Ilo ilo (Platyhelminthes) he hui ia o nā kino invertebrates kino palupalu, bilaterally symmetrical i loaʻa i ke kai, wai kai, a me nā wahi kai ʻūlū. Noho manuahi kekahi ʻano flatworms, akā ma kahi o 80% o nā flatworm āpau he parasite, ʻo ia hoʻi, noho lākou a i ʻole i kahi meaola ʻē aʻe a kiʻi i kā lākou meaʻai mai laila.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Flatworm
ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu o nā flatworms a me ka ulu ʻana o nā papa like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, aia ʻelua mau wahi nui. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka turbellaria ka mea kū i nā kūpuna o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe āpau me nā papa ʻekolu o nā kiko. Eia naʻe, ua ʻae kekahi e hiki ke maʻalahi ʻia ka flatworms i ka manawa ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa mai nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma muli o ka lilo o ka evolution evolution a hoʻemi ʻia paha o ka paʻakikī.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole maopopo ke ola o kahi flatworm, akā i ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, ua noho nā lālā o kekahi ʻano i 65 a 140 mau lā.
Hāʻule ʻo Flatworms ma lalo o ke aupuni holoholona, kahi e ʻike ʻia e nā meaola eukaryotic multicellular. I kekahi mau hoʻohālikelike, hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he hui maʻamau o nā holoholona eumetazoi, ʻoiai he metazoans lākou e hāʻule ma lalo o ke aupuni holoholona.
Video: Flatworms
Hāʻule pū nā Flatworms ma lalo o ka symmetry bilateral ma waena o eumetazoi. Hoʻopili kēia papa i nā holoholona me ka symmetry bilateral, ʻo ia hoʻi ke poʻo a me ka huelo (a ʻo ka ʻāpana dorsal a me ka ʻōpū). Ma ke ʻano he lālā o nā subspecies protosomal, haku ʻia nā flatworm i ʻekolu mau papa germ. E like me ia, kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he protostome.
Ma waho o kēia mau papa kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano i nā papa aʻe.
- ʻenuhe ciliary;
- monogeneans;
- cestodes;
- haʻalulu.
Aia ka papa o nā ʻenuhe ciliated ma kahi o 3,000 mau ʻano o nā meaola i puʻunaue ʻia ma 10 mau kauoha. ʻO ka papa monogenea, ʻoiai i hui ʻia i kahi papa ʻokoʻa me nā trematodes, he nui nā ʻano like me lākou.
Eia naʻe, ʻike maʻalahi ʻia lākou mai nā trematode a me nā cestodes e ka loaʻa ʻana iā lākou kahi mea hope i kapa ʻia he haptor. Kūlike ka Monogeneans i ka nui a me ke ʻano. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻoiai e ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona nui aʻe i pālahalaha ʻia a me nā lau (ʻano lau), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā cylindrical o nā ʻike liʻiliʻi.
Aia ka papa cestode ma luna o 4,000 mau ʻano, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he tapeworms. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano papaha ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia nā cestode e ko lākou mau kino lōʻihi, pālahalaha, i hiki ke ulu a 18 mika ka lōʻihi a haku ʻia i nā anakuhi hānau (proglottids). ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka papa trematode he parasite i ke ʻano. I kēia manawa, ma kahi o 20,000 mau ʻano o ka papa trematode i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka flatworm
ʻO nā hōʻailona o nā ʻelele o nā ilo ciliary penei:
- hoʻopili ʻia ke kino ma nā wēlau ʻelua me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi mānoanoa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kikowaena o ke kino;
- me kahi ʻāpana dorsoventral compressed o ke kino, loaʻa i nā ilo ciliary kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe i ka lakio o ka nui;
- hoʻokō ʻia ka neʻe ʻana me ke kōkua o nā cilia i hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia e oscillate pinepine i ke ala like;
- ʻaʻole māhele ʻia lākou;
- i nā ilo ciliary, ʻaʻohe ka holoʻokoʻa (ke kino o ke kino ma waena o ka paia o ke kino a me ka aʻa ʻōpū i ka hapanui o nā holoholona);
- loaʻa iā lākou ka rhabditis subepidermal i ka epidermis ciliary, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kēia papa mai nā papaha ʻē aʻe;
- nalowale lākou i ka anus. A ʻo kahi hopena, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ʻai ma o ka pharynx a kipaku ʻia ma o ka waha;
- ʻoiai ka hapanui o nā laha i kēia papa he predators o nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻo kekahi poʻe e noho nei ma ke ʻano he herbivores, scavengers, a me ectoparasites;
- hoʻohana ʻia nā pūnaewele pigment a me nā photoreceptors i kā lākou mau manaʻo ma kahi o nā maka kiʻi;
- Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, ka ʻōnaehana nūnū ākea o nā ilo ciliary mai ka maʻalahi a maʻalahi i nā pūnaewele neural intertwined e kaohi ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mākala.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano o nā monogenes:
- ʻo nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau o ka papa monogenea he hermaphrodites;
- ʻAʻohe mea hoʻokipa waena o nā monogeneans i ko lākou ola pōʻaiapuni;
- ʻoiai he ʻano kino ko lākou e pili ana i ka laha, ua hōʻike ʻia hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolōʻihi a hoʻopōkole i ko lākou mau kino i ko lākou neʻe ʻana i ko lākou kaiapuni.
- ʻaʻohe o lākou anus a no laila hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana protonephridial e kinai i ka ʻōpala;
- ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻōnaehana hanu a me ke kahe, akā kahi ʻōnaehana, ʻo ia ke apo o ke aʻalolo a me nā aʻalolo e hohola ana i ke kua a me ke alo o ke kino;
- e like me nā parasites, hānai pinepine nā monogeneans i nā hunaola o ka ʻili, ka momona, a me ke koko hoʻokipa, kahi e hōʻino ai i ka membrane mucous a me ka ʻili e pale ai i ka holoholona (iʻa).
Nā ʻano o ka papa cestode:
- pōʻaiapuni ola paʻakikī;
- ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻōnaehana digestive. Akā, ua uhi ʻia ka papa o ko lākou mau kino me nā protuberance liʻiliʻi e like me ka microvill, like me nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o nā vertebrates he nui;
- ma o kēia mau hale, hoʻopili maikaʻi nā tapeworms i nā meaʻai ma o ka uhi waho (tagment);
- ua loaʻa iā lākou nā mākala ulu maikaʻi;
- Hoʻohana ʻia ka cilia i hoʻololi ʻia i ka pae o lākou ma ke ʻano he hopena hopena;
- ʻo ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana me nā paʻa o nā ligament nerve āpau.
Nā ʻano Trematode:
- he mau omo waha ko lākou e like me nā omo ventral e ʻae i nā meaola e hoʻopili i kā lākou mea hoʻokipa. Mālama kēia i ka hānai ʻana i nā meaola;
- Hiki ke loaʻa nā mākua i ke akepaʻa a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana puni o ka mea hoʻokipa;
- loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻōnaehana digestive hoʻomohala pono a me ka ʻōnaehana excretory;
- he ʻōnaehana muscular hoʻomohala maikaʻi kā lākou.
Ma hea e noho ai nā flatworms?
Kiʻi: Flatworms i ka wai
Ma ke ʻano laulā, hiki ke loaʻa nā pālahalaha noho manuahi (turbellaria) ma kahi e loaʻa ai ka momona. Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā darkcephalids, cosmopolitan i ka mahele like ʻana i nā flatworms. Loaʻa lākou i loko o ka wai hou a me ka wai paʻakai a i kekahi manawa i nā wahi terrestrial humuhū, keu hoʻi i nā wahi pāhona a me nā subtropical. ʻO Darkcephalids, ka mea parasitize i nā crustacean wai hou, i loaʻa nui ma Central a me ʻAmelika Hema, Madagascar, New Zealand, Australia a me nā mokupuni o ka Pākīpika Hema.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hapanui o nā pālahalaha e noho ana i ke kai, nui nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i hiki ke loaʻa i nā wahi wai kai e like me ka ʻāina pāhona a me ka wela. No laila, koi lākou i nā kūlana mākū ma ka liʻiliʻi i mea e ola ai.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, nā ʻelele o ka papa o nā ilo ciliary ma ke ʻano he mau mea ola manuahi a i ʻole he mau parasite. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā ʻelele o ke kauoha darkcyphalids e noho nei ma ke ʻano he commensals a i ʻole nā ʻūlū.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā flatworms kahi ākea ākea o nā wahi noho. ʻO kekahi o nā cosmopolitan a me ka hoʻomanawanui loa i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole ʻo ia ka turbellar Gyratrix hermaphroditus, i loaʻa i loko o ka wai hou ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2000 mau mika, a me nā loko wai kai.
ʻO Monogeneans kekahi o nā hui nui loa o flatworms, ʻo nā lālā o lākou he ʻaneʻane pale wale o nā vertebrates wai (ectoparasites). Hoʻohana lākou i nā lālā lina e hoʻopili i ka mea hoʻokipa. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia kēia hoʻolālā me nā kīʻaha omo. ʻO nā Cestodes he mau ilo ʻi loko (endoparasites) i koi ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi mea hoʻokipa no kā lākou ola pōʻaiapuni.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai nā flatworms. E nānā kāua i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a nā flatworms?
Kiʻi: ʻenuhe annelid pālahalaha
ʻO nā manuahi manuahi noho manuahi he mea nui i ka holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻololi ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio. ʻO kā lākou hālāwai ʻana me ka mea pio ke ʻano nui ʻole, me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau laha e hūnā i nā filament slimy. Digest is extracellular a me ka intracellular. ʻO nā enzyme Digestive (nā catalist biological) e hui me ka meaʻai i loko o nā ʻōpū e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka meaʻai. Lawe ʻia kēia mea i ʻeli hapa ʻia (phagocytosed) e nā hunaola a i ʻole omo ʻia; Hoʻopau ʻia ka digestion i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
I nā hui parasite, hana ʻia ka extracellular a me ka intracellular digestion. Aia ka nui o kēia mau kaʻina i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai. Ke ʻike ka parasite i nā ʻāpana o ka meaʻai a me nā ʻaʻa a ka mea hoʻokipa, ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā wai a i ʻole semi-fluids (e like me ke koko a me nā mucus), e like me nā mea momona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka digestion. I ka poʻe e ʻai i ke koko, ʻo ka digestion ka mea nui o ka intracellular, kahi e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka waiho ʻana o hematin, kahi pigment hiki ʻole ke hana ʻia e ka haki ʻana o hemoglobin.
ʻOiai kahi noho manuahi a manuahi ʻole kekahi flatworms, he nui nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi nā trematode a me nā tapeworms) e hoʻomāinoino i nā kānaka, nā holoholona, a i ʻole ʻelua paha. Ma ʻEulopa, ʻAukekulia, ʻAmelika, hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻia nā hoʻolauna tapeworm i loko o ke kanaka ma muli o ka nānā maʻamau o ka ʻiʻo. Akā kahi maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ʻai ʻole ʻia ka ʻiʻo, kiʻekiʻe ka hanana o nā maʻi tapeworm.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: He kanakolukumamāono a ʻoi paha mau ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he parasite i loko o kānaka. Loaʻa nā kikoʻi endemik (kūloko) o ka maʻi i ʻaneʻane i nā ʻāina āpau, akā hoʻolaha nā maʻi ākea ma ka Hikina Hikina, ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika wela.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Flatworm
ʻO ka hiki ke hana i ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o ka iʻa, me ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻeha maʻalahi, i loko o ʻelua papa o flatworms: turbelaria a me cestode. ʻO Turbellaria, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo planaria, hoʻohana ākea ʻia i nā aʻo hou ʻana. Aia ka mana regenerative nui loa i nā ʻano i hiki ke hana hou i ka asexual. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kahi stenostum kūpikipiki ke ulu i loko o nā ilo hou loa. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā meaola kīnā ʻole (e laʻa, poʻo ʻole).
Regeneration, ʻoiai he kakaikahi loa i nā worm parasite i ka nui, hiki i nā cestodes. Hiki i ka hapa nui o nā tapeworms ke hana hou mai ke poʻo (scolex) a me ka ʻāʻī. He mea paʻakikī kēia waiwai e mālama i nā poʻe no nā maʻi tapeworm. Hiki i ka mālama ʻana ke hoʻopau i ke kino wale nō, a i ʻole strobila paha, me ka waiho ʻana i ka scolex e pili mau ana i ka paia ʻōpū o ka mea hoʻokipa a no laila hiki ke hana i kahi strobila hou e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hoʻouka.
Hiki i nā larvae cestode mai kekahi mau ʻano ke hoʻoulu hou iā lākou iho mai nā wahi excised. ʻO ka lālā larval lālā o Sparganum prolifer, kahi parasite kanaka, hiki ke hana i ka hānau a me ka hoʻohou hou ʻana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Flatworm ʻōmaʻomaʻo
Me nā hapa liʻiliʻi loa, hermaphrodites a me kā lākou ʻōnaehana hānau e paʻakikī. ʻO kēia mau flatworms he mau testes lehulehu, akā hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau ovaries. He mea ʻokoʻa ka ʻōnaehana wahine i ka mahele ʻia i ʻelua mau hanana: nā ovaries a me vitellaria, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he yolk glands. Hoʻokumu nā pūnaewele Vitellaria i nā ʻāpana o ka yolk a me ka egghell.
I nā tapeworms, mahele pinepine ʻia ke kino e like me ka lepe i loko o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana a i ʻole proglottids, i kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano piha o ke kāne a wahine ʻO kahi mea hana kope paʻakikī paʻakikī kahi o ka penisona mau (hiki ke hoʻohuli i waho) i loko o kahi kāne a me kahi auwai a wahine paha i loko o ka wahine. Ma kahi kokoke i kona wehe ʻana, hiki i ke kahawai wahine ke ʻokoʻa i loko o nā ʻano tubular.
Loaʻa ka hana hou ʻana o nā ilo ciliary ma o nā ʻano hana he nui, e pili pū me ka hana kolohe ʻana (hermaphroditis simous) a me ka hana hou asexual (cross-fission). I ka hana kolohe ʻana, hana ʻia nā hua a paʻa i loko o nā cocoons, kahi e hatch ai a ulu ai nā ʻōpio. I ka wā o ka hānau hou ʻana, mahele ʻia kekahi mau ʻano i ʻelua hapa, i hoʻihoʻi ʻia, e hana ana i ka hapalua i nalo, a laila lilo i meaola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke kino o nā tapeworms maoli, nā cestodes, hana ʻia i nā ʻāpana he nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo proglottids. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia proglottids nā ʻano hānau kāne a me nā wahine (e like me hermaphrodites) i hiki ke hana kūʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokahi tapeworm hiki ke hana i hoʻokahi tausani proglottids, ʻae kēia i nā tapeworms e hoʻomau i ka holomua. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i kekahi proglottid ke hana i nā hua he mau kaukani, a hiki ke hoʻomau i ko lākou ola i kahi host ʻē aʻe ke ale ʻia nā hua.
ʻO ka mea hoʻokipa e ale i nā hua i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻokipa waena, hāʻawi ʻia ia i loko o kēia pūʻali kikoʻī kikoʻī ʻia nā hua e hana i nā ʻōpala (coracidia). Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka larva i ka hoʻokipa ʻelua (ka hoʻokipa hope loa) a oʻo i ke kahua makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o flatworms
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka flatworm
Loaʻa i nā Predators i nā flatworm holoholo manuahi mai ka papa turbelaria - ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole lākou i kaupalena ʻia i nā kino holoholona. Noho kēia mau pālahalaha i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole, e like me nā kahawai, nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā loko iʻa.
ʻO kahi kūmole kūpilikiʻi kahi mea pono loa na lākou. Kūleʻa lākou i lalo o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā puʻu o nā lau. ʻO nā ʻeke wai kahi laʻana o nā mea ʻokoʻa like ʻole o kēia mau flatworms - ʻo ia hoʻi nā beetle luʻu wai a me nā dragonflies ʻōpio. ʻAi pū nā Crustacean, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a me nā ʻūhū i kēia ʻano flatworms.
Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi aquarium ākea a nānā i ka hiki koke ʻana o nā flatworm hoʻonāukiuki, hiki paha iā lākou ke lele i kāu mau ʻākoʻako kai. Makemake kekahi mau ʻona aquarium e hoʻohana i kekahi ʻano iʻa no ka mālama olaola o flatworms. ʻO nā laʻana o ka iʻa kikoʻī e hānai pinepine i nā flatworms me ka pīhoihoi ʻo nā rodents ʻeono kaula (Pseudocheilinus hexataenia), nā koʻokoʻo melemele (Halichoeres chrysus), a me nā mandarins i ʻike ʻia (Synchiropus picturatus).
ʻO nā pālahalaha he nui nā parasite o nā poʻe makemake ʻole e hoʻokipa, akā ʻo kekahi he predators maoli nō hoʻi. ʻO ka nui o nā flatworms kai. ʻO nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi he meaʻai punahele loa ia na lākou, e like me nā ilo, crustacea, a me nā rotifers.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Flatworm
Ma mua o 20,000 mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia, me ka ʻano flatworm kekahi o nā ʻano nui loa ma hope o nā chordates, molluscs a me nā arthropods. Ma kahi o 25-30% o ka poʻe i loaʻa i kēia manawa me ka maʻa liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi ʻano o ka worm parasite. Hiki ke luku ʻia nā maʻi a lākou e hana ai. Hiki i nā maʻi Helminth ke alakaʻi i nā ʻano kūlohelohe e like me ka scarring o nā maka a me nā makapō, ka pehu ʻana o nā lālā a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa, nā blockages o ka digestion a me malnutrice, anemia a me ka luhi.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, ua manaʻo ʻia ua kaupalena ʻia nā maʻi kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā parasw flatworm e nā kumu waiwai lawa ʻole ma ʻApelika, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Hema.Akā i kēia au o ka huakaʻi honua a me ka hoʻololi o ke aniau, neʻe lohi ka ʻenuhe parasitic akā he neʻe i nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻO nā hopena lōʻihi o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā worm parasitic he paʻakikī e wānana, akā ʻo ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi e hōʻike i ka pono e hoʻomohala i nā papa hana hoʻomalu e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i kēia hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino lehulehu i ka 21st kenekulia. Hiki i nā flatworm invasive ke hoʻopōʻino i nā kaiaolaola. Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o New Hampshire e hiki i nā flatworms i nā estuaries ke hōʻike i ke olakino o ke kaiaolaola ma ka luku ʻana iā ia.
Ilo ilo - nā mea ola symmetrical bilaterally me nā kino multicellular e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonohonoho hui. ʻO Flatworms, ma ke ʻano he hermaphroditic - nā ʻōnaehana hānau o nā kāne ʻelua i loaʻa i hoʻokahi kanaka. Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike i kēia manawa aia ma ka liʻiliʻi kekahi mau ʻano pālahalaha hiki ke maʻalahi ʻia i ka manawa ʻelua mai nā kūpuna paʻakikī.
Ka lā paʻi: 05.10.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:10
