Vendace He iʻa salemona i hānau ʻia ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa. He holoholona ia me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka iʻa pelagic: kahi ʻūlū lalo haʻahaʻa a me kahi kino wīwī me ka ʻeleʻele, kālā a me ka dorsal keʻokeʻo, nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao a me ka ventral. ʻO kekahi ʻano pelagic maʻamau o ka traacea ka lawena neʻe ʻana i luna.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Ryapushka
ʻO kekahi lālā o ka ʻohana salemona, kūʻai (Coregonus albula) kahi iʻa wai wai liʻiliʻi i loaʻa nui ʻia ma nā loko o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa a me Lūkia, a ma ke kai ʻo Baletika. ʻO Vendacea kahi ʻano waiwai nui no nā lawaiʻa wai hou a me nā lawaiʻa kai hoʻi ma ke kai kūʻono o bothnia (ʻākau ʻo Baltic Sea) a ma ke kai kūʻono o Pinilana. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā mea kanu i nā ʻōnaehana loko ʻōiwi ʻole i nā ʻāina he nui.
Ua nānā kekahi o lākou i nā loli i ka heluna kolone a ua hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻolauna e pili ana i ka waihona ukana a me ka aquaculture e hoʻonui i ka hiki i nā lawaiʻa wai hou. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana ma muli o nā ʻano o ke kaiaolaola e loaʻa ana a e hoʻokele ʻia paha e ke kūkulu ʻana i nā waihona wai.
Video: Ryapushka
Nui nā laʻana o ka hoʻokō ʻana, ʻo ka mea nui ma ʻEulopa ma waena o ka pae ʻāina o ka mākeke kūloko. Aia kekahi mea kūʻai aku ma nā wahi mamao aku e like me Maine, USA a me Kazakhstan. I Nolewai, hoʻolauna kiki ʻia ka pua puaʻa hānai i kekahi mau loko ma waena o 1860 a me 1900. I nā hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 16, hoʻokahi wale nō i kūleʻa. ʻOiai ua kūleʻa kekahi mau hoʻolauna, ua hoka paha ka hapa nui.
ʻO kekahi o nā loko nui he ʻelua mau ʻano kūʻai like ʻole, me kahi ʻano planktivorous liʻiliʻi a me kahi ʻano nui aʻe i hiki ke ʻoi aku i 40 cm ka lōʻihi a hoʻokomo i nā iʻa i kā lākou papaʻai. He paʻakikī i kekahi manawa e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻi a me ka arctic cisco, ʻoiai me nā māka genetics. ʻO ka ʻauhau ʻauhau ma ke ʻano maʻamau ka mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ma ka pae a me nā pae o nā mea lawelawe, ʻoiai he mea maʻamau ka polymorphism a me ka hybridization i nā laina he nui.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻi
I ka helehelena, nānā ke kūʻai aku e like me kahi iʻa keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona iwi lalo ma mua o ka mea kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe he ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka iʻa keʻokeʻo. Nui nā maka o ka hoʻopaʻi, e like me ka maʻa mau me nā iʻa āpau e ʻai i ka plankton i ko lākou ola a pau. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hope o ke kino o ka hoʻopaʻi he ʻōmaʻomaʻo uliuli a ʻeleʻele paha, ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo o nā ʻaoʻao, keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ʻeleʻele ka piko o ka ihu a me ka iwi ā lalo.
I nā ʻōpio, lohi a kino wīwī ke kino me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo, puka ka iwi ā lalo ma waho o ka piko o ka waha, hoʻi ka iwi ā luna i ka pae o nā haumāna, ua komo ka piko o ka iwi lalo i ka lua o ka iwi ā luna. ʻOi aku ka mamao predorsal ma mua o ka mamao mai ke kumu kumu a hiki i ke kumu o ka hopena anal hope.
Ke oʻo nei ka hoʻopaʻi i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻelima o ke ola, a lilo i 9-20 cm ka lōʻihi. I ka hapa nui o nā heluna kanaka, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka lōʻihi o ka venace ma mua o 25 knm, akā ma kekahi mau loko liʻiliʻi a noho nui nā ʻano mākua.
ʻIke ʻia ka Cannibalism ma ka hoʻopaʻi. Ke hoʻokolokolo nei i kēia hanana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi predation ma nā hua, ʻoiai ke nahu a me ka ʻai ʻana o nā ʻūlū hou i ʻike ʻia ma 23% o ka hana ʻelemakule. ʻO nā kānaka liʻiliʻi (<100 mm i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi) i hoʻouka kaua i nā larvae ma mua o ka nui o ka poʻe. Loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa i ke alapine o ka hoʻouka kaua ma waena o nā kānaka.
Ua ʻokoʻa ka pae mai ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hoʻouka ma kēlā me kēia larva i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoahānau. Hōʻoia kēia mau hualoaʻa ʻaʻole kū hoʻokahi ka cannibalism intercontinental a i ʻole ākea paha i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia nā ʻenemi kūʻai manuahi manuahi i nā ʻohana makua.
Ma hea e noho ai ka waiwai?
Kiʻi: Vesel ma Lūkia
ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka hoʻokaʻawale kūloko aia i loko o nā kahawai e pili ana me ka Moana ʻĀkau a me Baletika, ma waena o nā Moku ʻo Pelekane ma ke komohana a me ke kahawai i Pechora (Russia) ma ka hikina. Kū kekahi kekahi heluna i nā kahawai i ke Kai Keʻokeʻo a i nā loko i loko o ka wai i paʻa.
ʻO ke kumu o ka mahele i loko o nā ʻōnaehana i kēia manawa a i ʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kai Baltic (Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finilana, Kelemānia, Latvia, Lituania, Nolewai, Polani, Rusia a me Kuekene). Ma loko a ma waho hoʻi o kāna pae honua, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka waiwai kūʻai a aia i loko o nā loko a me nā waihona wai kahi i hala ʻole ma mua.
E kahe ana ka kahawai ʻo Inari-Pasvik i loko o ke kai Barents a ʻaʻole nā kamaʻāina i loko o kēia kahawai kūloko a kū ʻia ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana ma loko o Pinilana. Pēlā nō, kekahi mau heluna kanaka i nā kahawai e kahe ana i ke Kai Keʻokeʻo e hoʻomaka paha mai nā translocations ma waena o Rūsia.
ʻOiwi ʻo Vendacea i kekahi o nā loko wai kahe o Volga o luna, akā ua pālahalaha i lalo a hana ʻia i loko o nā waihona wai ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau dam i ke kenekulia iwakālua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Vendace iā ia iho i nā loko i loko o ka Ural a me Kazakhstan ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i loko o Lūkia. Pelapela nā lāhui ʻōiwi o nā mokupuni ʻo Beritania.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka hoʻopaʻi. E nānā kāua i ka ʻai a kēia iʻa.
He aha ka meaʻai e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Kaʻi iʻa
Kuhi ʻia ʻo Vendacea ma ke ʻano he planktivore kūikawā, a ʻo ka zooplankton he 75-100% ka nui o ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. I nā loko o nā liʻiliʻi a me nā nui, hiki i ka nui ke ʻano he ʻai iʻa, a hiki i nā iʻa ke hana i 20-74% o ka papaʻai.
Ma ke ʻano he zooplanktivore maikaʻi, hiki i ka venaceace ke hoʻēmi nui i ka waiwai ʻo zooplankton, a ʻo ia ka mea e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā ʻai algae ma ka lilo o ka zooplankton (trophic cascade). Hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka eutrophication o ka loko.
Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka hoʻopaʻi i ka eutrophication, a no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka hopena o ka hopena mai ka zooplankton hānai ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi. Ua alakaʻi lākou i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka nui o ka planktivore kūlohelohe - he iʻa keʻokeʻo maʻamau.
Hoʻololi ka papaʻai papaʻai o ka veneace i nā hohonu a me nā lā ʻokoʻa o ka lā, akā like ka mahele o ka zooplankton i kēlā me kēia manawa, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hohonu a me ka luʻu.
ʻO ka papaʻai nui o ka hoʻopaʻi ka:
- daphnia;
- umauma;
- Cyclops Scooter;
- papa ʻaina heterocopic.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka helu ʻana o nā hōʻailona selectivity o ka venacea e koho maʻamau i nā ʻano nui o cladocerans a me copepods a me kahi lunamakaʻāinana liʻiliʻi o cladocerans, Bosmina coregoni.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻElepela kālepa
Hoʻokomo ʻo Vendacea i ka neʻe ʻana i luna, kahi ʻano i pili pinepine ʻia me ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻino. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makaʻu ma mua o ka iʻa keʻokeʻo ʻEulopa e pili ana, e noho mau nei me ke aloha no ka hoʻopaʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hua liʻiliʻi o Vendaces, ʻoi aku ka momona a me nā manawa ola haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka iʻa keʻokeʻo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Noho mau nā mea kanu i nā makahiki he 5-6. I ka makahiki 8, manaʻo lākou he ʻelemakule. I kekahi mau heluna lehulehu, hiki i ka makahiki ke 15 mau makahiki.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Vendacea i nā wahi wai hāmama i nā wahi lacustrine a me estuarine, e hōʻike ana i ka hanaolaolaola o zooplankton. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e ʻike hohonu ʻia i ke ao ma mua o ka pō ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae. ʻOiai he ʻano wai anuanu ia, makaʻala mau ia i nā papa o luna o ka wai ke ʻoi aku ka mahana ma 18-20 ° C.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I loko o nā mahina mua a ʻelua paha ma hope o ka hatching i ka puna, hiki ke loaʻa nā larva a me nā ʻōpio i nā wahi kai. Ma hope o kēia, lawe ka hoʻopaʻi i kahi hoʻohana pelagic o ka wahi noho. I ke ao, ua hohonu hohonu ia ma mua o ka hohonu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pō. Hana ʻia nā shoals i ke ao.
ʻO Vendushka kahi iʻa wai hou. ʻOiai hiki iā ia ke hāpai i nā wai brackish me ka salinity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale kūlohelohe ma waena o nā kahawai like ʻole i kaupalena ʻia e ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe o nā wai wai wai wai. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i loko o kahi kahawai ʻoiai ke hoʻokau ʻia ke kahawai e nā wai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka wikiwiki i uka e nā kahawai ikaika a me nā wailele.
ʻO ka diffusion ma o nā hoʻolauna manaʻo ʻia i loaʻa ma o nā hoʻolālā hoʻolako e like me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā waihona i Lake Inari a me nā mea hāʻawi. Hoʻohana pū kekahi poʻe lawaiʻa haʻuki i kekahi manawa me ka maʻa ma ke ʻano he maunu, a inā lawe ʻia ka maunu ola, hoʻoweliweli paha kēia i ke komo ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana wai ʻole. Pili ka pilikia o ka hoʻokumu kūleʻa ʻana me ke kaiaolaola host.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Ryapushka
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāhui i hua i ka hāʻule ma ke one a i ʻole ka ʻiliʻili, ma nā wahi he 6-10 m ka hohonu, akā aia kekahi he hoʻoilo a me ka poʻe hoʻoulu hua wai. Momona loa ʻo Vendace a he nui nā hua liʻiliʻi (80-300 mau hua ma ka gram o ke kaumaha o ke kino).
Hānau ʻia nā hua ke nalowale ka loko hau i ka puna. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua, he kaupalena kā ka yolk sac a no laila ʻo ka kūleʻa ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mākeke hiki ke hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka manawa ma waena o ka hoʻoulu a me ka pua o ka puna.
I kekahi mau lehulehu o ka loko, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka mākua makua i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai a ulu i nā kahawai. Mai ka hopena o ʻAukake a i ka waena o ʻOkakopa, piʻi i luna nā muliwai anadromous i nā kahawai i loko o nā wai pāpaʻu, a ulu i nā kahawai i ka hopena o ke kauwela. E neʻe nā larva i hōʻano hou i nā wahi kai ma hope koke o ka hatching. Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, ʻo ka lōʻihi o nā larvae ma ka hatching he 7-11 mm.
I hoʻokahi noi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka waiwai kūʻai i ka pH 4.75 a me ka 5.25 me a i ʻole me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻia o ke alumini (200 μg = 7.4 micromolar AlL (-1)) ma muli o ka hopena o ka hopena vitellogenesis hopena i loko o Iulai i ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana. I loko o ka manawa maʻamau maʻamau, i ka manawa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā 48% o nā wahine kāohi i kā lākou mau hua, 50% o nā wahine ma ka pH 4.75 + Al i hoʻopau loa i nā oocytes.
ʻO nā mahele hope loa o nā wahine ovulated piha he 14%, 36%, 25%, 61% a me 81% ma ka pH 4.75 + Al, pH 4.75, pH 5.25 + Al, pH 5.25 a i ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu. Ua lohi ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa testicular lohi i nā kāne ma pH 4.75 + Al. ʻO ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi maopopo o ka plasma Na (+) a me Cl (-) a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kō glucose i loaʻa wale ma kahi kokoke o ka manawa e hānau ai, mai ʻOkakopa a Nowemapa, i kūlike me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o Al ma loko o nā lālā lālā.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hoʻopaʻi
Kiʻi: Kaʻi iʻa
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana he iʻa ʻai iʻa, manu a me nā māmala, ʻo ia mau ka mea e hānai i nā wahi pelagic e like me ka trout brown, nā loona a me nā cormorants. ʻO ka trout brown kahi mea nui i ka venchace.
He mea waiwai ka mea kūʻai aku no ka iʻa piscivorous a me ka moa wai, a he mea nui paha ia no ka hoʻolilo ikehu mai ka hana pelagic i nā wahi littoral a i ʻole nā kahawai (neʻe iʻa iʻa), a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana loko i nā ʻōnaehana honua (uwao ʻia e nā manu piscivorous).
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau nā mea kanu i ke alo o ka pike me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka oxygen. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā loli i ka nui o ka hanu ʻana i ka wā o ke kū ʻana i kahi predator ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hana locomotor ma muli o ka lawena i hoʻokomo ʻia e kūʻē i ka predator.
ʻO ka nui o nā predators i nā loko he mea nui ia no ka make ʻana o ka larva a me nā ʻōpio i ke kauwela, a hoʻohuli ʻia e nā ʻano mahana. ʻO kekahi o nā mea ʻino maʻamau i ka kūʻai ʻōpio ka perch, nona ka nui o ka makahiki e hoʻopili pono me ka mahana wela. No laila, kipaku ʻia e nā kauwela hoʻomehana, ua piʻi pinepine aʻe nā papa bass ikaika i nā makahiki 1990 a me 2000 ma mua o nā 1970 a 1980 paha, a hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia kēia ʻano.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻi
Hōʻike pinepine nā mea kūʻai aku i nā fluctuations nui i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka a e hoʻohuli ʻia paha e ka hiki ʻana o nā planktivores ʻē aʻe. No laila, ua nānā ʻia nā lehulehu o ka lehulehu mai 100 mau kānaka / ha a i 5000 mau kānaka / ha. I nā loko he nui, hōʻike nā lehulehu i ka hoʻololi i nā cyclical fluctuations, e hōʻike ana he mea nui ka hoʻokūkū intraspecific i mea nui i ka demographic demographic.
Pilikia loa nā mea ʻai i:
- hōʻino o ka maikaʻi o ka wai;
- hoʻonui silting;
- deoxygenation.
No nā ʻano i loaʻa i loko o nā waihona wai, pilikia pū kekahi me nā aupuni palaho hydropower. E hōʻole paha ka lehulehu - a i ʻole nalo paha - inā kū mai nā ʻano malihini e like me ka ruff. ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻole ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻi he ala maʻamau ia e hoʻolauna i nā manawa hou i nā ʻōnaehana loko hou.
Hoʻomaka pinepine ʻia kēia mau hoʻolauna e ke aupuni me ka pahuhopu e hoʻonui i nā waiwai iʻa a me nā waiwai kai. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻolauna kūkākūkā no ka kaohi namu, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa. Hoʻohana kekahi mau lawaiʻa haʻuki i ke kālepa ma ke ʻano he maunu.
ʻAʻole i helu ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā intrusions mākeke. Hiki iā Vendace ke loaʻa ka waiwai waiwai maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he waiwai iʻa iā ia iho, no ka mea, kākoʻo ia i ka lehulehu o nā iʻa ʻai iʻa i waiwai nui no ka lawaiʻa haʻuki (e like me ka trout brown).
Akā hiki i ka hoʻopaʻi ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka lawaiʻa, e like me nā heluna o ka iʻa keʻokeʻo. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Vendacea ma ke ʻano he mea weliweli a manaʻo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe loa ia o ka make ma ka nāhelehele.
Palekana o ka hoʻopaʻi
Kiʻi: Veggie mai ka Red Book
Pono e paipai i ka lehulehu e hoʻoikaika i ka mālama ʻana i nā meaola kūlohelohe, me nā ʻano zooplankton i mea nui no ka hana kaiaolaola. Hiki iā lākou ke paʻakikī e ʻike no ka poʻe ʻoihana ʻole ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻole kūpono. Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia ka mālama olaola ʻana o ke kālepa e nā papahana hoʻomaikaʻi predator a i ʻole nā waihona predator.
ʻO ka kūleʻa o kēlā mau ana e pili ana i ka morphology o ka loko a me ke kaiāulu ʻai iʻa. He iʻa ʻono a waiwai hoʻi ʻo Vendacea i kekahi mau mākeke, a hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka kaohi kanaka ma o ka lawaiʻa kalepa nui ʻana, e laʻa me ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā loko wai a me nā estuaries a i ʻole me ka hopu ʻana i nā heluna huaʻōlelo i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana.
ʻO Vendacea kahi iʻa pelagic e hānau hou i ke ao a iho i lalo i ka hohonu i ka pō. Hoʻonui liʻiliʻi ʻia ka heluna kanaka i ka pō a no laila e hana ʻia ka laʻana ʻana i ka pō e hoʻemi i kona ʻokoʻa. Pono e hoʻopili i ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kani ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻano lawaiʻa ʻole i wae ʻia (gillnets multi-tiered, catch or sampling) e kiʻi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā lāhui a me nā mea olaola.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā hopena invasive o ka hoʻopaʻi e ka hoʻēmi o ka zooplankton. No laila, ʻo nā hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa nā ala like ʻole e kaohi ai i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka (e laʻa me ka hopu i hopu ʻia o ka hoʻopaʻi, e hoʻonui ana i ka nui o nā mea ʻino ma ka hoʻopaʻi.
Vendace He iʻa liʻiliʻi, kahawai a lahilahi hoʻi me ke kua uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻōpū keʻokeʻo a me nā barela kālā. Heleʻeleʻele kona mau hina hina i ka lihi. He maka nui ko ka iʻa, he waha liʻiliʻi, a me ka ʻepa o ka adipose.ʻO ka wahi i makemake ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻi kai hohonu, nā loko anuanu, kahi e ʻai ai i nā crustacean planktonic e like me nā copepods.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: Kepakemapa 18, 2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:13
