ʻO Tardigrade i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka bear bearish, kahi ʻano manuahi manuahi o ka invertebrates liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka ʻano arthropod. Ua hoʻohoka ka tardigrade i nā ʻepekema no nā makahiki me kona hiki ke ola i nā mea āpau i hana ʻia a hiki i ka lewa. Mai ka papakū o ka moana a i nā canopies o ka wao nahele, mai ka tundra o Antarctica a hiki i ka papa o ka lua pele, aia nā mea kahakaha i nā wahi āpau.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Tardigrade
ʻIke ʻia i ka makahiki 1773 e Johann August ʻEperaima Gose, he kanaka hulihonua Kelemania, nā micrometazoid arthropod me ʻehā mau pākū (lobopods), ʻike nui ʻia no ko lākou hiki ke ola i nā ʻano ʻano nui loa. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Tardigrades he ʻohana pili i nā arthropods (e laʻa me nā ʻelala, crustacean).
Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi a hiki i kēia lā ʻekolu mau papa nui o nā ʻano tardigrades. ʻO kēlā me kēia papa ʻekolu nā ʻāpana he nui, a ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻohana a me nā moʻokūʻauhau.
Video: ʻO Tardigrade
No laila, ke ʻano o ka tardigrade he mau haneli (ma kahi o 700) mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana aʻe:
- papa Heterotardigrada. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea ʻelua ʻē aʻe, ʻo kēia papa ka papa ʻokoʻa loa o ke ʻano o ka tardigrade. Māhele hou ʻia i ʻelua mau kauoha (Arthrotardigrada a me Echiniscoide) a ʻoi aku i nā ʻohana e pili pū me Batillipedidae, Oreellidae, Stygarctidae, a me Halechiniscidae, a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe. Ua mahele ʻia kēia mau ʻohana i nā moʻokūʻauhau he 50;
- ka papa Mesotardigrada. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā papa ʻē aʻe, mahele wale ʻia kēia papa i hoʻokahi kauoha (Thermozodia), ʻohana (Thermozodidae) a me hoʻokahi ʻano (Thermozodium esakii). Ua loaʻa ʻo Thermozodium esakii i loko o kahi punawai wela i Iapana, akā ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka papa i ʻike ʻia.
- Ua mahele ʻia ka papa Eutardigrada i ʻelua mau kauoha, ʻo Parachela lāua ʻo Apochela kekahi. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā kauoha ʻelua i ʻohana ʻeono, e komo pū me Mineslidae, Macrobiotidae, Hypsibidae, Calohypsibidae, Eohypsibidae, a me Eohypsibidae. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia kēia mau ʻohana i loko o 35 genera me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi tardigrade
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā tardigrades penei:
- he symmetrical bilaterally lākou;
- he kino cylindrical ko lākou (akā hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pālahalaha);
- ʻo lākou he 250 a 500 mau micrometers lōʻihi (makua). Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi ke ulu a 1.5 mau mile;
- ʻokoʻa lākou i ke kala: ʻulaʻula, melemele, ʻeleʻele, a pēlā aku.
- loaʻa ka hanu ma o ka diffusion;
- he mau meaola multicellular.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ko lākou kino i mau ʻāpana: ke kino, nā wāwae, ke poʻo o ke poʻo. He ʻōnaehana digestive ko Tardigrades, waha, ʻōnaehana (a me ka lolo nui i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia), nā mākala, a me nā maka.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻōlapa ʻia nā tardigrades make wai i loko o ka orbit a hōʻike ʻia i ka hakahaka a me ka radiation cosmic no 10 mau lā. I ko lākou hoʻi ʻana i ka Honua, ʻo ka hapanui o ka hapakolu o lākou i hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi ʻia. Nui ka poʻe i make iki, akā ua hiki ke hana hou ma mua.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano i pili me ka papa Heterotardigrada e komo pū ana me nā honduct, nā kaʻina cephalic, a me nā māiʻuʻu o kēlā me kēia wāwae.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e like me kēia:
- nipple sensory a me ka iwi kuamoʻo;
- pūliki koa ma nā ʻūhā hope;
- cuticle mānoanoa;
- pore nā lauana i ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā laha.
Nā ʻano o ka papa Mesotardigrada:
- ʻeono mau māiʻuʻu o kēlā me kēia wāwae;
- ʻO Thermozodium esakii waena ma waena o nā lālā o Heterotardigrada a me Eutardigrada;
- ʻo nā spines a me nā māiʻuʻu e like me nā ʻano Heterotardigrada;
- like ko lākou macroplakoids me nā mea i loaʻa ma Eutardigrada.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano o ka papa Eutardigrada me:
- ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā papa ʻelua ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻaoʻao o nā lālā o ka papa ʻo Eutardigrada;
- he ʻoki liʻiliʻi ko lākou;
- ʻAʻohe o lākou papa dorsal;
- Wehe ʻia nā Honduct i loko o ka poloka;
- he māiʻu pāpālua ko lākou.
Ma hea e noho ai ka tardigrade?
Kiʻi: Kahuli holoholona
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā tardigrades nā meaola wai, hāʻawi ʻia i ka wai e hāʻawi i nā kūlana maikaʻi no nā kaʻina hana e like me ka hoʻololi kinoea, hana hou a hoʻomohala. No kēia kumu, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā tardigrades ʻeleu i ka wai kai a me ka wai hou, a ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā wahi kaiāulu me ka wai liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiai manaʻo ʻia he wai, hiki ke loaʻa nā tardigrades i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e like me nā puʻu one, ka lepo, nā pōhaku, a me nā kahawai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke ola i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka wai ma lichens a me nā limu a no laila ʻike pinepine ʻia i kēia mau meaola.
ʻO nā hua, nā cist, a me nā ulu o nā tardigrades e hoʻopuehu liʻiliʻi ʻia hoʻi e ka makani i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e ʻae nei i nā meaola e hoʻopaʻa i nā wahi hou. Wahi a ka noiʻi, ua loaʻa nā tardigrades ma nā wahi mamao like ʻole e like me nā mokupuni pele, he hōʻike ia e hoʻopuehu nui ka makani a me nā holoholona e like me nā manu a hoʻolaha i nā meaola.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma waho o nā wahi maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole a me nā wahi noho, ua loaʻa pū kekahi nā tardigrades ma nā wahi like ʻole, e like me nā wahi anuanu loa (iho i -80 kekelē Celsius). Ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke ola a hānau hou ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, loaʻa nā tardigrades i loko o nā wahi āpau a puni ka honua.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Tardigrades ma ke ʻano he polyextremophiles ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke ola i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole. Ua lilo kēia i kekahi o ko lākou ʻano wehewehe loa a me kekahi o nā ʻano aʻo loa o ke ʻano.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai a me ke ʻano o ka tardigrade ma lalo o kahi microscope. E nānā kāua i ka mea a kēia mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka tardigrade?
Kiʻi: Tardigrade mea ola
Hānai ʻo Tardigrades i ka loli o ke kelepona e ka hou ʻana i nā paia o ke kelepona me kā lākou mau stylet waha. Hoʻopili nā meaʻai i ka bacteria, algae, protozoa, bryophytes, fungi, a me nā mea kanu palaho. Hānai lākou i nā wai momona mai nā limu, nā laikini a me nā limu. ʻIke ʻia e hānai nā laha nui aku i nā protozoa, nematodes, rotifers a me nā tardigrades liʻiliʻi.
I ko lākou waha, he stilettos nā tardigrades, he mea liʻiliʻi ia, mau niho ʻoi e hoʻohana ʻia e hou i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi. ʻAe lākou i nā wai e hele i ka wā i hou ʻia. Hānai ʻo Tardigrades i kēia mau wai ma ke omo ʻana iā lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mākua omo kūikawā i loko o ko lākou puʻu. Hoʻololi ʻia nā stylets ke hoʻoheheʻe lākou.
I kekahi mau wahi, hiki i nā tardigrades ke lilo i mea kūʻai mua i nā nematodes, e hoʻohuli nui nei i ka nui o kā lākou lehulehu. Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke hali i ka species protozoan Pyxidium tardigradum. Nui nā ʻano tardigrade e noho ana i nā wahi mossy e hāpai i nā parasite fungal.
Mea hoihoi: Hiki i kekahi ʻano o ke tardigrades ke hele me ka ʻai ʻole no 30 mau makahiki. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaloʻo lākou a lilo i hiamoe, a laila hiki iā lākou ke rehydrate, ʻai i kekahi mea a hoʻonui. Inā maloʻo a maloʻo ka tardigrade a lilo i 99% o kāna ʻike wai, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kona mau kaʻina hana no kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona hoʻi hou ʻana i ke ola.
Ma loko o nā hunaola o nā tardigrades i make wai ʻole ʻia, kahi ʻano protein i kapa ʻia ʻo "tardigrade-specific dysfunction protein" pani i ka wai. Hana kēia i kahi mea aniani e mālama pono i nā kūkulu o ke cell.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Tardigrade ma lalo o kahi microscope
ʻOiai e hana ana i nā kūlana maikaʻi, ua hoʻohana nā tardigrades i kekahi mau hoʻolālā e ʻae iā lākou e ola.
ʻIke ʻia kēia mau hoʻolālā ma ke ʻano he cryptobiosis hoʻomaha a hoʻokomo pū ʻia:
- anoxybiosis - pili i kahi ʻano cryptobiotic i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e ka haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻohe oxygen paha i waena o nā aquard tardigrades. Ke haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka oxygen, hana ka tardigrade i ka lilo ʻana i ʻoʻoleʻa, immobile, a elongated. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e ola mai kekahi mau hola (no ka wai nui loa) i nā lā me ka ʻole o ka oxygen a lilo i mea hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi ke ʻano;
- ʻO Cryobiosis kahi ʻano o ka cryotobiosis e loli ʻia e nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Ke hāʻule ka mahana anuanu i ka paʻa ʻana, hana nā tardigrades e ka hana ʻana i nā barela like barela e pale i ka membrane;
- osmobiosis - I kahi wai aqueous me ka ikaika ionic kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā pae paʻakai kiʻekiʻe), ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mau mea ola ke ola a make i ka make. Eia nō naʻe, ola kahi heluna nui o nā tardigrades i loko o nā wai wai kai a me ka ʻāina terrestrial i kahi ʻano o ka cryptobiosis i ʻike ʻia ʻo osmobiosis;
- ʻO ka anhydrobiosis kahi pane ola i ka nalo ʻana o ka wai ma o ka evaporation. No nā meaola like ʻole, he mea nui ka wai no nā kaʻina hana e like me ka hoʻololi kinoea a me nā ʻano hana o loko. No ka hapanui o nā kai eʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ola i ka wā make wai. Eia nō naʻe, no ka nui o Eutardigrada, loaʻa ke ola ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ke poʻo a me nā wāwae. Lilo nā meaola i nā barela hiki ke ola ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Tardigrade
ʻO ka hoʻohua a me ke ola ola i waena o nā tardigrades e hilinaʻi nui i kā lākou wahi noho. Hāʻawi ʻia ke ola o kēia mau meaola e ka hana ʻole a me ka hana ʻole pinepine, ua hoʻoholo nā mea noiʻi he mea nui ia no ka hana hou wikiwiki ke ʻoluʻolu nā kūlana.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kaiapuni, hiki i nā tardigrades ke hoʻohua i ka asexually (ka pilikino ponoʻī) i kahi hana i kapa ʻia he parthenogenesis, a i ʻole ka moekolohe, ke hoʻomomona nā kāne i nā hua (amphimixis).
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka moekolohe ma nā tardigrades ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā dioecious species (nā kāne a me nā wahine me kā lākou genitalia). Loaʻa ka hapa nui o kēia mau meaola i ka nohona kai a no laila hoʻonui i ke kai.
ʻOiai ke kinona a me ka nui (morphology) o nā gardad tardigrade i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka laha, ka wahine, ka makahiki, a me nā meaola o ke kino, ua hōʻike nā noiʻi microscopic i kēia mau genital i nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Kāne:
- kahi pālua o nā vas deferens e wehe ana i loko o ka cloaca (hind hope);
- vesicle seminal kūloko.
ʻO ka wahine a me ka hermaphrodite:
- he mau oviduct e hāmama i loko o ke koloka;
- moku kīʻaha (ma Heterotardigrada);
- spermatheca kūloko (i Eutardigrada).
I ka wā o ka hānau kolohe ʻana ma waena o kekahi o nā lālā o ka papa Heterotardigrada a me Eutardigrada, hoʻohua pono ʻia a huakaʻi ʻole ʻia nā hua wahine. I ka manawa o ka hoʻoulu kino pono, waiho nā kāne tardigrade i ka sperm i loko o ka moku seminal o ka wahine, i hiki ai i ka sperm ke lawe ʻia i ka hua manu no ka hoʻoulu.
I ka manawa o ka hoʻouluulu kūpono ʻole, hoʻokomo nā kāne i ka sperm i ka cuticle o ka wahine ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wahine. Ke hoʻokahe ka wahine i ka cuticle, ua hoʻomomona mua ʻia nā hua a ulu i ka manawa. I ka wā o ka molting, hoʻokahe ka wahine i kāna cuticle a me kekahi mau kūkulu ʻē aʻe e like me nā māiʻuʻu.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā laha, nā hua i hoʻomomona ʻia i loko (e laʻa me, ma L. granulifer, kahi e waiho ai ka hua manu), ma waho (i ka hapanui o Heterotardigrada), a i ʻole hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia i waho, kahi e hoʻomohala ai me ka momona ʻole.
ʻOiai he laha ʻole ka mālama ʻana o nā hua manu makua, ua ʻike ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano. Hoʻopili kā lākou mau hua i ka huelo o ka wahine, no laila e mālama pono ana i ka wahine i nā hua ma mua o ka pā ʻana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā tardigrades
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi tardigrade
Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā Predators of tardigrades he nematodes, nā tardigrades ʻē aʻe, nā ticks, nā spider, nā huelo a me nā ʻelala insect. Hoʻopili pinepine ka Parasitic protozoa a me nā fungi i nā heluna o nā tardigrades. Ke luku aku nei nā mea hoʻoluhi kaiaolaola e like me ka crustacean wai hou, nā ʻenuhe a me nā arthropods i nā lehulehu o kēia mau holoholona.
Ma ka huli, hoʻohana nā tardigrades i kā lākou mea hana buccal e hānai i nā detritus a i ʻole nā meaola like ʻole, e like me ka bacteria, algae, protozoa, a me nā meofauna ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kīhāpai i ka paipu buccal, kahi paʻa o nā stylist ʻaʻa, a me ka pharynx omo muscular. Loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū nā chloroplasts a i ʻole nā ʻāpana o ka limu o ka limu, nā limu a i ʻole nā lichens.
Ua hoʻāʻo ka nui o nā microbiota terrestrial e hopu i ka protozoa, nā nematodes, nā rotifers, a me nā Eutardigrades liʻiliʻi (e like me Diphascon a me Hypsibius), ʻoiai e omo ana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. I nā iwi ā o kēia mau predatory tardigrades, ua loaʻa nā rotifers, nā māiʻuʻu o nā tardigrades a me kā lākou waha waha. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻano o nā pono buccal e hoʻopili me ka ʻano o nā meaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia, eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i nā koi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā kai kai a i ʻole ka estestan-terrestrial species.
Mea hoihoi: ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki i nā tardigrades ke kū i ka hakahaka o ka hakahaka, nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa a me kahi wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nui, hiki iā lākou ke noho no kahi makahiki he 2.5 paha.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Kahuli holoholona
ʻO ka lehulehu o nā tardigrades he loli nui ia, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka palena iki a me nā kūlana kūpono no ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Hoʻohui ʻia nā loli i ka nui o ka lehulehu o nā tardigrades me nā ʻano o ke kaiapuni, e like me ka mahana a me ka mahana, haumia ea, a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka nui o ka lehulehu a me nā ʻano like ʻole e kū i ka pili, e like me nā microbits like.
Ke hoʻololi nei i kahi ākea o nā kūlana kūwaho, ua ʻike ʻia kahi nui o nā genera a me nā ʻano o nā tardigrades. Hiki iā lākou ke ola i nā barela no nā makahiki a i ʻole nā makahiki he nui e ola i nā wahi maloʻo. Hoʻohui ʻia, mālama ʻia nā laʻana no ʻewalu mau lā i ka hakahaka, hoʻoili ʻia no ʻekolu mau lā i ke kinoea helium i ka mahana wela o ka lumi, a laila mālama ʻia no kekahi mau hola ma -272 ° C, ola hou i ka wā i lawe ʻia ai i ka mahana maʻamau o ka lumi. ... 60% o nā laʻana i mālama ʻia no 21 mau mahina i ka lewa wai ma -190 ° C i ola pū kekahi. Hoʻolahalaha maʻalahi ʻia ʻo Tardigrades e ka makani a me ka wai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ola ʻo Tardigrades i nā kūlana i hiki ke luku i nā meaola ʻē aʻe. Hana lākou i kēia ma ka hemo ʻana i ka wai mai ko lākou kino a hana i nā mea hoʻohui e sila a pale i kā lākou hanana pūnaewele. Hiki i nā mea ola ke noho i kēia moku i kapa ʻia ʻo ka tuna no kekahi mau mahina a ola hou i ke alo o ka wai.
No nā kenekulia, ua huikau nā tardigrades i ka ʻepekema a hoʻomau e hana pēlā. I ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi nā ʻepekema i ka permafrost i paʻa i ka hau no nā makahiki he kanakolu a ʻoi aʻe, a ʻike i nā manaʻo hou o ke ola ʻana o nā holoholona e pili ana i nā mahana wela loa.
Ma ke ʻano he cosmopolitan species, ʻaʻohe hopohopo e hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka tardigrades, a i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea e mālama ai i ka mālama ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano tardigrade kikoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi hōʻike e hiki ai i ka hoʻohaumia ke hoʻopili maikaʻi i ko lākou heluna kanaka, ʻoiai ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke ea, ka ua a me nā mea nui metala i nā wahi bryophyte i hopena ai i nā heluna o kekahi poʻe.
ʻO Tardigrade - paha ka mea kupaianaha nui loa ma ka honua. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi mea ma ka honua, a i ʻole paha i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, i hala e like me ka tardigrade. ʻAʻole lawa ka lawa ʻole no ka huakaʻi ākea a me ka puʻuwai e ola ai i nā makahiki he nui i ka hibernation, hiki i ke tardigrade ke ola iā kākou āpau me ka maʻalahi.
Lā paʻi: 09/30/2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:15
