ʻO ka ʻīlio hae (lat.Canis lupus) kahi mea hānai mammal o ka ʻohana Canidae. Me nā coyotes (Cаnis latrаns) a me nā ʻīlio hihiu maʻamau (Cаnis аureus), a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe a me nā subspecies, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻīlio hina a hina paha i ka gen Wolves (Cаnis).
Ka wehewehe o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele
Wahi a nā hopena o ka noiʻi genetic a me ka noiʻi drift gen, ʻo nā ʻīlio hū nā kūpuna pololei o nā ʻīlio kūloko, kahi e manaʻo pinepine ʻia he subspecies o ka ʻīlio hae. I kēia manawa, ʻo Cаnis lupus nā lālā hou loa o ko lākou ʻohana.
Helehelena
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui a me ke kaumaha o ke kino o ka ʻīlio hae e ka loli ākea o ka ʻāina a pili pono i nā kūlana o ka manawa, kekahi mau kūwaho. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe awelika o kahi holoholona ma kahi maloʻo he ʻokoʻa ia mai 66 a i 86 cm, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 105-160 cm a me ke kaumaha o 32-62 kg. ʻO kahi ʻīlio hae i hōʻea a hoʻokahi paha makahiki ka lōʻihi o ke kaumaha o 20-30 kg, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻīlio ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala ʻole ma mua o 35-45 kg. Lilo i kahi ʻīlio wahine makua i ka makahiki o ʻekolu mau makahiki, ke piʻi ka kaumaha o ke kino i 50-55 kg.
Ma waho, ua like nā ʻīlio hae me nā ʻīlio nui pepeiao pepeiao me nā lālā kiʻekiʻe a ikaika hoʻi, nā ʻūlū nui a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. No nā manamana waena ʻelua o ia mea ʻaihue, kahi ʻano neʻe mua i ʻike ʻia ke ʻano, ma muli o ke ala i loaʻa ai kahi hoʻomaha kūʻokoʻa loa. He poʻo ākea ka lae o nā Wolves me kahi kīʻaha ākea ākea a lōʻihi hoʻi, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka expressiveness, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale ma mua o ke kakini mau hiʻohiʻona o ka helehelena o ka predator. He kiʻekiʻe ka iwi poʻo, nui a nui hoʻi, me ka wehe ʻana o ka ihu ākea i lalo.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ke ala o ka ʻīlio hae a me ka ʻīlio o ka ʻīlio e hōʻike ʻia e kahi kua hoʻi hope nui o nā manamana lima ʻaoʻao, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻāpā "i kahi pōpō" a me kahi ala pololei i waiho ʻia e ka holoholona.
ʻO ka huelo he "ʻano lāʻau", mānoanoa, e hāʻule mau ana i lalo. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka mea hihiu hihiu ke ʻano o nā niho. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka iwi ā luna o ka ʻīlio hae me nā incisors ʻeono, he ʻīlio ʻīlio, ʻewalu premolars a me ʻehā molar, a ma ka iwi ā lalo he mau molara hou ʻelua. Me ke kōkua o nā ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻa wale ka mea ʻaka, akā huki pū hoʻi i ka mea pio, no laila lilo ka lilo o ka niho niho i kumu o ka pōloli a me ka make ʻeha o ka ʻīlio hae.
ʻOkoʻa ʻelua hulu hihiu hae wolf i ka lōʻihi a me ke kiʻekiʻena... ʻO ka lauoho pale kiaʻi ka wai a me ka pale o ka lepo, a he mea nui ka undercoat no ka hoʻomehana ʻana. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ke kala i kūlike i ke kaiapuni. Uku hina nā mea ʻai nahele i ka kala, kala nā mea tundra, ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo, a hinahina-ʻulaʻula nā kānaka wao nahele. Loaʻa i nā cubs kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele like ʻole, e māmā i ka ulu ʻana o ka holoholona. Ma loko o ka heluna like, hiki i ke kala o ka ʻahu o nā mea like ʻole ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Hāpai nā Wolves i kā lākou hana nui i ka pō, e hele pū ana me ko lākou alo me kahi uē nui a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, kahi mea ia e kamaʻilio ai a hiki i kahi mamao loa. I ke kaʻina o ka ʻimi holoholona, ʻo ka ʻīlio hae, ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻaʻole e hana i nā kani kūpono ʻole a hoʻāʻo e neʻe me ka leo ʻole e like me ka hiki.
Hoihoi ia! He ʻokoʻa loa nā wahi noho o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele, no ka paʻa ʻana o ia wahi holoholona pēpē i aneane i nā ʻāina āpau..
ʻO ka mammal predatory kahi lohe pepeiao maikaʻi... ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike a me ka honi i loko o ia holoholona. Mahalo i ka hana nūnū kiʻekiʻe i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, ikaika, wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki, kiʻekiʻe loa ka wolf a ke ola. Hiki i ka predator ke holo i nā wikiwiki a hiki i 60 km / h a uhi i kahi mamao o 75-80 km i hoʻokahi pō.
Ehia mau ʻīlio hae e noho nei
ʻO nā hōʻailona laulā o ke ola o ka ʻīlio hae hina i nā kūlana kūlohelohe i ka hapanui o nā hihia pili i nā hana a ka poʻe. ʻO ka awelika o ke ola o kēlā predator i ke kūlohelohe he ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki a ʻoi aku paha.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Loaʻa nā Wolves ma nā wahi he nui o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, a ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau hoʻi, kahi a lākou i koho ai i nā taiga, nā wahi ulu lāʻau coniferous, nā tundra hau a me nā wao akua hoʻi. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka palena ʻākau o ka nohona e ke kahakai o ka Moana Arctic, a ʻo Asia ka mea i kū i ka hema.
Ma muli o ka hopena o ka hana ikaika a ke kanaka, ua emi nui ka helu o nā wahi o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka predator i nā kenekulia i hala. Kipaku pinepine ka poʻe i nā ʻāhi o nā ʻīlio hae a kipaku aku iā lākou mai ko lākou wahi i noho ʻia, no laila, ʻaʻole noho hou kēia predatory mammal iā Iapana, nā moku Pelekane, Palani a me Holland, Pelekiuma a me Denmark, a ʻo Switzerland pū kekahi.
Hoihoi ia! No nā holoholona teritori ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele, e noho ana ma 50 km2 a i 1.5 mano km2, a me ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻohana e pili pono ana i nā hiʻona ʻāina i ka wahi o ka predator.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻāpana hāʻawi wolf e kahi lawa kūpono o ka pio, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kau. Hōʻalo ka mea ʻino e hōʻalo i nā wahi hau a me ka nahele mau me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka helu nui loa o nā kānaka e ʻike ʻia ma ka panalāʻau o tundra a me nā ululāʻau-tundra, nā ululāʻau a me nā ʻāpana alpine, a me nā steppes. I kekahi mau hihia, hoʻonohonoho kahi mea hihiu hihiu i kahi kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka, a ke ʻano nei nā zona taiga e ka laha ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka taiga, kahi e hoʻokō nui ʻia e ka poʻe.
ʻO kaʻai a ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele hina
ʻAi wale nā Wolves i ka meaʻai o nā holoholona, akā ma nā wahi hema, ʻai ʻia nā hua ʻāhiu a me nā hua e nā mea ʻino. Hōʻike ʻia ka papaʻai nui e nā ungulate kūloko a me nā hihiu, nā hares a me nā rodents liʻiliʻi, a me nā manu a me nā kino make. Hāʻawi nā ʻīlio hae Tundra i ka makemake i nā keiki bipi a me nā dia wahine, nā geese, nā lemona a me nā voles. ʻO nā hipa kāne a me nā ʻeke ʻeke, a me nā hares, lilo pinepine lākou i mau mea ʻaihue no nā wahi mauna e noho ana. Hiki i ka meaʻai na ka ʻīlio hae ke:
- nā holoholona, me nā ʻīlio hoʻi;
- ʻīlio lākeke;
- hūnā ungpers me ka puaʻa hihiu a me nā dia;
- nā māmela;
- bea, ʻalopeke a me martens;
- ʻO ka grouse ʻeleʻele Caucasian a me nā pheasants;
- nā squirrels honua a me nā jerboas;
- hedgehogs;
- nā mea kolo;
- nā mea kolo nui;
- ʻiole wai;
- iʻa, me ka carp;
- nā moʻo a me kekahi ʻano o nā honu;
- ʻaʻole nui loa o nā ʻano nahesa.
Mea nui! ʻO nā Wolves kekahi o nā holoholona paʻakikī loa, no laila hiki iā lākou ke hele maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai no ʻelua mau pule a i ʻole a ʻoi iki paha.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā Wolves e nā ʻano ʻimi ʻokoʻa, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā kumu he nui, e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka ʻāina, nā ʻano o nā mea pio, a me ke alo o ka ʻike pākahi i loko o kekahi a i ʻole kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kikoʻī.
ʻAi iki nā mākua ma mua o ʻelima mau kilokika o kaʻiʻo i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ʻaʻole pono ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā meaʻai o nā holoholona ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua i ʻelua kilokika i kēlā me kēia lā. Lawe kaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻai hapa hapa a hūnā pono ʻia.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO nā Wolves he mau mea ʻaihue monogamous, a ʻo ke kope ʻana he ʻano ia o hoʻokahi wale nō ma waena o kahi ʻohana i hoʻokumu ʻia. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau moʻo, hoʻololi nui ke ʻano o ka wahine alpha a me ke kāne alpha a lilo i kolohe, akā ma hope o ka hala, hoʻololi ke ʻano o ka ʻohana i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lair i loko o nā hale pale pale maikaʻi ʻia, akā ʻo nā lua nui i haʻalele ʻia e nā holoholona nui ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia me ia he predators. Ma waho aʻe o ka pale ʻana mai nā ʻenemi a me nā kānaka, kahi kūpono o ka lua e ʻae ai ka wahine a me ke kāne e ʻike i ka weliweli i ka manawa.
ʻO ka manawa hānau he ʻelua mau mahina ma ka awelika. I nā panalāʻau hema, hānau ʻia nā cubs i ka hopena o Pepeluali a i ka waena o ʻApelila, a ma ka latitu waena a me ka ʻākau - mai ʻApelila a Mei. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā pēpē i kahi ʻōpala mai ʻekolu a ʻumikūmālua paha. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē i kahi ana, a i nā lā mua ʻaʻole haʻalele ka wahine wahine iā lākou, a ʻo nā kāne wale nō ke kuleana no ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻohana.
ʻO ka hānai waiū o nā keiki keu ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina a me ka hapa.... Mai ka makahiki o ʻelua mau mahina, hoʻololi ke keiki i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo. Hiki i nā ʻōpua wahine ulu ulu ke noho hoʻokahi no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai kahi wahine wolf e hele pū e ʻimi holoholona me ka ʻeke holoʻokoʻa. Inā loaʻa kahi kānalua no ka pilikia, hoʻohuli ʻia nā cubs e ka wahine i kahi ʻē aʻe, kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ai nā keiki i ka palekana holoʻokoʻa.
Ua oʻo kolohe nā kāne i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha makahiki, a me nā wahine - ma kahi o ʻelua mau makahiki, akā ʻo ka pinepine komo lākou i ka hana kope hana i ka makahiki ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki wale nō. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea i ʻike ʻia, ka makahiki i ka hānau mua ʻana i ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele e pili ana i nā ʻano kaiapuni. Me ka lawa kūpono o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka heluna lehulehu o nā ʻīlio hae, nā kānāwai o ka hoʻoponopono kūlohelohe o ka helu o nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Heʻuʻuku nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻīlio hina i waena o nā holoholona. I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia he kanakolu subspecies o kēia mea weliweli, dexterous a paʻakikī hoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻole o ka holoholona lōhiu e luku aloha ʻole ʻia e nā kānaka wale nō, kahi e hopena maikaʻi ʻole ai i ka huina o ka predator a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o nā maʻi ahulau i waena o nā holoholona.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua hoʻoweliweli ka lehulehu o ka ʻīlio hae hina i kekahi mau ʻāina me ka luku piha ʻana i ka hapanui o nā hihia no ka makaʻu i ka lilo ʻana o nā holoholona a kā lākou holoholona. ʻO ka predator i hoʻopau aloha ʻole ʻia e nā mea ʻawaʻawa, a, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, kī nui ʻia e nā poʻe ʻimi ʻimi. ʻO ia mau hana i hōʻemi nui ʻia i ka nui o nā ʻīlio hae, no laila, no ka laʻana, ma Minnesota, ua pale ʻia kahi holoholona kikokiko e like me kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane no nā makahiki he kanahā.
I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia kahi kūlana paʻa o ka lehulehu lehulehu ma Kanada a me Alaska, ma Finilana, ʻItalia a me Helene, Polani, ma kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻAsia a me ka Hikina Waena. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻaihue ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā wahi noho maʻamau e hoʻoweliweli i nā poʻe e noho ana i nā panalāʻau o Hungary, Lithuania a me Latvia, Pokukala a me Slovakia, a ʻo Belarus, Ukraine a me Romania. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻīlio hae ma ke ʻano he ʻano pale i nā ʻāina e like me Croatia, Makedonia a me Czech Republic, Bhutan a me Kina, Nepal a me Pakistan, a me Israel. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana nui o ka lehulehu o nā wolf wolf hina i ka Appendix II o ka CITES Convention.
