahuʻula" a σέλαχος / selachos "iʻa cartilaginous."
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pahu Manō
No ka manawa mua, ua wehewehe ʻia ka manō koloka mai kahi manaʻo ʻepekema e ka ichthyologist Kelemania ʻo L. Doderlein, ka mea i kipa aku iā Iapana mai ka makahiki 1879 a i ka makahiki 1881 a lawe mai i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona o ka laha i Vienna. Akā ua nalowale kāna palapala e wehewehe ana i kēia ʻano. ʻO ka wehewehe mua loa i kākau ʻia e ka mea ʻimi holoholona ʻAmelika ʻo S. Garman, ka mea i ʻike he wahine lōʻihi he 1.5 m i hopu ʻia ma Sagami Bay. Ua paʻi ʻia kāna hōʻike ʻo "An Extraught Shark" i ka makahiki 1884. Ua hoʻokau ʻo Garman i ka laha hou i kāna genus a me kona ʻohana a kapa ʻia ʻo Chlamydoselachus.Anguineus.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoiUa manaʻo kekahi mau mea noiʻi mua he lālā ola ka manō paʻalulu o nā pūʻulu make o ka iʻa cartilaginous lamellar, eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou loa e pili ana i nā mea like i waena o ka manō paʻalulu a me nā pūʻulu pio i hōʻike ʻia a kuhi hewa ʻia paha, a loaʻa i kēia manō he nui o nā iwi iwi a me nā ʻiʻo e pili paʻa. ʻo ia me nā manō a me nā kukuna o kēia manawa.
Ua loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku o nā manō kihi ma nā Mokupuni Chatham ma Nūhōlani, mai ka palena ʻo Cretaceous-Paleogene, me nā koena o nā manu a me nā coniferous cone, e hōʻike ana i ka noho ʻana o kēia mau manō i nā wai pāpaʻu i kēlā manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi o nā ʻano Chlamydoselachus ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia kanaka e noho ana i ka wai papau he nui a ikaika nā niho no ka ʻai ʻana i nā invertebrates paʻakikī.
Video: Manō Pīhī
E pili ana i kēia, ua kuhiakau ʻia ua ola nā frybearers mai ka make nui ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā niches manuahi i nā wai pāpaʻu a ma nā papa ʻĀinapuniʻole, ʻo ka hope e wehe i ka neʻe ʻana i nā wahi kai hohonu a lākou e noho nei.
Hōʻike ʻia paha ka loli o ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka niho o nā niho, e ʻoi ana ka ʻoi a ʻoi aku i loko e ʻimi holoholona malū hohonu i ke kino. Mai ka hopena o Paleocene a hiki i kēia lā, ʻaʻohe hoʻokūkū ka manō huluhulu i ko lākou wahi kai hohonu a hāʻawi.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka manō momona
He kino loloa a manō ko nā manō ʻaihu ʻaʻano me kahi wēlau o ka huelo elongated, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i ke ʻano o ka puhi. ʻO ke kino he kokoleka ʻeleʻele a i ʻole kala hina, me nā wili e puka ana ma ka ʻōpū. Aia kahi ʻūlū dorsal liʻiliʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka huelo, ma luna o ka fin anal nui a i mua o ka fin cetral asymmetrical caudal. Pōkole a pōʻai ʻia nā wili pectoral. ʻO nā manō paʻakai kahi ʻāpana o ke kauoha Hexanchiformes, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hui manō ʻoi loa.
Ma loko o ka genus, ʻike wale ʻia nā ʻano hope loa ʻelua:
- manō ʻaʻano (C. anguineus);
- Mano pākī ʻo ʻAmelika Hema (C. africana).
ʻEono mau kī hāwaha o ke poʻo (ʻo ka nui o nā manō he ʻelima). ʻO nā wēlau o lalo o ka gill mua e hoʻonui i ke ala o ka ʻāʻī, ʻoiai e hoʻopuni ʻia nā gill ʻē aʻe e nā ʻaoʻao ākea o ka ʻili - no laila ka inoa ʻo "mano mano". Pōkole loa ka waha a me he mea lā ua ʻoki ʻia; hoʻonui ʻia ka waha a pili loa i ke poʻo. Lōʻihi ka iwi ā lalo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOkoʻa ka manō makaliʻi C. anguineus mai kona ʻohana ʻApelika Hema ʻo C. africana i ka nui o kāna vertebrae (165-171 me 146) a ʻoi aku nā ʻōwili i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka valves spiral, a me nā ʻano kaulike like ʻole, e like me kahi poʻo lōʻihi a pōkole hoʻi. ʻoki i loko o nā kāhili.
ʻO nā niho ma nā ʻāpana o luna a me lalo, ua kaulike, me ʻekolu mau lei ʻoiʻoi a ʻoi loa a me nā pāpale waena waena. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka fin anal ma mua o kahi fin dorsal hoʻokahi, a nele ka fin caudal i kahi aʻa subterminal. ʻO ka lōʻihi i ʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o kahi manō frilled he 1.7 m no nā kāne a me 2.0 m no nā wahine. Ua oʻo kolohe nā kāne, hiki ʻole i kahi mika ka lōʻihi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka manō māhu?
Kiʻi: Mano mano i ka wai
He manō laha ʻole i loaʻa ma nā wahi lehulehu o ka helelei ʻana ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Pākīpika. Ma ka ʻĀkelanika hikina, noho ia ma ka ʻākau o Nolewai, ʻĀkau ʻo Skotlandia a me ʻIlani komohana, ma Palani a hiki i Morocco, me Mauritania a me Madeira. Ma ke kai waena o ʻAkelanika, ua hopu ʻia ka manō ma nā wahi he nui ma ka Mid-Atlantic Ridge, mai ka Azores a i ka piʻi ʻana o Rio Grande ma ka hema o Brazil, a me ka Ridge ʻo Vavilov ma ʻApelika Komohana.
Ma ke komohana ʻAkelanika, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka wai o New England, Suriname a me Georgia. I ke komohana o ka Moana Pākīpika, ʻo ka laulā o ka manō makaliʻi e uhi ana i ka hema hikina a puni ʻo Nūiila. Ma waenakonu a ma ka hikina o ka Moana Pākīpika, aia ia ma Hawaii a me Kaleponi, USA a me ka ʻĀkau o Chile. ʻIke ʻia ma ka hema o ʻApelika, ua wehewehe ʻia ka manō makaʻu e like me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ma 2009. ʻIke ʻia kēia manō ma ka papa ʻaina waho a ma nā pali ʻĀinapuniʻole o luna a waena. ʻIke ʻia ia i kahi hohonu o 1570 m, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hohonu ma mua o 1000 m mai ka papakū.
Ma Suruga Bay, maʻamau ka manō ma kahi hohonu o 50-250 m, koe wale nō ka wā mai ʻAukake a Nowemapa, ke ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka papa he 100 m ma luna o 16 ° C a neʻe ka manō i nā wai hohonu. Ma nā hanana kakaikahi, ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka ʻili. ʻIke pinepine ka manō frilled kokoke i ka lalo, i nā wahi o nā puʻu one liʻiliʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike kāna papaʻai e hana i nā forays nui i ka wai ākea. Hiki i kēia laha ke piʻi i luna i luna, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka papa i ka pō e hānai ai. Aia ka hoʻokaʻawale mokulele i ka nui a me ke kūlana hānau.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka manō momona. E ʻike kāua i ka ʻai a kēia mea lawe lole.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka manō momona?
Kiʻi: Prehistoric Frilled Shark
ʻO nā ʻūlū elongated o ka manō makaliʻi he polokalamu kelepona loa, hiki i kā lākou hāmama ke kikoo i kahi nui loa, e ʻae iā lākou e ale i kekahi mea pio i ʻoi aku i ka hapalua o ka nui o ke kanaka. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ka lōʻihi a me ke ʻano o nā ā ā ʻaʻole hiki i ka manō ke hana i nahu ikaika e like me nā ʻano manō maʻamau. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā iʻa i hopu ʻia ʻaʻohe a ʻike ʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpū, e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o ka digestion a i ʻole nā wā lōʻihi ma waena o nā hānai.
ʻAi ʻia e ka manō paʻakai nā cephalopods, nā iʻa iwi a me nā manō liʻiliʻi. I hoʻokahi hoʻohālikelike, 1.6 m ka lōʻihi, 590 g o kahi manō pōpoki Iāpana (Apristurus japonicus) i loaʻa. Ma kahi o 60% o kaʻai manō ma Suruga Bay, ʻaʻole pili wale nā ʻano heʻe heʻe e like me Histioteuthis a me Chiroteuthis, akā ʻo nā mea ʻauʻau nui a ikaika e like me Onychoteuthis, Todarodes a me Sthenoteuthis.
Hānai manō ʻaʻala:
- pūpū;
- detritus;
- iʻa;
- kalaiwa;
- crustaceans.
ʻO nā ʻano hana o ka hopu ʻana i ka heʻe e neʻe nei me ka manō mālie holo wai he mea kuhihewa. Hopu ʻia paha i kekahi mau kānaka ʻeha a i ʻole nā mea i maʻule a make e make ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki iā ia ke lālau i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, kūlou i kona kino e like me ka nahesa a, ke hilinaʻi nei i nā iwi ʻaoʻao i hope, hahau i kahi hahau wikiwiki.
Hiki iā ia ke pani i nā kaha gill, e hana ana i kaomi maikaʻi ʻole e omo i ka mea pio. Hiki i nā niho liʻiliʻi a wili o ka manō huluhulu ke ʻūlū maʻalahi i ke kino a i ʻole nā ʻino o ka heʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ke kino make e iho mai ana mai ka papakū.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu mano i piha i ka puke ʻula
ʻO ka Frilled Bearer kahi manō lohi hohonu i hoʻololi ʻia no ke ola ma kahi one one. ʻO ia kekahi o nā lā manō lohi loa, loea i mākaukau nui ʻia no ke ola hohonu o ke kai. Loaʻa iā ia kahi iwi iwi i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, helu maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a me kahi ake nui i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā lipid haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, i hiki ai iā ia ke mālama i kona kūlana i ka kolamu wai me ka hana ʻole.
Hiki i kāna ʻano kūloko ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike i nā neʻe liʻiliʻi o ka mea pio. ʻIke ʻia nā kānaka he nui me ka ʻole o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o kā lākou huelo, ma muli paha o ka hoʻouka ʻia e nā ʻano manō ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka manō paʻakai ke hopu i ka mea pio ma ke kūlou ʻana i kona kino a hū i mua e like me ka nahesa. ʻO nā ʻāwī lōʻihi, maʻalahi hoʻi e ʻae iā ia e ale i ka meaʻai āpau. ʻO kēia ʻano viviparous: kū mai nā embryos mai nā capsule hua manu i loko o ka kōpū o ka makuahine.
Pilikia hoʻi kēia mau manō kai hohonu i nā kani a i ʻole nā haʻalulu ma kahi mamao a me nā impulses uila i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mākala o nā holoholona. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i nā loli i ke kaomi wai. Loaʻa ka ʻikepili liʻiliʻi ma ke ola o nā ʻano; ʻo ka pae kiʻekiʻe aia paha i loko o 25 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Iʻa manō paʻakai
Lawe ka hoʻouluulu i loko, i nā oviduct a i ʻole nā oviduct o ka wahine. Pono nā manō kāne e lālau i ka wahine, hoʻokele i kona kino e hoʻokomo i kā lākou mau mea paʻa a kuhikuhi i ka sperm i loko o ka lua. ʻAi ʻia nā embryos e hoʻomohala nei ma ka nui o ka yolk, akā ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaupaona o ke keiki hānau a me ka hua manu e hōʻike ana ke hāʻawi nei ka makuahine i ka meaʻai mai nā kumuwaiwai ʻike ʻole.
I nā wahine makua, aia he ʻelua ovaries hana a hoʻokahi kōpū ma ka ʻākau. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻano i kahi wā hānau hānai, ʻoiai ʻo ka manō paʻalulu e noho ana i nā hohonu kahi e ʻaʻa ʻole ai i nā mana kau. Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia o ka moʻo ʻana he 15 kāne a 19 mau manō wahine. Loaʻa ka nui o ka ʻōpala mai ʻelua a ʻumikūmālima mau ʻīlio, me ka awelika o ʻeono. Kū ka ulu o nā hua manu hou i ka wā hāpai, ma muli paha o ka nele o kahi i loko o ka lua o ke kino.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua manu i hoʻohālikelike hou ʻia a me nā embryos i loko o kahi capsule brown brown ellipsoidal. Ke 3 cm ka lōʻihi o ka embryo, ua kiko kona poʻo, ua aneane hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia nā iwi ā, ua hoʻomaka nā puka o waho, a ua ʻike ʻia nā peʻa āpau. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka capsule hua manu ke hiki aku ka embryo i 6-8 cm ka lōʻihi a hemo ʻia mai ke kino o ka wahine. I kēia manawa, hoʻomohala piha ʻia nā gills o waho o ka embryo.
ʻO ka nui o ka ʻeke yolk e mau ana a hiki i ka lōʻihi embryonic o 40 cm, a laila hoʻomaka ia e hoʻoliʻiliʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui a i ʻole nalo loa i ka lōʻihi embryonic like i 50 cm. ʻO ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo he 1.4 cm i kēlā me kēia mahina, a ʻo ka manawa hānau holoʻokoʻa holo ʻekolu a me ka hapalua makahiki, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manō hānau he 40-60 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻole mālama nā mākua i kā lākou mau keiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka manō pulu
Kiʻi: Mano mano i ka wai
He nui nā mea ʻaihue kaulana e ʻimi holoholona nei i kēia mau manō. Ma waho aʻe o ke kanaka nāna e pepehi ka hapa nui o nā manō i paʻa i nā ʻupena ma ke ʻano he hopu paʻa, ʻimi pinepine ʻia nā manō liʻiliʻi e nā iʻa nui, nā kukuna a me nā manō nui aku.
Ma kahi kokoke i ke kapakai, nā manō liʻuliʻu e kū kokoke kokoke ana i ka wai e hopu ʻia e nā manu kai a i ʻole nā sila. No ka mea noho lākou i nā benthos, hopu ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa i ka huki ʻana i lalo a i ʻole nā ʻupena ke hiki lākou i kahi kokoke i ka papa. Hiki ke hopu wale ʻia nā manō kulu nui e nā koholā a me nā manō nui ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā momona nā mea noho i lalo a hiki ke kōkua i ka lawe ʻana i nā kupapaʻu e pala. E iho mai ʻo Carrion mai ka wai hāmama o ka moana a kū ma lalo, kahi e hana nui ai ka manō a me nā ʻano benthic i ka hana ʻana i nā meaola.
ʻAʻole lākou he manō weliweli, akā hiki i ko lākou niho ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā lima o kahi mākaʻikaʻi mākaʻikaʻi a iʻa lawaiʻa paha e paʻa ana iā lākou. Mālama pinepine ʻia kēia manō ma ke awa ʻo Suruga i nā gillnets o lalo a me nā ʻupena wai hohonu. Manaʻo nā lawaiʻa Kepani i kēia mea he mea hoʻopilikia, no ka mea hoʻopōʻino ia i nā ʻupena. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka hānau a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka lawaiʻa kalepa ʻana i loko o kona wahi, aia nā hopohopo e pili ana i kona ola.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka manō momona
He laulā akā nui ka heterogeneous o ka Shark Shark ma ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Pākīpika. ʻAʻohe ʻike kūpono e pili ana i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka a me nā ʻano hoʻomohala o nā laha i kēia manawa. ʻAʻoleʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o kona ola, ʻano haʻahaʻa paha kēia ʻano kūʻē i nā loli o nā kumu o waho. ʻAʻole ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia manō kai hohonu e like me ka hopu ʻana i ka lawaiʻa ʻana i lalo, ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma lalo o ka wai, ka lawaiʻa kai hohonu a me ka lawaiʻa gillnet hohonu kai hohonu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Liʻiliʻi ka waiwai kūʻai o nā manō momona. Kuhi hewa lākou i kekahi manawa no nā moʻo moana. Ma ke ʻano he paʻa paʻa, hoʻohana iki ʻia kēia ʻano no kaʻiʻo, pinepine no ka meaʻai iʻa a i ʻole kiola loa ʻia.
Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā lawaiʻa kai hohonu i loko o nā mau makahiki i hala aku nei a aia kekahi hopohopo no ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻana, ma ka honua a me ka hohonu o ka hopu ʻana, e hoʻonui i nā iʻa i hopu ʻia o nā ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka laulā ākea a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he nui nā ʻāina kahi i hopu ʻia ai nā laha i loaʻa nā kaohi lawaiʻa kūpono a me nā palena hohonu (e like me Australia, New Zealand a me ʻEulopa), ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano he weliweli loa.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano lahilahi a me ka ʻike maoli i ka hoʻohana nui ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana mai ka lawaiʻa e pono e nānā pono ʻia, ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻike kikoʻī iʻa a me ka nānā ʻana, i mea e weliweli ʻole ai ka laha i kēia mua aku.
Ke kiaʻi nei i ka Manō Pulu
Kiʻi: Manō momona o ka puke ʻula
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka manō makaʻu e like me ka aneane hopohopo e ka IUCN Red List. Aia he mau hana aupuni a me nā ʻāpana e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka manō kai hohonu, i hoʻomaka mua e pōmaikaʻi.
I ka European Union, e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) e hoʻōki i ka lawaiʻa ʻana no nā manō kai hohonu, ua hoʻonohonoho ka ʻĀhaʻi Lawaiʻa o ʻEulopa (EU) i kahi pāpale zero no ka nui o nā iʻa i ʻae ʻia no ka nui o nā manō. I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻohui ka ʻĀina Lawaiʻa o EU i nā manō momona i kēia ana a hoʻonohonoho i kahi zero TAC no kēia mau manō kai hohonu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma ke kenekulia i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ka lawaiʻa kai hohonu i kahi hohonu o 62.5 m i loko o ke anahulu. Aia kekahi hopohopo inā e hoʻomau ka lawaiʻa ʻana o nā lawaiʻa hohonu, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka iʻa o kēia mau ʻano. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻāina he nui kahi i loaʻa ai kēia ʻano, aia ka mālama pono a me nā palena hohonu no ka lawaiʻa ʻana.
Mano Pahu mālama ʻia i kekahi manawa i nā aquarium i Iāpana. I ka mahele trawl o ka Commonwealth Australia ma ka Hema a me ka iʻa hikina a me ke kai kai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā wahi ma lalo o 700 m ua pani ʻia e huki, e hāʻawi ana i kahi puʻuhonua no kēia laha.Inā e wehe hou ʻia nā wai hohonu i nā iʻa, e nānā pono ʻia nā pae hopu o kēia a me nā manō kai hohonu ʻē aʻe. E kōkua ka hopu ʻana a me nā ʻikepili kikoʻī kikoʻī i ka ʻike i ka hopena o ka paʻa ʻana o nā iʻa i nā lehulehu o nā iʻa.
Ka lā paʻi: 30.10.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:10
