Leech pili i ka subclass holoʻokoʻa o ka annelids no ka papa o nā koʻe kāʻei. Kūlike ʻole i ka stereotype kaulana, ʻaʻole pono ka leech i kahi bloodsucker i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana lapaʻau. He lī lapaʻau wale nō kēia, a he nui nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia subclass e noho nei i nā kino wai hou me kahi kahe lohi a i ʻole, i ka nui, me ka wai stagnant. He kakaikahi nā ʻano o nā lepe i hiki ke hoʻokele i ka honua a me nā biotopes kai. I kēia lā, ʻike ka ʻepekema e pili ana i 500 mau ʻano o ka lepe. ʻO kēia mau mea, loaʻa nā ʻano 62 ma ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Leech
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Lūkia "leech" mai ka Proto-Slavic a ʻo ia hoʻi "inu", i kūlike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka hiki, no ka mea inu mau kēia ʻenuhe. A i ʻole i loko o kahi mokuʻāina kokoke i nā hāmeʻa i kāpae ʻia - ke hoʻopiha ʻia me ke koko - kūlohelohe, inā ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēlā mau ʻano i makemake e ale i ka mea pio liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā ʻano leech he ʻokoʻa mai kekahi mm a i nā ʻumi cm. ʻO ke ʻano nui o nā lepe ma ka Lākina i kapa ʻia ʻo Haementeria ghilianii (ʻo ke kino o kēia leech e hōʻea i 45 cm). Noho ʻo ia i nā tropika o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO nā wēlau o mua a me hope o ke kino o kēia mau ilo ua lako me nā kīʻaha omo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea hānai mua e ka accretion o 4-5 ʻāpana, ka hope - 7. No laila, ʻoi aku ka mana o ia mea. Aia ke anus ma luna o ka omo hope. I ka lua o ke kino, hoʻopiha ka parenchyma i ka hakahaka. Loaʻa iā ia nā tubules - lacunae, nā koena o ka lua o ke kino i kapa ʻia. Hoʻoemi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana holo, hāʻawi ʻia kāna kuleana i ka ʻōnaehana lacunar o nā tubules coelom.
Video: Leech
Hana ka ʻili i ka cuticle a nele loa i ka parapodia a, ma ka laulā, o nā setae āpau. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana e like me ke ʻano o nā ilo ilo liʻiliʻi. Ma ka lalo o ka omo mua ka waha e hāmama ana kahi e hāmama ai ka waha i ka pharynx. I kahi kaʻawale o nā leho proboscis, hiki ke neʻe i waho o ka pharynx.
I nā lepe ʻāʻī, ʻekolu mau ā iwi chitinous e hoʻopuni i ka lua waha - me kā lākou kōkua, ʻoki ka ilo i loko o ka ʻili. ʻO ka hanu ʻana i ka hapanui o nā ʻano līkē ma o ka helu o ke kino, eia nō naʻe, he mau gills nā ʻano. Kū ka excretion ma o metanephridia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana holo e ka maoli, a ʻāpana ʻia e nā kīwaha lua, ʻaʻole hiki ke pulsate. Kapa ʻia lākou he sinus a hōʻike i ke koena o ka coelom.
ʻAʻohe kala ke koko i nā lepe proboscis, a i ka lepe ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula ia, i wehewehe ʻia e ke kū ʻana o ka hemoglobin i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai lymphatic. ʻO nā lepe wale nō mai ka genus Branchellion i loaʻa kahi ʻōnaehana hanu piha - nā ʻōnaehana hanu i ke ʻano o nā pā lau e waiho ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka leech
Hoʻolōʻihi iki ʻia ke kino a i ʻole kūwaha i ke ʻano, pālahalaha ʻia i ke kuhikuhi dorsal-ʻōpū. Aia kahi mahele maopopo i nā apo liʻiliʻi, me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā apo 3-5 e kūlike ana i ka ʻāpana 1 o ke kino. Aia i loko o ka ʻili nā gland he nui e hūnā ai i ka mucus. I mua he 1-5 mau maka maka, aia ma arcuate a i ʻole kekahi ma hope o kekahi (e ʻōlelo paha kekahi - i pālua). ʻIke ʻia ka pauka ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal o ke kino, kokoke i ke kīʻaha omo o hope.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana e kahi ganglion supraopharyngeal ʻelua-lobed (ganglion) a me kahi analogue primitive o ka lolo, i pili iā ia e nā pōkole pōkole o ka ganglion subpharyngeal. Eia kekahi, i nā huaʻōlelo hana, pili pū ke kaulahao o ka ʻōpū me lākou, aia i loko o ka sinus sinus kōpū.
ʻO ke kaulahao o ka ʻōpū ma kahi o 32 mau kiko. ʻO ke poʻo o ke poʻo ke kuleana no ka loko o nā mea loaʻa, a ʻo nā mea ʻimi a me ka pharynx, a me nā hui o nā aʻalolo ʻelua mai kēlā me kēia ganglion o ke kaulahao ʻōpū. ʻO lākou, ma loko, e hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana kino like. ʻO ke aʻa lonikū ke kuleana no ka loko o ka paia o ka ʻōpū o lalo. Hāʻawi ia i nā lālā i nā ʻeke makapō o nā ʻōpū.
Aia ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana digestive primitive i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai o ka worm. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomaka o ka gastrointestinal tract e nā waha (me 3 chitinous serrated plate) - i nā lepe ʻāʻī, a i ʻole nā proboscis, ka mea hiki ke pale aku (i nā lepe proboscis).
ʻO kahi ʻano maʻamau o nā lepe āpau ke kū i ka waha o ka waha o nā galani salivary he nui e hūnā ana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, incl. a ʻawahia. Ma hope o ka pharynx, lawelawe ma ke ʻano he pauma i ka wā omo, aia kahi ʻōpū distensible loa me nā ʻeke ʻaoʻao he nui (hiki i 11 mau pālua), me nā mea hope loa ka lōʻihi. Pōkole a lahilahi ka hindgut.
Ma hea e noho ai ka līkī?
Kiʻi: Leech ma Lūkia
ʻO nā lepe āpau (me ka hoʻokoe ʻole) he poʻe ʻaihue. ʻO lākou, no ka hapa nui, hānai i ke koko. ʻO ka pr parasinants parasitizes ma nā holoholona mehana koko a molluscs paha, akā ʻai pinepine i nā ilo ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā lepe (ka mea nui) nā kamaʻāina o ka wai hou, akā aia kekahi mau ʻano honua e noho nei i ka mauʻu mauʻu (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻano ʻāina o ka lepe). ʻO kekahi mau ʻano he ʻano kai (Pontobdella).
ʻO ka leech lapaʻau kaulana loa - Hirudo medicinalis. Hiki i ka ilo ke ulu a 10 cm ka lōʻihi a 2 cm ākea. He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele-ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kala; aia kahi hiʻohiʻona lōkahi i ka hope me kahi ʻulaʻula. Māmā ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōniʻoniʻo, me 5 mau maka o nā maka ma ke apo o ka 3, 5th a me ka 8th a me nā auwaha ikaika loa. E pili ana i ka nohona, ka leech lāʻau, no ka hapa nui, maʻamau i nā kahawai o ka hema o ʻEulopa, ʻo Russia a me Caucasus.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻohana nā Mekiko Aesculapians i kahi leech ʻē aʻe - Haementaria officinalis. He ʻano like kona, a ʻoi iki aʻe ka hopena o ke kino o ke kanaka.
Ma waena o nā lehelehe, aia kekahi mau mea ʻona, ka nahu o ia mea he weliweli nui i ke ola a me ke olakino o ke kanaka. ʻO kahi laʻana - N. mexicana, e noho nei ma Central America. ʻO ia, ʻokoʻa ka leʻī lapaʻau, ʻo ia, me ka hoʻohui ʻia o ka hirudin, injects i nā mea ʻona i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona i pili ai. Hāʻawi kēia iā ia i ka manawa kūpono i ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻaʻole wale e leʻaleʻa i ka ʻono o kona koko, akā e loiloi hoʻi i ka maikaʻi o kaʻiʻo. ʻO kēia leech kahi predator maʻamau e hōʻole ʻole e hāʻawi iā ia iho i ka meaʻai i kēia ala.
I nā tropika o ʻAsia, i nā ululāʻau humuhū a i ka mauʻu, kahi mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka leech weliweli - ʻo Hirudo ceylonica a me nā mea pili pono, kahi e ʻeha ai ke nahu ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻokahe ʻia e ia e paʻakikī e hōʻoki. No laila, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO kā Caucasus a me Crimea kā lākou ponoʻī, nā ʻano endemery o nā lepe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo Nephelis vulgaris kahi ilo liʻiliʻi me kahi kino lahilahi a ʻiki hoʻi. Hinahina ke kala, i kekahi manawa aia kahi lau brown i ka hope. ʻO ka lua o ka lunamakaʻāinana ʻo Clepsine tessel ata, kahi Tatar leech, kahi hiʻohiona ʻokoʻa nona ke kino ākea a me ka oval kino.
Kaulana nō hoʻi ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā Tatar iā ia i ka lāʻau lāhui, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ka hirudotherapists kūhelu i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia ʻano lepe. Akā ma ka papa lepo o ka Caspian a me Azov, ke ola nei ka leech kai, Archaeobdella Esmonti. ʻĀwīpī ko kēia ilo ma ka waihoʻoluʻu a ʻaʻohe ona mea hānai kua. ʻO ka leech ʻākau loa, ʻo Acanthobdella peledina, i loaʻa i ke kīʻaha o Lake Onega.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka leech. E nānā kāua i ka mea a kēia holoholona e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka līkī?
Kiʻi: Leech i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO ka mea nui o ka papa inoa leech ke koko o nā vertebrates, a me nā mollusks a me nā ilo ʻē aʻe. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ma waena o ka subclass o ka lehelehe, aia nō kekahi o nā predatory species e ʻai ʻole i ke koko o nā holoholona, akā e ale wale i ka mea pio (ʻo ka pinepine o ka mālama ʻana e hana i kēia me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ...
Ma waho aʻe o kēlā mau mea i helu ʻia ma luna, aia kekahi ʻano lepe e pili ana me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. ʻOkoʻa, kekahi ʻano o kēia mau holoholona "me ka makemake" e hoʻopau i ke koko o nā amphibians a hiki i ka kanu ʻana i ka meaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke ʻano pilikino maikaʻi o ka lepe i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kumu o kā lākou hoʻohana lāʻau. Mai ka wā waena, ua hana ākea ʻia ka hirudotherapy - ka mālama ʻana me nā lepe. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana therapeutic o kēia ʻano hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka leech hānai ka hopena o ke kahe ʻana o ka capillary kūloko, e hoʻopau ana i ka huehue a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hāʻawi koko i kēia ʻāpana o ke kino.
Hoʻohui ʻia, me ka nahu ʻana o kahi leki, nā mea i loaʻa ka hopena anesthetic a me anti-inflammatory e komo i ke kahe o ke koko. No laila, hoʻomaikaʻi ka microcirculation koko, hoʻemi ka likelihood o thrombosis, a nalowale ka edema. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kēia, manaʻo ʻia kahi hopena reflexogenic i ka ʻōnaehana makaʻu ākea. A hiki i kēia mau mea āpau ke hoʻokō ʻia me ke aloha o ka leech i ka ʻai ʻana i ke koko!
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Leech i ka wai
ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke nānā pono i nā ʻano o ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o nā lepe. Ma kēlā me kēia wēlau o ke kino o ka līkī aia nā kīʻaha omo, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i ka papa o nā mea o ka wai. Lawe ʻia ka omo a me ka hoʻopaʻa hope me ka hopena mua. Neʻe ka leech ma ke kūlou ʻana i kahi arc. I ka hui like ʻana me kēia, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ka neʻe ʻana o ka leech i ke kolamu wai - hiki i nā ilo wai omo koko ke ʻau koke me ka piʻo ʻana i ko lākou kino i nā nalu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: E noʻonoʻo ana i nā mea ʻano o ka nohona o ka leech, i ka hana olakino, ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻia ʻana i kahi mea maʻi, nānā ʻia nā līkī a mālama ʻia me nā mea kikoʻī - hoʻoliʻiliʻi kēia i ka likelika o ke kanaka i hele a maʻi i nā maʻi lele. Ma hope koke o ka hoʻohana ʻana, pono e hemo ka leech "lilo" e ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi tampon me ka waiʻona i kona poʻo. Kūlike ʻole i ka stereotype kaulana, he paʻakikī ʻole ke kāpae ʻana i kahi leech makemake ʻole ʻia - lawa ia e hoʻohui i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka paʻakai i ke kīʻaha omo, ka mea e hoʻopaʻa ai ma ka ʻili.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pono iā mākou e hoʻopoina i nā lepe, ke hoʻokō nei i kahi hōʻeha i ke kanaka, ke kumu o kahi maʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo hirudinosis. ʻO ka pinepine, haʻalele nā lepe i kā lākou waiwai ponoʻī i ka manawa o ka saturation, ke hoʻomaka ka ilo i kāna satiety, ʻaʻole ia e pono hou. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻai ʻana i ke koko hiki ke lawe iā ia mai 40 mau minuke a i 3-4 mau hola.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Leech
ʻO nā lepe āpau, me ka hoʻokoe ʻole ʻia, nā hermaphrodites. I ka manawa like, komo ʻelua mau mea i ke kaʻina hana kope, hūnā ʻana i ka hua. Ma mua o ka hoʻomoe ʻia ʻana o nā hua, kahi organelle kūikawā o ka integument o ka ilo (kahea ʻia he kāʻei) e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi cocoon o ka mucus, i loaʻa ka proteinin albumin.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka waiho ʻana i ka leech mai ke kino, ua hua mua nā hua (i kapa ʻia ʻo zygotes) e komo i ka cocoon mai ka wehe wahine ʻana. Ma hope o kēlā, pani ka puʻupuʻu mucous a hana i kahi membrane e hilinaʻi pono i nā embryos a me nā ilo ʻōpio hou.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka albumin kahi kumu waiwai pono na lākou. Hōʻike ʻia nā lālā genital kāne e nā vesicle testicular, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāpana waena 6-12 o ke kino a pili ʻia e kahi excretory duct ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
I ka wā hānau, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole hoʻololi ʻia me nā lepe. Mālama lākou i ko lākou kala a me ka nui, mai neʻe a hana i kekahi mea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kahi nohona nomadic a me ka pono e neʻe i mea e loaʻa ai kahi keiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā lepe
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka leech
Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻenemi nui ia o ka leech lāʻau o ka iʻa predatory a me desman i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book, akā kūʻē maoli kēia manaʻoʻiʻo. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kēia manawa ʻo nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe loa no nā leaky ʻaʻole ka iʻa, ʻaʻole manu, a ʻaʻole nō hoʻi desman, ka mea e ʻoliʻoli hauʻoli i nā ilo ilo wai, akā no ka nui o kā lākou helu, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. No laila, ʻo ka mea mua, pono e makaʻala i nā līlī i nā hake. ʻO lākou ka mea luku nui i nā lepe i hānau palaka ʻia, a laila hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ko lākou heluna kanaka.
ʻAe, nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi e noho paʻa i nā kapa o nā kahawai holo mālie a me nā loko e ʻimi no nā invertebrates aquatic, me nā leech. Me ka emi iki o ka manawa, lilo nā ilo ilo wai i nā manu. Akā ʻahaʻaina pinepine nā meaola aquatic a me kā lākou larvae i nā lepe. ʻO kahi larva dragonfly a me kahi puʻupuʻu i kapa ʻia he scorpion wai e hoʻouka pinepine i nā lepe, nā ʻōpio a me nā mākua, nā kānaka oʻo kolohe.
A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻo ka hopena o kēia mau kamaʻāina o nā waihona wai wai hou e alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi wikiwiki ʻana i ka heluna lāʻau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kahi e hoʻohana nui ʻia ai a me nā regimens no kēia manawa no nā maʻi he nui. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe e hānai. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻonā kēia ala i ka pilikia 100% - hoʻomaka pū nā mea kolo a me nā nīnū i loko o nā waihona i hana ʻia, kahi e luku pinepine ai i nā lepe, me ka nānā iki ʻole i ko lākou mea nui no nā kānaka.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Leech holoholona
Aia kekahi manaʻo e mālama ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o nā ʻano līkī lapaʻau e nā mea hana pilikino - ma muli o ke kākoʻo ʻia o kāna helu e nā poʻe, e mahi ana i nā waihona wai i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. ʻO nā kumu palena palena nui e waiho i ka loli o ka hydrological a me nā ʻano biocenotic o ka waihona ma muli o nā hana anthropogenic (economic) o ke kanaka.
Akā ʻoiai nā ana a pau i lawe ʻia, ua hoʻihoʻi hapa ʻia ka heluna leech heluna wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e mahi ʻia i nā hanana hana. Ma mua o kēlā, ʻo ke kumu palena nui ka hopu ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻenuhe e nā kānaka - hāʻawi nui ʻia nā lepe i nā pou lapaʻau i mea e loaʻa ai nā pono waiwai.
ʻO ke kūlana o nā ʻano ʻāpana 3 1. ʻO ia hoʻi, he ʻano laha ʻole ka lāʻau leech. Ke kūlana i ka Russian Federation. Aia ia ma lalo o ka pale ma nā wahi Belgorod, Volgograd, Saratov. Kūlana kūwaho. Ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano i ka IUCN Red List. Kūlike - 2 Manaʻo II i CITES, ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka leech lāʻau - loaʻa i nā ʻāina o ka Hema. ʻO ʻEulopa, ma ka hema o ka Lani Plain, a ma Caucasus a me nā ʻāina o ʻAkia Waena. Ma ka moku ʻo Voronezh, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i kahi leech lapaʻau i loko o nā waihona wai o nā moku ʻo Novousmansky a me Kashirsky.
ʻO ke ʻano wale nō o nā lepe āpau nona ka heluna kanaka, e like me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o kēia au, no ka ʻāpana o "ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi" ʻo Critically Endangered. E pili ana i ka pale ʻana o nā lepe, pili wale nō kahi ana e pili ana i nā lepe lapaʻau, a i mea e mālama ai i ka lehulehu, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe hoʻolako i kēia mau ilo e hānau i nā ilo ilo i ke koko i nā ʻano hana.
Leech, ma ke ʻano he subclass, he nui nā ilo, ʻaʻole naʻe lākou āpau e ʻai i ke koko kanaka a me nā holoholona. Pau nā līkō he nui i kā lākou mea pio, a ʻaʻole e parasitize i nā bipi a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i laki ʻole e komo i kahi wai wai hou i noho ʻia e nā lepe. A ʻo kēia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mea ulu lāʻau i waena o lākou.
Ka lā paʻi: 02.10.2019
Lā hou: 03.10.2019 ma 14:48
