Pale (Triopsidae) kahi ʻano o nā crustacea liʻiliʻi mai ka suborder Notostraca. Manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau laha i nā mōʻalihaku ola, ke kumu o ia mau lā i hoʻi i ka hopena o ka wā Carboniferous, ʻo ia hoʻi 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Me nā pāpaʻi lio, ʻo shchitni ka lāhui kahiko loa. Aia lākou ma ka Honua mai ka manawa o nā dinosaur, a ʻaʻole i loli iki mai ia manawa, koe wale no ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui. ʻO kēia nā holoholona mua loa i kēia lā.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Shchiten
Hoʻokomo ka suborder Notostraca i hoʻokahi ʻohana Triopsidae, a ʻelua wale nō moʻokūʻauhau - Triops a me Lepidurus. Ma nā makahiki 1950, ua ʻike ʻia he 70 mau ʻano pale. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano putative he nui ma muli o ka loli o ka morphological. Aia he mau loiloi koʻikoʻi ʻelua i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻohana - Linder ma 1952 a me Longhurst i ka makahiki 1955. Ua lawe ʻia kēia ʻauhau kālā i mau makahiki a ua manaʻo ʻia he dogma.
Video: Shchiten
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua hōʻike hou ʻia nā noiʻi hou e hoʻohana nei i nā mole mole mole he ʻumikūmākahi mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa e kū nei i nā lāhui i hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia.
Kāhea ʻia ʻo Shield i kekahi manawa ʻo "fossil ola", no ka mea ʻo nā fossil o ka suborder i loaʻa i nā pōhaku o ka wā Carboniferous, ma kahi, 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kekahi mau lāhui e ola nei, ka pale crustacea (T. cancriformis), ua noho ʻano mau ʻole mai ka wā Jurassic (ma kahi o 180 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei).
Nui nā mōʻalihaku o nā pale ma ka pae o nā waihona geological. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā loli morphological koʻikoʻi i kū i ka ʻohana ma kahi o 250 miliona mau makahiki o ka noho ʻana o kēia mau holoholona e hōʻike nei ua ʻike ʻia nā dinosaurs hoʻi ma kēia ʻano pale. He hui pio ʻo Kazachartra, ʻike wale ʻia mai nā fossil Triassic a me Jurassic mai Kina Komohana a me Kazakhstan, pili pili loa i nā Shield a pili paha i ke kauoha Notostraca.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi shiten?
ʻO nā pale he 2-10 cm ka lōʻihi, me kahi carapace ākea i ka ʻaoʻao mua a me kahi ʻōpū lōʻihi a lahilahi. Hana kēia i kahi ʻano tadpole like. Hoʻopili ʻia ke carapace dorso-ventrally, laumania. Aia ma mua ke poʻo, a me nā maka pōhaku ʻelua e kau pū ana ma ke kalaunu o ke poʻo. Hoʻoemi nui ʻia nā pālua o nā antennas, a ʻo ka lua o ka lua ma ka manawa i hele ʻole loa. Loaʻa i nā waha o ka waha he mau antennae kū hoʻokahi a me ka ʻole o nā ā.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao Ventral o scutellum e hōʻike nei i 70 mau paʻa o nā wāwae. Aia i loko o ke kinona ka helu nui o "nā apo o ke kino" e like me nā ʻāpana o ke kino, akā ʻaʻole e hōʻike mau i ka māhele maʻamau. ʻO nā apo mua he ʻumikūmākahi o ke kino e hana i ka ribcage a hāpai i hoʻokahi mau wāwae, a ʻo kēlā me kēia mea hoʻi he hāmama kāna. I ka wahine, hoʻololi ia, e hana ana i "sac brood". ʻO ka mua a ʻelua paha mau wāwae o nā wāwae i ʻokoʻa mai ke koena a hana paha ma ke ʻano he lālā ʻike.
ʻO ke koena o nā ʻāpana e hana ai i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka helu o nā apo o ke kino i ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano a ma waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka helu o nā paʻa o nā wāwae i kēlā me kēia apo o ke kino a hiki i ka ʻeono. E liʻiliʻi iki ka wāwae o ka wāwae ma ka ʻōpū, a i nā ʻāpana hope loa e hele ʻole lākou. Hoʻopau ka ʻōpū i kahi telona a me nā lālā caudal lōʻihi, lōkihi, a hui pū ʻelua. Hoʻololi ke ʻano o ka telona ma waena o nā genera ʻelua: ma Lepidurus, hoʻonui ʻia ke kaʻina poepoe ma waena o nā ramus caudal, ʻoiai ma Triops ʻaʻohe mea e like me ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: He hiki i kekahi laha ke huli i ka poni ke loaʻa nā hemoglobin i loko o ko lākou koko.
ʻO ke kala o ka pale kaua pinepine a brownish-melemele. Ma ka ʻaoʻao kokoke o ka ʻōpū, he mau lauoho liʻiliʻi e like me ka lauoho o ka holoholona (ma kahi o 60), e neʻe ana me ka leo a ʻae i kēlā me kēia e kuhikuhi i ka meaʻai i ka waha. ʻOkoʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka nui a me ka morphology. Loaʻa i nā kāne kahi carapace lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā antennae lua i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā clamp i ka wā hānau. Hoʻohui, loaʻa i nā wahine he ʻeke o nā hua manu.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka pale. E nānā ma kahi e loaʻa ai kēia crustacean.
Ma hea e noho ai ka Pale?
Kiʻi: Shiten maʻamau
Hiki ke loaʻa ka pale kaua ma ʻApelika, Australia, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻEulopa (me UK), a me nā ʻāpana o ʻAmelika Hema kahi i kūpono ai ke aniau. Noho mau kekahi mau hua manu i ka hopena o ka hui mua a hatch ke pulu ka ua i ko lākou wahi. Ua hoʻololi mālie kēia holoholona i ke ola ʻana ma nā ʻāina āpau e waiho ʻole ana iā Antarctica. Loaʻa ia ma ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni ma ka Pākīpika, ʻAkelanika, nā Moana ʻInikia.
Aia ka wahi noho o ka pale ma:
- ʻO Eurasia, 2 mau ʻano e noho ma laila ma nā wahi āpau: Lepidurus apus + Triops cancriformis (pale kau wela);
- ʻAmelika, nā ʻano e like me Triops longicaudatus, Triops newberryi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia;
- Nuhōlani, aia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻelua ma nā wahi āpau, ma lalo o ka inoa i hui ʻia ʻo Triops australiensis;
- ʻApelika, lilo i home no ka laha - Triops numidicus;
- ʻo ka species Triops granarius i koho iā ʻApelika Hema, Iapana, Kina, Rusia, a me ʻItalia. ʻIke ʻia nā pale kaua ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā wai wai, brackish, a i ʻole nā wai wai paʻakai, a me nā loko pāpaʻu, nā peatlands, a me nā moorlands. I nā pā laiki, manaʻo ʻia ʻo Triops longicaudatus he pest ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka sediment, e pale ana i ke kukui mai ke komo ʻana i nā lau laiki.
ʻO ke kumu, loaʻa nā pale ma lalo o ka mehana (ma ka awelika 15 - 31 ° C) mau wai. Makemake lākou e noho i nā wai alkaline kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i ka pH ma lalo o 6. Pono nā loko wai kahi e noho ai lākou e mālama i ka wai no hoʻokahi mahina a ʻaʻole ʻike i nā loli wela nui. I ke ao, hiki ke loaʻa nā pale i ka lepo o ka waihona wai a i kona mānoanoa, e ʻeli ana a e ʻohiʻohi ana i nā meaʻai. Mālama lākou e kanu iā lākou iho i ka silt i ka pō.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka pale?
Kiʻi: pale Crustacean
ʻO nā pale he omnivorous, noho aliʻi lākou ma ke ʻano he predators i kā lākou niche, e ʻai ana i nā holoholona āpau i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o lākou. Makemake nā kānaka e makemake i ka detritus holoholona ma mua o ka detritus o nā mea kanu, akā e ʻai pū i nā mea ʻelua. ʻO nā larva insect, a me nā zooplankton like ʻole, ke kumuhana hoʻi o kā lākou wili ʻai. Makemake lākou i nā larvae mosika ma mua o nā larva insect.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ke pōkole lākou i ka meaʻai, kekahi ʻano o ka ʻumiʻumi cannibalism e ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōpio a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou mau hana no ka kānana ʻana i ka meaʻai i ko lākou waha. ʻO ka thrips species longicaudatus ka mea mākaukau ma ka nau ʻana i nā aʻa a me nā lau o nā mea ulu e like me ka laiki.
ʻO ke kumu, aia nā pale i lalo, e ʻūlū ana i ka honua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻEleu lākou a puni ka uaki, akā pono lākou e hoʻomālamalama no kahi leʻaleʻa hua. Hana ʻia aia nā pale ma luna o ka wai, huli i lalo i lalo. ʻAʻole maopopo i nā mea e hoʻohuli i kēia hana. ʻAʻole i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke kumumanaʻo mua o ka nele o ka oxygen. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano like i shtitrai i ka wai i piha i ka oxygen. Maliʻa paha, i kēia ala e ʻimi nei ka holoholona i ka meaʻai na ia iho, nā bacteria i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka ʻili.
Hoʻohana kekahi bacteria bacteria o ka genus Echinostome iā T. longicaudatus ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokipa. Hoʻohui ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia nā meaola hou aʻe ma muli o ka ʻeli mau ʻana o kēia crustacea i ka substrate o ka loko iʻa a me ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka sediment. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Shitney e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka nui o nā namu ma ka ʻai ʻana i kā lākou larvae.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Shield Kauwela
ʻO nā pale pale he mau mea noho kaʻawale ia; ʻike ʻokoʻa kā lākou mau mea i nā wahi like ʻole o nā kino wai. Loaʻa kēia i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka predation e kū ana i ka wā aia lākou i nā hui nui. Hoʻohana kēia mau crustacea liʻiliʻi i nā appendages i kapa ʻia ʻo nā phyllopods e hoʻoholomua iā lākou iho i mua i ka wai. Holo mau lākou i ka lā holoʻokoʻa a ʻike ʻia e lana ana i ke kolamu wai.
Loaʻa i kēia mau crustacean nā exopods e ʻae iā lākou e ʻeli i ka lepo no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻoikaika nui lākou i ka lā. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi e hiki i nā shtitters ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā helu metabolic i nā manawa ke loaʻa ʻole ka meaʻai a i ʻole ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻokahe mau lākou, ʻo ka ninini pinepine ʻana i kā lākou iwi iwi i ka hoʻomaka o ko lākou ola.
Hoʻohana paha lākou i ko lākou mau maka e hoʻomaopopo i nā meaʻai a me nā hoa pili (inā hana kolohe ka wahine). Ma hope o nā maka ka dorsal, organ okipital, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka chemorecept, ʻo ia hoʻi, no ka ʻike ʻana i nā stimulus kemika i loko o ke kino a i ʻole ke kaiapuni.
He ola pōkole ko Shields, ma ka hihiu a me ka pio. ʻO ko lākou ola maʻamau i ka nahelehele he 40 a 90 mau lā, ke ʻole e hoʻomaloʻo koke ke kino kūlohelohe o ka wai. I ke pio ʻana, hiki ke ola ma ka awelika mai 70 a 90 mau lā.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua pale
Ma loko o ka suborder Notostraca, a ma loko o nā ʻano, aia he nui nā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano hānau. Hoʻohua kekahi mau heluna kanaka i ka moekolohe, hōʻike kekahi i ka momona ponoʻī o nā wahine, a ʻo kekahi he hermaphrodites e pili ana i nā kāne ʻelua. No laila, ʻokoʻa nā alapine o nā kāne i ka nui o ka lehulehu.
I ka moekolohe, haʻalele ka sperm i ke kino o ke kāne ma o nā pores maʻalahi, a ua hele ʻole ka peni. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā cētē e ka wahine a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke brood e like me ke pola. Mālama ʻia nā cist e ka wahine no kahi manawa pōkole wale nō ma mua o ka hoʻomoe ʻia ʻana, a ulu pololei ka larvae me ka ʻole o ka metamorphosis.
Mālama ka wahine i nā hua i loko o ka ʻeke moa no kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka momona. Inā ʻoluʻolu nā kūlana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua keʻokeʻo / cist ma nā substrates like ʻole i loaʻa i ka loko iʻa. Inā maikaʻi ʻole nā kūlana, e hoʻololi ka wahine i nā hua i hiki ai iā lākou ke komo i kahi noho moe a hatch a hiki i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā kūlana. I kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ka pae larval mua ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o metanauplii (pae crustacean larval stage).
I kēia wā mua, ʻalani lākou i ke kala a ʻekolu o lākou mau lālā a me hoʻokahi maka. I kekahi mau hola ma hope, ua nalowale kā lākou exoskeleton a hoʻomaka ka telson e hana i plankton. Ma hope o 15 mau hola hou, nalowale hou ka larva i kāna exoskeleton a hoʻomaka e like me kahi hiʻohiʻona mākua liʻiliʻi o ka pale.
E hoʻomau ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ke oʻo ʻana o nā keiki ʻōpio i kekahi mau lā aʻe. Ma hope o nā lā ʻehiku, lawe ka crustacean i ke kala a me ke ʻano o ke kanaka makua a hiki ke hoʻomoe i kāna mau hua no ka mea ua hiki i ka piha wahine.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā pale
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi shiten?
ʻO kēia mau crustacea liʻiliʻi ka mea ʻai nui a nā manu wai. Nui nā ʻano manu i nā cista a me nā mākua. Eia kekahi, nā rana o ka nahele, a me nā ʻano rana ʻē aʻe, i hopu pinepine ʻia i nā shittocks. I nā manawa ke loaʻa ka ʻai ʻole, hiki i kēia mau crustacean ke huli i ka cannibalism.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka predaspecific predation, hoʻomāhuahua nā shtitches i kahi mehameha, e lilo ana i mea haʻahaʻa a ʻike ʻia ma mua o kahi hui nui. ʻO kā lākou kala ʻeleʻele e hana like me nā camouflage, e hui pū me ka sediment ma lalo o kā lākou waihona.
ʻO nā predators nui e ʻimi i shtiten:
- manu;
- rana;
- iʻa.
Manaʻo ʻia nā pale kaua he mau kōkua kanaka e kūʻē iā West Nile Virus, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai i nā larvae o ka makika Culex. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mea kaua meaola i Iapana e ka ʻai ʻana i nā nāhelehele i nā māla laiki. ʻO T. cancriformis ka mea i hoʻohana mau ʻia no kēia kumu. Ma Wyoming, ke kū nei ʻo T. longicaudatus e hōʻike mau ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka haki ʻana o nā rana.
Mālama pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala i kūʻai ʻia i loko o nā aquarium a hānai i ka papaʻai me ka nui o nā kāloti, nā palaʻa pala a me nā ʻōpala maloʻo. I kekahi manawa hānai ʻia lākou me ka ʻōpala ola a i ʻole daphnia. ʻOiai hiki iā lākou ke ʻai ʻaneʻane i nā mea āpau, hānai ʻia lākou i ka ʻaina awakea, nā pahū, nā uala, a pēlā aku.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Shchiten
ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka lehulehu o shtitney. He kamaʻāina kahiko lākou o ka honua Honua a ma nā makahiki i hoʻololi ʻia e ola i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole. Ke neʻe nei nā cist Shield ma kahi mamao loa e nā holoholona a i ʻole ka makani, a pēlā e hoʻonui nei i kā lākou laulā a pale i ka puka ʻana o nā heluna lehulehu.
Ke hiki mai nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻo kahi ʻāpana o nā cist o ka heluna kanaka e hoʻomaka e hoʻomohala, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou manawa e ola ai. Inā make nā mākua hoʻomohala me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā keiki, hiki i nā koina keu ke hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaka hou. Kūʻai ʻia nā cist maloʻo o kekahi ʻano o ka bullhead i loko o nā pahu hoʻohua e like me nā meaola o ka aquarium.
Ma waena o nā mea aloha cyst, nā mea makemake nui ʻia:
- ʻAno ʻAmelika - T. longicaudatus;
- ʻEulopa - T. cancriformis
- Nuhōlani - T. australiensis.
ʻO nā mea pio ʻē aʻe pū kekahi me T. newberryi a me T. granarius. ʻO ka ʻulaʻula (albino) ʻano maʻamau i waena o nā mea hoihoi a lilo i mau koa o nā wikiō YouTube he nui. Kūpono ʻole nā pale kaua i ka ʻike. ʻO ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo pono lākou i ke one maikaʻi e like me ka lepo, a ʻaʻole pono e kau ʻia me ka iʻa, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a ʻai nā mea nui iā lākou.
Pale - nā holoholona kahiko loa, i ka manawa Triassic hiki i ka lōʻihi o ʻelua mau mika. I nā kino nui o ka wai, ua lilo lākou i ʻāpana nui o ke kaulahao meaʻai. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha i ka iʻa a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, a me nā crustacean ʻē aʻe.
Ka lā paʻi: 12.09.2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:13
