Pika ʻO ia kahi mammal liʻiliʻi, wāwae wāwae a hoʻohana ʻole i ka mammal ovoid e noho nei i nā kuahiwi o ʻAmelika Hema komohana a me ka hapa nui o ʻAsia. ʻOiai ko lākou liʻiliʻi, ke ʻano o ke kino a me nā pepeiao puni, ʻaʻole he koʻokoʻo nā pikas, akā ʻo nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi loa o nā lagomorphs, i ʻole e hōʻike ʻia kēia pūʻulu e nā hares a me nā lāpaki (ʻohana hare).
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pikukha
Nui nā inoa maʻamau o nā Pikas, ʻo ka hapa nui e pili ana i nā ʻano kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ʻano. Hoʻohana ʻia nā inoa o ka ʻiole hare i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka pika iole a ʻaʻole i ka hare. ʻO ka inoa o ka genus mai ka Mongolian ochodona, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "pika" - "pika" - mai ka poʻe "piika" o ka Tungus, kahi ʻohana mai ka hikina hikina o Siberia.
ʻO ka pike wale nō ka moʻomeheu ola o ka ʻohana Leopard i nele i kekahi o nā hoʻololi kino kūikawā e noho nei i nā hares a me nā lāpaki (ka ʻohana hare), e like me ka iwi poʻo liʻiliʻi
Video: Pikukha
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ka ʻohana o nā pikas mai nā lagomorphs ʻē aʻe e like me ka Oligocene. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ka pike i ka moʻolelo fossil Pliocene ma ʻEulopa Hema, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Hema komohana. Ma ʻAsia paha kona kumu. Na ka Pleistocene, ua loaʻa ka pika ma ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma ke komohana hoʻi o ʻEulopa e like me Pelekane.
Ua ukali ʻia kēia pālahalaha ākea e ka palena o kāna pae o kēia manawa. ʻO kekahi pika fossil (ka genus Prolagus) i noho i ka wā mōʻaukala. Ua loaʻa kona mau koena ma Corsica, Sardinia a me nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi e pili ana. Ma mua, ua loaʻa nā mea fossil ma ka ʻāina nui ʻItalia. Aia nō ia a hiki i ka 2000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ua koi ʻia e nalo, no ka nalowale ʻana o ka nohona a me ka hoʻokūkū a me ka predation mai nā holoholona i hoʻolauna ʻia.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pika
ʻO nā ʻano pika he 29 kūlike ʻole i ka nui o ke kino a me ke kūlana. Lōʻihi a palupalu ko lākou huluhulu a ʻeleʻele maʻamau i ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻoiai he ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula ke kala o kekahi. ʻAʻole like me nā lāpaki a me nā hares, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā lālā hope o nā pikas ma mua o ka mua. ʻO nā wāwae, me nā wāwae hoʻi, uhi paʻa ʻia me ka lauoho, me ʻelima mau manamana wāwae i mua a ʻehā ma ka hope. Kaupaona ka hapanui o nā pikas ma waena o 125 a me 200 gram a ma kahi o 15 cm ka lōʻihi.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO ka awelika make makahiki o nā pikas mai 37 a 53%, a ʻo ka make make e pili ana i nā makahiki he kiʻekiʻe loa no nā keiki mai 0 a 1 a 5 a 7 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nui o nā makahiki o nā pikas i ka nāhelehele a me ka pio ʻana he 7 mau makahiki, a ʻo ka maʻamau o ke ola ma ka nahelehele he 3 mau makahiki.
I kekahi mau ʻāpana o kā lākou laulā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, akā liʻiliʻi wale nō. Ovoid ko lākou kino, me nā pepeiao pōkole, vibrissae lōʻihi (40-77 mm), nā lālā pōkole a ʻaʻohe huelo i ʻike ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ko lākou mau wāwae hope, ʻehā mau manamana wāwae (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻelima i mua) a lōʻihi ka lōʻihi mai 25 a 35 mm.
Loaʻa nā pseudoclacal i nā kāne ʻelua e wehe ʻia e hōʻike i ka penis a i ʻole ka clitoris. Loaʻa i nā wahine nāʻeono mammary wahine ʻaʻole hoʻonui i ka wā o ka lactation. Loaʻa i nā Pikas kahi mahana o ke kino kiʻekiʻe (awelika 40.1 ° C) a me kahi mahana lethal haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (awelika 43.1 ° C). Loaʻa iā lākou kahi helu metabolic kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kā lākou thermoregulation he lawena ma mua o ka physiological.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ke kala o ka hulu o ka pika e loli me ke kau, akā paʻa i kahi kala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o kona ʻōpū. Ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, ʻo ka hulu mai ka hina hina i ke kinamona brown i ke kauwela. I ka hoʻoilo, hina ko lākou huluhulu dorsal a ʻelua manawa ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kala o ke kauwela.
Poepoe ko lākou pepeiao, uhi ʻia me nā lauoho ʻeleʻele i loko a i waho hoʻi, a keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻia. Uhi paʻa ʻia ko lākou mau wāwae me ka lauoho, me nā wāwae hoʻi, koe wale no nā pale ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi i nā wēlau o nā manamana wāwae. Ua poepoe iki ʻia ko lākou iwi poʻo, me kahi ʻāina pālahalaha, ākea.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pika?
Kiʻi: Pikukha ma Lūkia
ʻIke pinepine ka pike i nā wahi mauna i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻElua mau ʻano i loaʻa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻo ke koena e ʻike nui ʻia ma waena o Central Asia. Noho ʻo 23 o lākou āpau a hapa paha ma Kina, keu hoʻi ma ka mauna Tibeta.
Aia he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ʻelua niches kaolaola i noho ʻia e nā pikas. Noho wale kekahi i nā paila pōhaku naha (talus), ʻo kahi poʻe e noho ana i kahi nāhelehele a i ʻole steppe kahi e kūkulu ai lākou i mau lua. Noho nā ʻano ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā lāhui ʻĀkia i nā wahi pōhaku a ʻaʻole e lua. Akā, hana ʻia ko lākou mau pūnana i loko o kahi maze o nā talus e pili ana i nā kula alpine a i ʻole nā mea kanu kūpono.
Ua loaʻa ka pike ma Alaska a me ka ʻākau o Kanada ma nā nunataks (nā pali a i ʻole nā piko e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā aniani) ma Kluane National Park. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ma 6,130 mau mika ma nā pali o ka Himalayas. ʻO ka pike i hāʻawi nui ʻia, ʻo ka pika ʻākau, mai ka Ural a i ke kapakai hikina o Rūsia a me ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido ma ka ʻākau o Iapana. ʻOiai ʻo ka pika ʻākau ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano maʻa mau e noho ana ma talus, noho nō ia i nā wahi pōhaku i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous, kahi e lua ai ma lalo o nā lāʻau i hāʻule a me nā ʻōpala.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka pika. E ʻike kāua i ka ʻai a ka rodent
He aha ka mea a ka pika e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Rodent pika
He holoholona herbivorous ka pike a no laila loaʻa kahi papaʻai e pili ana i nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka pīkī kahi holoholona diurnal a ʻai i nā meaʻai aʻe i ke ao:
- mauʻu;
- na anoano;
- mauʻu;
- kakalaioa;
- hua hua.
ʻAi ʻo Pikas i kekahi o kā lākou mea kanu i hōʻiliʻili hou ʻia, akā lilo ka hapa nui i kā lākou lako hoʻoilo. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o ko lākou kauwela pōkole i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu e hana i nā mauʻu. Ke pau ka haystack, hoʻomaka lākou i kahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole hibernate nā Pikas, a he mau mea ulu lāʻau āpau lākou. Ma kahi e hoʻopuni ai ka hau i ko lākou wahi (e like me ka manawa pinepine), kūkulu lākou i nā cache o nā mea kanu, i kapa ʻia he mauʻu mauʻu, e hoʻolako i ka meaʻai i ka wā hoʻoilo. ʻO ke ʻano o nā pikas pōhaku i ke kauwela ko lākou hele pinepine ʻana i nā kula e pili ana i ka talus e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea kanu no ka mauʻu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO kekahi o nā moʻolelo i hana pinepine ʻia akā hoʻopunipuni ʻia ka kau ʻana o nā pikas i kā lākou mauʻu ma luna o nā pōhaku e hoʻomaloʻo ma mua o ka mālama ʻana iā ia. ʻOi aku paha nā Pikas i ka lawe pololei i kā lākou meaʻai i ka mauʻu inā ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia ʻia.
E like me nā lagomorphs ʻē aʻe, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka pikas i ka coprophagy i mea e loaʻa hou ai nā huaora a me nā meaʻai mai kā lākou meaʻai maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻo Pikas i ʻelua mau ʻano faecal: he pellet a puni ʻeleʻele a me kahi pae hinana hinuhinu o nā mea (pellet makapō). Pau ʻo Pika i ka sediment caecal (nona ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻike protein) a i ʻole mālama ia no ka ʻai hope. Ma kahi o 68% wale nō o nā meaʻai i lawe ʻia e komo i loko, e hana ana i nā pelula cecal i ʻāpana nui o kaʻai a ka pika.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: holoholona Pika
Hoʻololi ke ʻano o ka nohona kaiaulu me nā ʻano pikas. Kūleʻa ʻia nā pikas pōhaku a noho i nā wahi ākea, nā wahi ʻala. Hoʻomaopopo lākou i kekahi i kekahi o kā lākou alo, ke kāhea pinepine ʻana (maʻa mau "enk" a i ʻole "eh-ehh"). No laila, hiki i nā pikas noho pōhaku ke alualu i ko lākou mau hoanoho ma ke kū pololei ʻana iā lākou hoʻokahi wale nō a ʻelua paha i ka lā. ʻO ia mau hālāwai e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka hoʻomāinoino kolohe.
ʻOkoʻa, noho nā pikas burrow i nā hui ʻohana, a noho kēia mau pūʻulu a pale i kahi ʻāina maʻamau. Ma loko o ka hui, lehulehu a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi nā ʻaha kanaka. Hiki i nā Pikas o nā makahiki āpau a me nā kāne ʻelua ke kāne me kekahi, holoi i ko lākou ihu, a noho ʻaoʻao paha. ʻO nā hālāwai huhū, maʻamau i ke ʻano o nā alualu lōʻihi, aia wale nō ke hana hewa kekahi kanaka mai kekahi hui ʻohana i ka ʻāina o kekahi.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Burrowing pikas ma mua o nā pikas pōhaku. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau leo kāhea i ka cohesion i loko o nā hui ʻohana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o nā ʻōpio mai nā ʻūlapa holomua a i ʻole ma waena o nā kāne a me nā ʻōpio. Hoʻopuka nā pikas āpau i nā mea pōkole ke ʻike lākou i nā mea ʻaihue. Kāhea nā kāne i ke kāhea lōʻihi a mele paha i ke kau moʻo.
ʻAʻole like me nā lāpaki a me nā hare, ʻeleu nā pikas i ka lā, koe wale nō nā pikas steppe nocturnal. ʻO ka hapanui o nā alpine a i ʻole nā ʻohana hānau, hoʻololi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pikas i ke ola i nā anu anuanu a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻae i ka wela. Ke kiʻekiʻe ke ana wela, kaupalena lākou i kā lākou hana ma ke kakahiaka nui a me ke awakea.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Steppe pika
Aia he ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pōhaku a me nā pikas burrowing, a pili pū nō hoʻi i kā lākou hoʻohua. Hoʻokumu wale nā pikas pōhaku i ʻelua mau litters i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a, ma ke ʻano he, hoʻokahi wale nō o lākou e ukuhi maikaʻi ʻia. Manaʻo ʻia ka lua o ka ʻōpala ke kūleʻa wale ke make ka hānau mua i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau hānau. ʻO ka nui o ka litter o ka hapa nui o ka poʻe noho mauna e haʻahaʻa, akā hiki i ka burrowing pikas ke hana i mau litters nui i kēlā me kēia kau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pika i ka steppe pika a hiki i 13 mau pēpē a hānau hou a ʻelima mau manawa i ka makahiki.
ʻO ka wā moena no nā pikas mau mai ʻApelila a Iulai. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai pālua i ka makahiki ma muli o ko lākou wahi. He kanakolu mau lā (hoʻokahi mahina) ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hānau. I ke kau moʻo, kāhea nā kāne a me nā wahine o nā pikas i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i kekahi i kekahi a hana i kahi paʻa paʻa.
Hoʻohana nā pikas i nā kaha o ka mimi a me nā faeces i ka lepili ʻana i nā mea ala. ʻO nā māka papalina i loaʻa mai nā apocrine sweat glands i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻumeʻume i nā hoa kūpono a me nā panalāʻau e wehewehe. Kūleʻa lākou i nā kāne ʻelua e ʻānai i ko lākou pāpālina ma nā pōhaku. I ka wā hānau a i ʻole ke noho ʻana i kahi ʻāina hou, ʻānai nā pikas i ko lākou mau papalina me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka mimi a me nā feces i ka mauʻu i hōʻailona no ke kuleana.
Hiki i ka pika wahine ke hana i ʻelua mau litters i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā hoʻokahi wale nō alakaʻi i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio kūleʻa. Hānau ka wahine i 1 a 5 mau keiki ma hope o ka manawa hānau ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. Ke hiki i nā keiki ke kūʻokoʻa, noho pinepine lākou ma hope o ko lākou mau mākua.
Mea leʻaleʻa: Pili pono nā ʻōpio i ko lākou makuahine no 18 mau lā. Ulu wikiwiki lākou a hiki i ka nui o nā mākua ke 3 mau makahiki wale nō lākou. ʻO ka weana wahine i nā keiki 3-4 mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā pikas
Kiʻi: Pikukha
ʻOiai e noho ana ka pika ma nā wahi kahi e noho ai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, he nui nā mea ʻaihue, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui. ʻO Weasel ka mea lawe lima nui o nā pikas, me nā manu o nā mea ʻai, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻalopeke a me nā pōpoki. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Pikas a, ke ʻike ʻia kahi predator hiki, hoʻopuka lākou i kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona e hoʻomaopopo ana i ke koena o ke kaiāulu o kona alo. Hoʻopuka pinepine ʻia nā leo kāhea no nā mea ʻānai liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai hiki i nā mea ʻoliʻoli liʻiliʻi ke alualu iā lākou i nā manawa o ke talus.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā predators liʻiliʻi i nā wea huelo lōʻihi (Mustela frenata) a me ermine (Mustela erminea). ʻO ka poʻe ʻaihue nunui e like me nā coyotes (Canis latrans) a me nā martens ʻAmelika (Martes Americana) mākaukau loa i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻōpio i wikiwiki ʻole e hōʻalo. ʻAi pū nā aeto gula (Aquila chrysaetos) i nā pikas, akā liʻiliʻi ka hopena.
No laila, ʻo nā mea ʻaihue ʻike ʻia o nā pikas:
- coyotes (Canis Latrans);
- weasel huelo lōʻihi (Mustela frenata);
- ermine (Mustela erminea);
- ʻAmelika martens (Martes Americana);
- nā aeto gula (Aquila chrysaetos);
- ʻalopeke (Vulpes Vulpes);
- nā hawks ʻākau (Accipiter gentilis);
- nā hawks ʻulaʻula (Buteo jamaicensis);
- falcons steppe (Falco mexicanus);
- ʻalalā maʻamau (Corvus corax).
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pika
Aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pikas e noho ana i nā ʻāina pōhaku a me nā mea e ʻū ana i nā wahi hāmama. Noho lōʻihi nā poʻe noho pōhaku (a hiki i ʻehiku mau makahiki) a loaʻa i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a kūpaʻa ka poʻe i ka manawa. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole ola nā burrow pikas ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki, a ʻo ko lākou heluna lehulehu e piʻi ana he 30 mau manawa a ʻoi paha. Hoʻololi ka nui o kēia mau lehulehu.
Noho ka hapa nui o nā pikas i nā wahi mamao mai nā kānaka aku, eia nō naʻe, i nā kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i kekahi mau pikas burrow, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he mau mea ʻino ma ka pā Tibeta, kahi e manaʻo ʻia ai e hoʻēmi i ka hānai holoholona a me nā wahi i hōʻino ʻia. I ka pane, ua hoʻopōʻino nā keʻena aupuni Kina iā lākou ma nā expanses ākea. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia i ka hewa o ia mau hana kaohi, no ka mea, ʻo ka pika kahi meaola nui i ka ʻāina.
ʻEhā mau pikas Asia - ʻekolu ma Kina, hoʻokahi ma Lūkia a me Kazakhstan - i helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻane make. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ʻo Kozlova pika (O. koslowi) mai Kina, i hōʻiliʻili mua ʻia e ka mea mākaʻikaʻi Lūkini ʻo Nikolai Przhevalsky i ka makahiki 1884, a ua hala he 100 mau makahiki ma mua o ka ʻike hou ʻia ʻana. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻano laha, akā hiki ke makaʻu i ka lāʻau make ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hana hoʻomalu e kuhikuhi ʻia i nā pikas.
Hoʻoweliweli ka loli i ka wā e hiki mai ana o kēia laha no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomanawanui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ana wela a no ka lilo ʻana o kāna wahi i mea kūpono ʻole. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano holoholona lōhiu, e neʻe i ko lākou pae ʻākau a kiʻekiʻe paha i ka pane ʻana i ka huliau, ʻaʻohe wahi ʻē aʻe a nā pikas. I kekahi mau wahi, ua nalowale ka heluna lehulehu o nā pikas.
Ka palekana o nā pikas
Kiʻi: Pikukha mai ka puke ʻula
No nā kau inoa pika he kanakolukūmāono i ʻike ʻia, ʻehiku i helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he palupalu a ʻo O. p kekahi. helu ʻia nā schisticeps ma ke ʻano he mea ʻaneʻane hoʻoweliweli. ʻEhiku mau mea kōkua maʻalahi (O. Goldmani, O. Lasalensis, O. Nevadensis, O. Nigrescens, O. Obscura, O. Sheltoni a me O. Tutelata) i loaʻa i loko o ke kīʻaha nui a ke kū nei i kēia manawa nā hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻana kūloko.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i nā pikas, keu hoʻi i ka Basin Nui, ʻo ia paha ka loli o ke aniau o ke ao no ka mea maʻalahi loa lākou i nā mahana wela. Hiki i nā Pikas ke make i loko o hoʻokahi hola inā piʻi ka mahana wela ma luna o 23 ° C. Manaʻo nui nā lehulehu e neʻe i ka ʻākau a neʻe paha i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. Minamina, ʻaʻole hiki i nā pikas ke hoʻololi i ko lākou wahi noho.
Ua hoʻolālā nā hui like ʻole e kau i nā pikas ma lalo o ka pale o ka Endangered Species Act. Hiki i nā hopena kūpono ke hōʻemi i nā lehulehu kūloko ke komo pū me nā loli i loko o ke kānāwai.
Pika He mammal liʻiliʻi ia i loaʻa ma ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau. I kēia lā i ka honua aia ma kahi o 30 mau ʻano pikas. ʻOiai kona ʻano rodent-like, pili maoli ka pika i nā lāpaki a me nā hares. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia lākou e ko lākou kino liʻiliʻi, poepoe a nele i ka huelo.
Lā paʻi: 28.09.2019
Lā hou: 27.08.2019 ma 22:57
