Tarbagan - he koʻokoʻo o ka ʻohana squirrel. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻepekema a me ka inoa o ka marmot Mongolian - Marmota sibirica, i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea noiʻi o Siberia, ka Hikina Hikina a me ka Caucasus - Radda Gustav Ivanovich i ka 1862.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Tarbagan
Loaʻa nā marmots Mongolian i ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau, e like me ko lākou poʻe hoahānau āpau, akā ʻo ko lākou wahi e hele aku ana a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao hema hikina o Siberia, Mongolia a me Kina ʻākau. He mea maʻamau ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka tarbagan. Noho ʻo Common or Marmota sibirica sibirica ma Transbaikalia, Mongolia Hikina, ma Kina. Loaʻa nā Khangai subspecies Marmota sibirica caliginosus ma Tuva, komohana a me nā kikowaena o Mongolia.
ʻO ka Tarbagan, ma ke ʻano he ʻumikūmākahi pili loa a ʻelima mau mea marmot pau ʻole i kū i ka honua i kēia lā, i puka mai mai ka hopena o Miocene offshoot o ka genus Marmota mai Prospermophilus. Ua pālahalaha aʻe nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka Pliocene. Noho mau ʻo ʻEulopa mai ka Pliocene, a ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a hiki i ka hopena o ka Miocene.
Ua mālama nā marmots o kēia manawa i nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā he nui o ka hanana o ke poʻo axial o ka Paramyidae o ka wā ʻo Oligocene ma mua o nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā squirrels terrestrial. ʻAʻole pololei, akā ʻo nā ʻohana pili loa o nā marmots o kēia manawa ʻo ka Palearctomys Douglass ʻAmelika a me Arktomyoides Douglass, ka mea i noho ma ka Miocene ma nā wahi ulu a me nā ululāʻau ākea.
Video: Tarbagan
I Transbaikalia, ua loaʻa nā koena ʻāpana o kahi marmot liʻiliʻi mai ka wā Late Paleolithic, no Marmota sibirica paha ia. Ua loaʻa nā mea kahiko loa ma ka mauna Tologoy ma ka hema o Ulan-Ude. ʻO ka Tarbagan, a i ʻole kapa ʻia ʻo ia, ʻo ka marmot Siberian, kokoke loa i ke ʻano o ka bobak ma mua o ka Altai species; ʻoi aku ka like me ke ʻano komohana hema o ka kammka Kamchatka.
Loaʻa ka holoholona ma loko o Mongolia a me nā ʻaoʻao e pili ana o Lūkia, a ma ka ʻākau hikina a me ke komohana ʻākau o Kina, ma ka moku kūʻokoʻa ʻo Nei Mengu e pili ana iā Mongolia (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Mongolia Loko) a me ka moku ʻo Heilongjiang, ka palena o Rūsia Ma Transbaikalia, hiki ke loaʻa ma ke kapa hema o ka Selenga, a hiki i Goose Lake, i ka steppes o Transbaikalia hema.
Ma Tuva, loaʻa ia i ka steppe Chuya, ma ka hikina o ka muliwai Burkhei-Murey, ma ka hikina hema o Sayan mauna ma ka ʻākau o Lake Khubsugul. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā palena kikoʻī o ka laulā ma nā wahi e launa pū ai me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā marmots (hina ma ka Altai Hema a me Kamchatka ma ka Hikina Sayan).
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o Tarbagan
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kupapaʻu 56.5 cm, ka huelo 10.3 cm, ʻo ia ka 25% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka iwi poʻo he 8.6 - 9.9 mm, he ʻikiwi a kiʻekiʻe kona lae a me nā pāpālina ākea. I ka tarbagan, ʻaʻole like ka haʻi ʻia o ka tubercle postorbital e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Pōkole a palupalu ke kapa. He ʻeleʻele-melemele i ke kala, ʻōkeke, akā i ka nānā pono ʻia ʻana e ʻōpala me nā kihi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele o nā lauoho kiaʻi. ʻO ka hapa haʻahaʻa o ke kupapaʻu e hina-hina. Ma nā ʻaoʻao, he fawn ke kala a hoʻohālikelike me ka hope a me ka ʻōpū.
ʻEleʻele ke poʻo o ke poʻo, ʻeleʻele ke nānā aku, e like me ka pāpale, keu hoʻi i ke kau, ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana Aia ia ma kahi o ka laina e hoʻopili i ka waena o nā pepeiao. Mālamalama nā papalina, kahi o ka vibrissae, a merge kā lākou ʻāpana kala. Mālamalama ka hakahaka ma waena o nā maka a me nā pepeiao. I kekahi manawa ʻulaʻula ka pepeiao, akā hina pinepine. ʻO ka wahi ma lalo o nā maka e ʻeleʻele iki, a ma kahi o nā lehelehe keʻokeʻo, akā aia kekahi palena ʻeleʻele i nā kihi a ma ka auwae. ʻO ka huelo, e like me ke kala o ke kua, ʻeleʻele a hina hina i ka hopena, e like me ka lalo.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā incisors o kēia koʻokoʻo ma mua o nā molara. ʻO ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke ola i nā lua a me ka pono e ʻeli iā lākou me kā lākou mau wāwae i pili i kā lākou pōkole, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia nā lālā hope i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā squirrels ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo nā chipmunks. ʻOi aku ka hoʻomohala o ka manamana wāwae ʻehā o ke koʻokoʻo ma mua o ke kolu, a aia paha ka forelimb mua. ʻAʻohe ʻeke papalina a nā Tarbagans. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā holoholona i 6-8 kg, hiki i ka nui o 9.8 kg, a i ka hopena o ke kauwela 25% o ke kaupaona ka momona, ma kahi o 2-2.3 kg. ʻO ka momona subcutaneous he 2-3 mau manawa ma mua o ka momona o ka ʻōpū.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka tarbagans o nā ʻĀkau o ka pae. I nā kuahiwi, ʻike ʻia nā kānaka ʻāpana nui a ʻeleʻele hoʻi. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā hiʻohiʻona hikina; ʻo ka mamao aku i ke komohana, ʻo ka pouli o ke kala o nā holoholona. M. s. ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o sibirica a māmā i ka nui me ka "cap" ʻeleʻele ʻokoʻa loa. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka caliginosus, kala ʻia ka top i nā leo ʻeleʻele, i ke kokoleka, a ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ka pāpale e like me nā subspecies i hala, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hulu.
Ma hea e noho ai ka tarbagan?
Kiʻi: tarolagan Mongolian
ʻIke ʻia nā Tarbagans ma ka wāwae wāwae a me nā alpine meadow steppes. ʻO ko lākou wahi noho me nā mea kanu kūpono no ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona: nā nāhelehele, nā laʻalāʻau, nā ʻāpana mauna, nā kula ākea, nā ʻūhū hāmama, nā ʻūlū ulu, nā pali mauna, nā wao akua, nā kahawai a me nā awawa. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o a i 3.8 tausani m ma luna o ka ʻilikai. m., akā ʻaʻole e noho i nā kula alpine wale. Hōʻalo pū ʻia nā mākala paʻakai, nā awāwa ākea a me nā lua.
I ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka pae, noho lākou ma ka hema, nā pali mahana, akā hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā lihi ululāʻau ma nā pali ʻākau. ʻO nā wahi punahele kahi wāwae a me nā mauna steppes. I kēlā mau wahi, hāʻawi ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻāina i nā holoholona i nā meaʻai no kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi. Aia nā wahi i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka mauʻu i ka wā mua o ka pūnāwai a me nā wahi malumalu kahi e mae ʻole ai nā mea kanu i ka wā kauwela. I kulike ai me kēia, kū i ka neʻe kau o tarbagans. Hoʻopili ke kau o nā hana olaola i ka hana o ke ola a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā holoholona.
I ka pau ʻana o ka lau nahele, ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka tarbagans, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mea like i nā kuahiwi, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻololi makahiki o ke kāʻei wai, kahi neʻe o ka forage. Hiki i nā neʻe ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe ke 800-1000 mau mika i ke kiʻekiʻe. Noho nā lālā i nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole. Noho ʻo M. sibirica i nā ʻanuʻu haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo M. caliginosus e piʻi kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma nā pae mauna a me nā pali.
Makemake ʻo marmot Siberian i nā steppe:
- cereals mauna a me nā sedges, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wormwood;
- lau nahele (hulahula);
- mauʻu hulu, ʻaila, me ka hoʻopili o nā sedges a me nā mea kanu.
Ke koho ʻana i kahi nohona, koho nā tarbagans i ka poʻe ma laila kahi nānā maikaʻi - i nā steppes mauʻu haʻahaʻa. I Transbaikalia a me Mongolia hikina, noho ia i nā kuahiwi ma nā kahawai a me nā gullies, a me nā puʻu. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā palena o ka nohona i ka wahi nahele. I kēia manawa ua mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka holoholona ma nā ʻāina mauna mamao o Hentei a me nā mauna o Transbaikalia komohana.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka tarbagan. E ʻike kāua i ka ʻai a ka groundhog.
He aha ka ʻai a ka tarbagan?
Kiʻi: Marmot Tarbagan
He lāʻau herbivorous ʻo Siberian marmots a ʻai i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu: cereals, Compositae, moths.
I ke komohana ʻo Transbaikalia, ka papaʻai nui o nā tarbagans:
- ʻiliʻili;
- fescue;
- kaleria;
- mauʻu-hiamoe;
- buttercups;
- astragalus;
- ulupoo;
- dandelion;
- scabious;
- buckwheat;
- bindweed;
- cymbarium;
- plantain;
- kahunapule;
- mauʻu māla;
- palaoa palaoa;
- a me nā ʻano ʻāhiu ʻāhiu a me nā lāʻau ʻenuhe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ke mālama ʻia i loko o ka pio, ua ʻai maikaʻi kēia mau holoholona 33 o 54 mau ʻano mea kanu e ulu ana i nā steppe o Transbaikalia.
Aia kahi hoʻololi o ka hānai e like me nā kau. I ka pūnāwai, ʻoiai aia he mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo liʻiliʻi, ke puka mai nā tarbagans mai kā lākou mau lua, ʻai lākou i ka sod e ulu ana mai nā mauʻu a me nā sedges, nā rhizome a me nā ipuna. Mai Mei a waena waena o ʻAukake, me ka nui o nā meaʻai, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i kā lākou mau poʻo punahele o Compositae, i loaʻa ka nui o nā protein a me nā mea digestible maʻalahi. Mai ʻAukake, a i nā makahiki maloʻo a ʻoi aku, i ka wā e pau ai nā mea kanu steppe, pau ka ʻaihue i ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou, akā i ka malu, i nā depressions kōkua, mālama mau ʻia nā forbs a me ka laau kawa.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole ʻai ka marmot Siberia i ka meaʻai holoholona, i ke pio ʻana ua hāʻawi ʻia lākou i nā manu, nā ʻūlū o ka honua, nā ʻūhini, nā ʻiʻo, nā larvae, akā ʻaʻole i ʻae nā tarbagans i kēia meaʻai. Akā, aia paha i ka hihia o ka maloʻo a ke nele ka meaʻai, ʻai pū lākou i ka meaʻai holoholona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā hua o nā mea kanu, ʻaʻole i ʻeli ʻia nā ʻanoʻano e nā marmots Siberian, akā lūlū lākou iā lākou, a hui pū ʻia me nā meaola a me ka pīpī ʻana me kahi papa o ka honua, hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ka ʻāina o ka steppe.
ʻAi ʻo Tarbagan mai hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua kg o ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole inu ka holoholona i ka wai. Kūleʻa ʻo Marmots i ka puna mua me kahi lako o ka momona o ka ʻōpū i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, e like me ka momona subcutaneous, hoʻomaka e hoʻopau ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana. Hoʻomaka ka hōʻiliʻili hou o ka momona i ka hopena o Mei - Iulai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Tarbagan
ʻO ka nohona o ka tarbagan e like me ka hana a me ke ola o ka bobak, ka marmot hina, akā ʻoi aku ka hohonu o kā lākou lua, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā keʻena. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻole, hoʻokahi wale nō kāmela nui kēia. I ke kuahiwi, ke kikowaena o ke ʻano o nā noho. ʻO nā puka no ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole naʻe nā ʻaoʻao i mua o ke keʻena pūnana, i paʻa ʻia me ka plug honua. Ma nā papu puʻu, no ka laʻana, e like me Dauria, ka paepae Bargoi, hāʻawi like ʻia nā wahi noho o nā Mongolian marmot ma kahi ākea.
ʻO ka hoʻoilo, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona a me ka ʻāina, he 6 - 7.5 mau mahina. ʻO ka hibernation nui ma ka hema hikina o Transbaikalia hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kaʻina hana i 20-30 mau lā. ʻO nā holoholona e noho kokoke ana i nā ala nui a i ʻole kahi e hopohopo nei ka poʻe iā lākou ʻaʻole e hānai maikaʻi i ka momona a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hibernation.
ʻO ka hohonu o ka lua, ka nui o ka ʻōpala a me ka nui o nā holoholona e ʻae i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana i ke keʻena ma 15 kekelē. Inā hāʻule ia i ka ʻole, a laila hele nā holoholona i kahi ʻano hiamoe hapalua a me kā lākou neʻe ʻana e hoʻomehana kekahi i kekahi a me nā wahi a puni. ʻO nā lua e hoʻohana ai nā Mongolian marmots no nā makahiki e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka inoa kūloko no ia mau marmots he butanes. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou nui ma mua o nā bobaks a i ʻole marmots kuahiwi. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe he 1 mika, ma kahi o 8 mau mika ākea. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā marmots nunui - a i 20 mau mika.
I ke anuanu, nā hoʻoilo ʻaʻohe hau, nā tarbagans i hōʻiliʻili ʻole i ka momona e make. Make pū nā holoholona wīwī i ke kakahiaka nui, ʻoiai he meaʻai iki, a i ʻole i ka wā o ka hau i ʻApelila-Mei. ʻO ka mea mua, he poʻe ʻōpio kēia i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e hana ai i ka momona. I ka pūnāwai, hana nui nā tarbagans, hoʻolilo lākou i manawa he nui ma ka ʻili, e hele mamao loa ana mai kā lākou mau lua, i kahi i ulu ai ka mauʻu i 150-300 mau mika. Hānai pinepine lākou i nā marmots, kahi e hoʻomaka mua ai ke kau ulu.
I nā lā kauwela, aia nā holoholona i nā lua, ʻaʻole hele pinepine mai i luna. Hele lākou i waho e ʻai ke emi ka wela. I ke kauwela, moe nā marmots Siberian keu kaupaona i nā marmots, akā ʻo ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻole ka momona momona i nā kaumaha o ke kōkua. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, haʻalele ka tarbagans i kā lākou mau lua, a ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā hola awakea wale nō. ʻElua mau pule ma mua o ka hibernation, hoʻomaka nā holoholona e hoʻomākaukau i ka moena no ka lumi hoʻoilo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Tarbagan mai ka Red Book
Noho nā holoholona i nā steppe i nā kolone, e kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi e nā kani a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻāina. E hana i kēia, noho lākou ma ko lākou mau wāwae hope, e nānā a puni ka honua. No ka ʻike ākea, he maka nunui a makaʻu ko lākou i kū i luna i ka kalaunu a ʻoi aku ma nā ʻaoʻao. Makemake nā Tarbagans e noho ma kahi o 3 a 6 hectares, akā ma nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole e noho lākou ma 1.7 - 2 hectares.
Hoʻohana nā marmots Siberian i nā lua no kekahi mau hanauna, inā ʻaʻohe mea nāna e hoʻopilikia iā lākou. I nā wahi mauna, kahi ʻaʻole ʻae ka lepo e ʻeli i nā lua hohonu he nui, aia kekahi mau hihia a hiki i 15 mau kānaka e moe i loko o hoʻokahi keʻena, akā ma ka awelika 3-4-5 holoholona i ka hoʻoilo i nā lua. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpala i kahi pūnana hoʻoilo hiki i 7-9 kg.
Rut, a hiki koke ka hoʻouluulu i nā marmots Mongolian ma hope o ke ala ʻana i nā lua hoʻoilo, ma mua o ka puka ʻana i luna. Hāpai ka hāpai i nā lā he 30-42, kū like ka lactation. ʻO Surchata, ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, hiki ke omo i ka waiū a hoʻopau i nā mea kanu. Aia he 4-5 mau pēpē i ka ʻōpala. Hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohālikelike o ka wahine. I ka makahiki mua, make ka 60% o nā keiki.
ʻAʻole nā ʻōpio marmots a i ʻekolu mau makahiki e haʻalele i nā lua o ko lākou mau mākua a hiki i ko lākou oʻo ʻana. ʻO nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kolone ʻohana pili e pili pū i ka hana makua, ʻano nui i ke ʻano o ka thermoregulation i ka wā hibernation. Hoʻonui ka mālama alloparental i ke ola holoʻokoʻa o nā laha. ʻO kahi kolone ʻohana ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻa he 10-15 mau kānaka, ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole mai 2-6. Ma kahi o 65% o nā wahine makua e komo i ka hana hou. Lilo kēia ʻano marmots i kūpono no ka hānau ʻana i ka makahiki ʻehā o ke ola ma Mongolia a me ke kolu ma Transbaikalia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma Mongolia, kāhea ka poʻe hahai holoholona i nā ʻōpio o ka makahiki "mundal", ʻelua makahiki - "cauldron", ʻekolu makahiki - "sharahatszar". ʻO ke kāne makua he "burkh", ʻo ka wahine he "tarch".
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā tarbagans
Kiʻi: Tarbagan
ʻO nā manu lele, ʻo ka mea weliweli loa no ka marmot Siberian ka ʻaeto gula, ʻoiai ma Transbaikalia he mea maʻamau ʻole ia. ʻAi aku nā aeto Steppe i nā mea maʻi a me nā marmots, a ʻai pū i nā koʻokoʻo make. Māhele ka buzzard o Central ʻAsia i kēia waihona meaʻai me nā ʻaetoeto, e hoʻokani nei i ke ʻano o kahi steppe i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. ʻUmeʻume ʻo Tarbagans i nā buzzards a me nā hawks. ʻO nā holoholona ʻehā ʻehā, ʻo ka mea nui i hōʻino ʻia i nā marmots Mongolian ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻīlio hae, a e hōʻemi paha ka heluna kanaka ma muli o ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā ʻīlio hele hewa. Hiki i nā leopadi hau a me nā bear brown ke alualu iā lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai e hana nei nā tarbagans, ʻaʻole lele nā ʻīlio hae i nā ʻohana hipa. Ma hope o ka hibernation o nā koʻokoʻo, hoʻololi nā mea ʻino hina i nā holoholona laka.
Moe pinepine nā ʻalopeke i ke kali no nā ʻōpio marmots. Ke huli kūleʻa ʻia lākou e kahi corsac a me kahi ferret māmā. ʻAʻole hōʻeha nā Badger i nā marmots Mongolian a ʻaʻole nānā ka rodents iā lākou. Akā ua loaʻa nā mea ʻimi holoholona i nā koena o nā marmots i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka lika; i ko lākou nui, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua liʻiliʻi lākou ʻaʻole lākou i haʻalele i ka lua. Hoʻoluhi ʻia ʻo Tarbagans e nā ʻutu lele e noho ana i ka hulu hipa, ixodid a me nā kikiki haʻahaʻa, a me nā kika. Hiki i nā ʻenuhe gadfly ʻili ke parasitize ma lalo o ka ʻili. ʻEha pū nā holoholona i ka coccidia a me nā nematodes. Kipaku kēia mau parasite i nā koʻokoʻo i ka luhi a me ka make pū kekahi.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā Tarbagans e ka lehulehu kūloko no ka meaʻai. Ma Tuva a me Buryatia i kēia manawa ʻaʻole pinepine ia (malia paha no ka ʻano maʻamau o ka holoholona), akā ma nā wahi āpau o Mongolia. Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻiʻo holoholona he mea ʻono, hoʻohana ʻia ka momona ʻaʻole wale no ka meaʻai, akā no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā lāʻau. ʻAʻole i mahalo nui ʻia nā ʻili o nā koʻokoʻo ma mua, akā ʻo nā ʻenehana hou o ke kāhiko ʻana a me ke kala e hiki ai ke hoʻohālike i ko lākou huluhulu no nā huluhulu ʻoi aku ka waiwai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Inā ʻoe e hoʻopilikia i ka tarbagan, ʻaʻole ia e lele i waho o ka lua. Ke hoʻomaka ke kanaka e ʻeli iā ia, ʻeli a hohonu ka hohonu o ka holoholona, a hāwele i ka papa ma hope ona iho me kahi huna lepo. Kūʻē nui ka holoholona i hopu ʻia a hiki ke hōʻeha nui, pili i ke kanaka me ka paʻa o ka make.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka tarbagan
Ua emi nui ka heluna tarbagan ma luna o ke kenekulia i hala. Hoʻomaopopo loa ʻia kēia ma nā panalāʻau o Rūsia.
Nā kumu nui:
- hana unregulated o ka holoholona;
- ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻāina puʻupaʻa ma Transbaikalia a me Dauria;
- hoʻopau kūikawā e kāpae i nā maʻi ahulau (tarbagan ka mea lawe i kēia maʻi).
I nā 30-40 o ke kenekulia i hala ma Tuva, ma ke kahakai ʻo Tannu-Ola, ua emi ma mua o 10 tausani mau kānaka. I ke komohana ʻo Transbaikalia, ʻo kā lākou helu i nā makahiki 30 e pili pū ana paha ma kahi o 10,000 mau holoholona. I ka hema hema o Transbaikalia i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia iwakālua. aia he mau miliona tarbagana, a i ka waena o ke kenekulia, i nā wahi like, i ka nui o ka mahele ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka helu ma mua o 10 mau kānaka no 1 km2. Ma ka ʻākau o ke kahua ʻo Kailastui ma kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ʻo 30 mau anakahi ka nui. no 1 km2. Akā ke emi mau nei ka nui o nā holoholona, ʻoiai he ikaika nā kuʻuna holoholona i waena o nā kamaʻāina kūloko.
ʻO ka helu kokoke o nā holoholona i ka honua ma kahi o 10 miliona. I 84 o ke kenekulia iwakālua. Ma Rūsia, aia a hiki i 38,000 mau kānaka, e like me:
- ma Buryatia - 25,000,
- ma Tuva - 11,000,
- ma Hema-Hikina Transbaikalia - 2000.
I kēia manawa ua emi ka nui o nā holoholona i nā manawa he nui, ua kākoʻo nui ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o nā tarbagans mai Mongolia.ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka holoholona ma Mongolia i nā makahiki 90 i hoʻēmi i ka heluna kanaka ma aneʻi e 70%, ke hoʻololi nei i kēia ʻano mai ka "hoʻoweliweli iki" i ka mahele "ua aneane make." Wahi a ka ʻikepili hopu holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no 1942-1960. ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1947 ua hōʻea ke kālepa kū kānāwai ʻole i ka piko o 2.5 miliona mau anakahi. I ka manawa mai 1906 a 1994, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 104.2 miliona mau ʻili i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ke kūʻai aku ma Mongolia.
ʻO ka helu maoli o nā ʻili i kūʻai ʻia ma mua o nā ʻimi hopu holoholona i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau manawa. I ka makahiki 2004, ua lawe pio ʻia ma luna o nā ʻili he 117,000 i loaʻa i ke kānāwai. Ua kū mai ka boom hahai holoholona mai ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai o nā pelts, a ʻo nā mea e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ala a me nā ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea ʻimi holoholona e loaʻa nā kolone rodent.
Pale Tarbagan
Kiʻi: Tarbagan mai ka Red Book
Ma ka Buke ʻulaʻula o Rūsia, ʻo ka holoholona, e like me ia i ka papa inoa IUCN, ma ka mahele o ka "hopena" - ʻo kēia ka heluna kānaka ma ka hikina hema o Transbaikalia, ma ka mahele o "hōʻemi" ma ka moku o Tyva, North-Eastern Transbaikalia. Pale aku ka holoholona i nā waihona Borgoysky a me Orotsky, i nā waihona ʻo Sokhondinsky a me Daursky, a ma nā panalāʻau ʻo Buryatia a me ka Teritori Trans-Baikal. E pale a hoʻihoʻi i ka heluna kanaka o kēia mau holoholona, pono e hana i nā mālama kūikawā, a me nā ana no ka hoʻouka hou ʻana, e hoʻohana ana i kēlā me kēia kanaka mai nā wahi palekana.
Pono e mālama ʻia ka palekana o kēia laha o nā holoholona no ka mea ʻo ka hana nui a ka tarbagans ka mea nui i ka ʻāina. ʻOi aku ka paʻakai o ka flora ma marmots, emi iki ka make. ʻO nā marmots Mongolian nā kī kī nui i pāʻani i nā kuleana biogeographic. Ma Mongolia, ʻae ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana mai ʻAukake 10 a i ʻOkakopa 15, ke kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui o nā holoholona. Ua pāpā loa ʻia ka Hunting ma 2005, 2006. Aia ʻo tarbagan ma ka papa inoa o nā holoholona laha ʻole ma Mongolia. Kū i loko o nā wahi i pale ʻia ma waena o ka pae (ma kahi o 6% o kāna pae.
Tarbagan kēlā holoholona i hoʻokau ʻia ai kekahi mau kia hoʻomanaʻo. Aia kekahi o lākou i Krasnokamensk a kahi hui o ʻelua mau kiʻi i ke ʻano o ka mea miner a me kahi mea ʻimi holoholona; he hōʻailona kēia o kahi holoholona i aneane e hoʻopau ʻia ma Dauria. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi kiʻi kiʻi kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe ma Angarsk, kahi i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hana o nā pāpale mai ka hulu tarbagan. Aia kahi papa hana kiʻi ʻelua nui ma Tuva kokoke i ke kauhale o Mugur-Aksy. Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻelua mau kia hoʻomanaʻo i tarbagan ma Mongolia: hoʻokahi ma Ulaanbaatar, a ʻo kekahi, i hana ʻia i nā pahele, ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o Mongolia.
Ka lā paʻi: ʻOkakopa 29, 2019
Lā hou: 01.09.2019 ma 22:01
