ʻO Chum He iʻa na ka ʻohana salemona. Pili ia i nā lāhui waiwai no ka mea o kāna palupalu, ʻiʻo ʻono a me ka caviar waiwai nui. Kāhea pinepine ʻia ia he wahi nānā. ʻO Chum salmon, ma ka ʻāpana, ua māhele ʻia i mau ʻano, a i ʻelua mau heihei nui. ʻO nā ʻano āpau e kū nei i kēia lā ua like loa i ka helehelena, loaʻa kahi nohona a me kahi nohona like. ʻO ka mea koe ʻole ka Sakhalin chum salmon, ka mea i manaʻo nui ʻia no ka hānau ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana hana.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Keta
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā pae evolution of kēia iʻa ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike ʻepekema. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ʻIchthyologists ʻo nā lunamakaʻāinana kahiko loa o ka salemona o kēia ao i kū i nā kahawai o ʻAkau ʻAmelika ʻelima ma kahi o 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua liʻiliʻi ia i ka nui a ʻano like me ka hina i ka helehelena a me ka nohona. Ma muli o ke ola o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻohana i ke kaʻina o ka evolution i loko o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, pili nui lākou i nā loli i nā ʻano noho.
Wahi a nā kiʻi kālai pōhaku, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i nā kūpuna kahiko o ka salemona chum hou i noho ma ka ipu kai Pākīpika ma kahi o 10 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Noho kekahi ʻano iʻa i nā loko nui.
Video: Keta
Nui nā ʻano salmon i pau i ka make. ʻO kekahi o nā lāhui kupaianaha kupaianaha a kupaianaha hoʻi ka "salemona toothed". Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ma muli o ke Tiga a me ka tiger niho no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi ʻaʻole ʻano maʻamau no ka iʻa. Ua hiki aku ko lākou lōʻihi i 5-6 mau kenimika ma nā kānaka nui.
ʻO ka manawa maikaʻi i ka mōʻaukala a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka chum salmon ma kahi o 2-3.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. I loko o kēia wā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā salmonid i mau laha, i noho kēlā me kēia i kona wahi noho.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka chum salmon?
Hoʻolilo kēia lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana salemona i ka hapa nui o kona ola i ka wai kai. E pili ana i kēia mau mea, he kala kona no nā poʻe noho kai: kālā-bluish me kahi kahe. Ma kahi o ke kua, he ʻeleʻele ka iʻa o ka iʻa, ma ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpū ʻoi aku ka māmā. ʻAe kēia kala i ka iʻa e noho ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke kolamu wai a ma ka papa o lalo. Loaʻa i ka chum salmon kahi mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻano.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho kūwaho:
- kino nui o elongated, elongated kinona;
- ʻākiki, hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao;
- Ua hoʻoneʻe iki ʻia nā peʻapeʻa caudal a me nā adipose i ka huelo a mai 8 a 11 mau hulu;
- ʻoi aku ka nui o ke poʻo i ke kumu o ke kino nui a ʻano like me ke kone;
- ākea ka waha, aia nā niho lalo ʻole i ka waha;
- aole he mau kiko eleele a me na kaha ma ka waha;
- uhi ʻia ke kino me nā unahi kaulike;
- aia kahi fin caudal paʻa paʻa nui me ka ʻole o kahi notch.
Mea hoihoi: I loko o ka wā spawning, hoʻololi ke kino a me ka hiʻona o ka iʻa. Lilo ke kino i nui a ākea, he puʻupuʻu i hope. Lilo ka ʻāʻī i mea nui aku, ʻōwili ka niho a nui a lōʻihi hoʻi. Lilo ke kala i brown, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a i ʻoliva paha. ʻIke ʻia nā kaha poni a ʻulaʻula i ka ʻaoʻao ākea o ke kino, i ʻeleʻele i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.
Hiki i kekahi iʻa ke ulu a nui a nui. Hiki i ke kino o Dina ke hōʻea i 60-80 kenimika, a ʻoi ke kaumaha o kona kino ma mua o 10 kilokilo.
Mea hoihoi: Wahi a ka ʻikepili kūhelu, ʻo ka nui o ke kino o ka chum salmon hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mika, a ʻo kona kaumaha he 16 kilokilo!
ʻO ka iʻa e hele i ka spawn pinepine i kahi lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 50-65 kenimika. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kino o ka salmon chum kauwela ma mua o ka nui o ka salmon chum hoʻoilo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka chum salmon?
Kiʻi: Chum salmon i Lūkia
Noho ka chum salmon i ka hapa nui o kona ola i nā kino o ka wai paʻakai kokoke i ke kahakai. ʻO ka nohona nui o ka chum salmon ʻo ke kai kai Pākīpika. He mea mau ke kāhea ʻana i ka iʻa anadromous no ka mea noho maoli ia i ke kai, a hele e ʻōnohi i nā waha o ka muliwai. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka chum salmon e hoʻāʻo e ʻike pono i nā waha o nā kahawai kahi i puka mai ai me he ʻai lā. Kū ka ʻōpū i loko o nā kahawai wai hou ma ka Hikina Hikina, nā ʻāina ʻAsia, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau mai Kaleponi a i Alaska.
Koho ka iʻa i ka wai mehana o ka Moana Pākīpika - ke Kuro-Sivo i lalo ma ke ʻano he mau wahi no ka noho mau a me ka meaʻai.
Nā ʻāpana ʻāina o ka salumona chum:
- Kai o Okhotsk;
- Kai Bering;
- Kai Iapana.
Kū ka ʻōmau ma nā waha muliwai. I loko o kēia wā, hiki ke loaʻa ka iʻa i loko o nā kahawai e like me Lena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, a pēlā aku. ʻO Chum salmon kahi iʻa wai pāpaʻu. Noho ka hapanui o nā kānaka i kahi hohonu o 10 mau mika. Noho ka iʻa i kahi ʻāpana nui o ko lākou ola i ka neʻe ʻana o ka meaʻai. Hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi kēia wā mai 2.5 a 10 mau makahiki.
Hoʻomaopopo nā ʻIchthyologists o nā ʻelele āpau o ka ʻohana salemona e noho ana i ka wai o ka Moana Pākīpika, ʻo ia ka cham salmon ka nui o kāna wahi noho. I kekahi mau ʻāpana o Lūkia, ma Kamchatka a me Sakhalin, noho ka chum salmon i loko o nā loko i hana ʻia no ka mahi ʻana iʻa iʻa no nā ʻoihana.
He aha ka chum salmon e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: iʻa Chum
Ke ulu nei ka iʻa, loli ko lākou nohona. Ke hiki i ka nui kūpono a me ke kaumaha o ke kino kahi palekana ia e noho ai ma ke kai kiʻekiʻe, hoʻomaka ia e alakaʻi i kahi nohona predatory. I loko o ka manawa momona o ka iʻa e pono ai ka nui o nā meaʻai, hiki ke loaʻa wale i ke kai.
Ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻai, hoʻomaka lākou e hele mālie i loko o ke kai ākea. Ma laila lākou e'ākoakoa ai i nā hui a loaʻa i nā wahi hūnā a hūnāʻia kahi e peʻe ai a hiki i ko lākou nui maikaʻi.
Me ka makahiki, hoʻololi ka iʻa i kahi nohona predatory a ʻai i ka mea pio nui. I loko o kēia wā, koi ʻia ka nui o ka waiwai pio i mea no ke kaona o kēlā me kēia lā a me ke kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokō i nā loina.
Lako meaʻai no nā mākua:
- gerbil;
- hānai manu;
- honi;
- ʻōhumu liʻiliʻi;
- heleuma;
- heʻe;
- sardinia;
- nā gobies
Ma muli o ka noho ʻana o ka iʻa i ke kula, ʻimi pū kekahi ia i nā kula. ʻO ke kala kikoʻī kōkua iā lākou e noho ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā ʻenemi, akā no kā lākou mea pio pū kekahi. I ka manawa pinepine ua lawa ia no ka iʻa e paʻa wale ai ke kali nei no kāna mea pio. Ke kokoke a hiki i ka meaʻai kūpono, hoʻolei ka iʻa a hopu i ka mea pio. I kekahi manawa hāʻule wale kahi kula chum salmon i loko o ke kula o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe a hopu wale i ka poʻe ʻaʻohe manawa e peʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Chum salmon i ka wai
He mea mau loa ia no kēia lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana salemona ke hoʻi i ko lākou wahi hānau. ʻO Chum salmon ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli pākēneka o nā hihia i ka wā spawning eʻauʻau i nā wahi kahi i hānau ʻia ai. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ka mea i lilo i kumu nui e like me ka ichthyologists i puʻunaue ai i ka salmon chum i ʻelua mahele e like me ke ʻano o ka nohona ʻāina - North American a me ʻAsia. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, kāpae ʻia kā lākou hālāwai.
Ma nā panalāʻau o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ke ola a me nā lāhui ʻauhau ʻAsia.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā wahi noho, ua ʻike nā ichthyologists i kekahi mau ʻāpana o kēia ʻano:
- ʻauhau ʻākau;
- Sakhalin;
- ʻAmura;
- Ke Kai Okhotsk.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻai i oʻo, makua, ʻaʻole lākou e noho i nā kahawai e like me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana salemona. No ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaupaona kūpono no nā makahiki he nui, hele i ke kai ākea. I ka wā mua, kokoke ka poʻe oʻo ʻole i kahakai i nā wahi mehameha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai, hoʻonui ke kaumaha o ka iʻa i kahi 2.5-3% i kēlā me kēia lā. I kēia manawa ke hiki aku ka nui o ka iʻa i 30-40 kenimika, hele ʻo ia e ʻimi i kahi ʻāina kahi lawa ka meaʻai. ʻO ka pinepine, hiki i kēlā mau huakaʻi ke hala i mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole kahi iʻa ka chum salmon, ʻākoakoa ia i nā kula he nui. Noho ka hapa nui o lākou i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Moana Pākīpika. Ke hiki mai ka puna a mehana ka wai, neʻe ia i ke kapakai ʻākau o ʻAmelika. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻohana he nui i nā oʻo makua a makua ʻole. Hele kēlā mau iʻa i oʻo ʻole no ka hoʻouluulu i nā kahakai hema. Ke ulu a makua nei, huli ʻo chum salmon i predator maoli.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Chum
Hoʻomaka ka Puberty ma waena o nā makahiki o 3.5 a me 6.5. ʻO ka mea mua e wehe i ka wā hānau nā kānaka no ka heihei kauwela. ʻO ka hapanui o nā wahine i hānau i loko o nā iʻa ʻōpio, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ko ehiku mau makahiki. ʻO 16-18% wale nō nā wahine ma mua o ʻehiku mau makahiki.
Hoʻomaka ka poʻe lunamaka o ke kauwela e ulu i ka hopena o ke kauwela, ke kakahiaka nui, i ka manawa e mahana ai ka wai e like me ka hiki, a ʻaʻole e hāʻule ke ana wela ma lalo o 14 kekelē. ʻO nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ke ʻano o ka hāʻule e ulu i ka hāʻule me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu. ʻO kahi kūpono no ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he mau ʻāpana hohonu, kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka hohonu ma mua o ʻelua mau mika. ʻAʻole ikaika ka ʻikena ma ia mau wahi, a kūpono i nā ʻiliʻili, ʻiliʻili a i ʻole iliili e like me ka pae o lalo.
Ma hope o ka loaʻa o kahi wahi kūpono loa, hoʻomākaukau ka wahine i ka wahi no ka hānai ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, me ke kōkua o nā kuʻi ikaika me kāna huelo, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ia i ka papa o lalo i kahi e hānau ai. Ma hope o kēlā, ma ke ala like, kīkē ʻo ia i kahi puka ma ka papa o lalo, a hiki i ka hohonu o ia mea a hiki i ka hapalua mika. I kēlā me kēia lua, hiki i hoʻokahi wahine ke waiho ma kahi o 6-7 tausani mau hua. Hiki i ka nui o ka caviar ke hōʻea i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua i ʻelua kilokilo. A laila momona nā kāne iā ia, a kanu pono ka wahine iā ia i ka lepo.
ʻO Chum salmon kahi iʻa momona nui. Hiki i kekahi wahine wahine ke hana a i ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau mea paʻa i nā wahi like ʻole i loko o hoʻokahi wā hānau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma hope o ke kau ʻana, hoʻolei ʻana i nā hua a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka paʻa, make nā iʻa āpau i loko o hoʻokahi mahina. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia wā e ke kūlohelohe i hiki i nā iʻa ke haʻalele i nā wahi e hoʻomālamalama ana a hāʻawi i ka muliwai i mea e pale aku ai i kahi pōʻino kaiaola.
ʻO ka manawa incubation ma kahi o 120-140 mau lā. Ma hope o kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā embryos mai nā hua manu, i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke yolk kūikawā. Hana ia i ka hana o ka pale a ʻae i nā embryos e hoʻomohala me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā hua. ʻO ka puka mua ʻana o nā hua i ulu i ka hopena o ʻApelila, i ka hoʻomaka o Mei. I loko o kēia wā, ʻākoakoa ka mauʻu i nā hui a hūnā i nā mea kanu kahakai, nā pōhaku. Ma muli o ke kala ʻōniʻoniʻo kikoʻī, mālama ka fry i ka nānā ʻole ʻia e nā mea ʻino he nui.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ket
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka chum salmon?
Hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Chum salmon no ka noho ʻana i ke kai ākea. He kala maikaʻi kona, e ʻae iā ia ʻaʻole wale e kali no ka mea pio, e hui pū me ka papa o ka lalo, a i ʻole nā wai kai, akā e hūnā hoʻi mai nā ʻenemi i kēia ala. Eia nō naʻe, lawa kona mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe. I kēlā me kēia pae o kāna hoʻomohala ʻana, nui kona ʻenemi. Hoʻopau nā mea ʻino moana ʻē aʻe i nā paʻa chum salmon ma ka ʻai ʻana i kāna mau hua, alualu no ka ʻai, a no nā mākua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o ka iʻa:
- Honi ʻAsia;
- char;
- hina hina;
- kunja;
- burbot;
- minnow;
- lenok;
- malma;
- ipukukui.
He ʻenemi ko ka iʻa mākua ma loko o ka wai kai wale nō. He lawa kona mau ʻenemi e noho ana i ka ʻāina. Loaʻa kēia i ka hiki iā ia ke ʻauʻau i ka wai pāpaʻu a noho i ke kahakai kahakai.
Hoʻopili pū nā ʻenemi o nā mākua:
- bea;
- sila;
- gull muliwai;
- kohola beluga;
- otter;
- luʻu;
- tern;
- merganser.
Hāʻawi ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā i waena o nā ʻenemi o ka iʻa i ke kanaka. Huli ʻo ia iā ia ma kahi pāʻoihana. ʻO kāna caviar a me kāna ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula he waiwai nui. ʻO nā kīʻaha i hana ʻia mai kēia ʻano iʻa i manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻono maoli, kahi mea hana culinary, a waiwai nui ʻia i waena o nā gourmets.
Loaʻa ʻia ʻo Salumona salmon e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻupena a me nā lei. Ma nā panalāʻau o ka Russian Federation, hopu ʻia ka salmon chum ma ka waena o nā kahawai a me nā wahi estuarine o ke kai. Kūkulu nā mea kanu iʻa iʻa kokoke i nā wahi lawaiʻa nui e hōʻalo ai i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a me ka caviar.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Chum salmon
I kēia lā, ʻaʻole nui ka hopohopo i ka helu o nā iʻa o ka honua. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia e ka hana hānau hānau kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka heluna kanaka i nā kenekulia i hala. Ua kōkua ʻia kēia e ka lawaiʻa kāohi ʻole ʻia a me ka nui o nā mākaʻi lawaiʻa. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma nā wahi o ka nohona kūlohelohe, ua hana ʻia nā kahu hānai kūikawā ma Sakhalin a me Kamchatka, kahi e hānai ʻia ai ka iʻa no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana.
Ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia, mākaʻikaʻi mau ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana i nā wahi o nā wahi iʻa hiki a me nā hakakā kūʻē i nā mea ʻai manu. Pēlā nō hoʻi, pale ʻia nā lehulehu o chum salmon e nā kānāwai mai ka lawaiʻa ʻole ʻana ma kahi pālākiʻoihana. ʻAi ʻia ka lawaiʻa pilikino ʻana, a me ka lawaiʻa ʻenehana, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala ʻae a loaʻa ka laikini kūikawā.
ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka helu o chum salmon i kōkua ʻia e ka hopu ʻana ma kahi pālākiō nui e ka poʻe Kepanī ma kahi o ka hapalua kenekulia i hala. I loko o kēlā manawa, hoʻolaha lākou i nā ʻupena ma ka palena me ka USSR no 15,000 km. Ma muli o ia mau hana, ʻaʻole hiki i ka chum salmon ke hoʻi i Sakhalin, Kamchatka a me kā lākou wahi e lawaiʻa maʻamau ai. ʻO ia ka manawa i emi loa ai ka nui o nā iʻa. ʻO ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma mua ʻaʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia.
ʻO Chum He lālā waiwai nui ʻo ia o ka ʻohana salemona. Mahalo nui ʻia no ka ʻono momona a olakino hoʻi, a me ka caviar weliweli.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: Kepakemapa 27, 2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:05
