Bokoplav holoholona crustacean no ka ʻoka o ke crayfish kiʻekiʻe (Amphipoda). I ka hōʻuluʻulu, ma kahi o 9,000 mau ʻano crustacean i ʻike ʻia e noho ana ma lalo o ke kai a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua. Noho ka hapa nui o nā crustacea e pili ana i kēia kauoha i ke kahakai kahakai kokoke i ka heʻenalu, hiki ke hele i waho o ke kahakai. A ma kēia ʻaoʻao e hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano parasite, nā ʻāpana kohola iā lākou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bokoplav
ʻO Amphipoda nā arthropods no ka papa o ka crayfish kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ke kauoha o amphipods. No ka manawa mua i wehewehe ʻia kēia kaʻawale e ka entomologist Palani ʻo Pierre André Latreuil i 1817. Hoʻopili kēia kauoha ma mua o 9000 ʻano o crustacea. He mau mea kahiko loa ʻo Bokoplavs, ʻike ʻia ua noho kēia mau crustacean i nā benthos o ke kai a me nā kino wai hou i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā Pōhaku o ka wā Paleozoic, aia ma kahi o 350 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Video: Bokoplav
Eia nō naʻe, no ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kaʻa kaʻa, ʻaʻole ola nā koena o kēia mau holoholona; he 12 wale nō mau laʻana o nā crustacea kahiko o kēia kauoha i ʻike ʻia. Nā mōʻalihaku i mālama ʻia o nā amphipods kahiko i noho i ka wā Eocene. Ua ola kēia mau mōʻalihaku a hiki i kēia lā mahalo i ka ʻamepera. Ua heleleʻi kahi holoholona kahiko i kahi kulu amber a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hele i waho, a mahalo wale i kēia kūlana hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ua ola kēia mau mea i ka wā Paleozoic.
I ka 2013, ua wehewehe ʻia kahi amphipod e noho ana i ka wā Triassic o ka wā Mesozoic, ua aneane 200 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka hōʻike mua.
He amphipod ia o ka lāhui Rosagammarus minichiellus i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua wehewehe ʻia kēia fossil e kahi hui ʻepekema ma lalo o ka moho o Mark McMenamin. I kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa loa ka heluna kanaka crustacean. A ʻo kekahi o nā meaola planktonic i loko o kēia ʻoka.
ʻO ka helehelena a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka amphipod
ʻO nā Bocoplavas he crustacean liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka nui o kēlā me kēia awelika ma kahi o 10 mm ka lōʻihi, akā naʻe, aia kekahi mau kānaka nunui e pili ana i 25 mm ka nui, akā ʻaʻole iki. ʻO nā Lunamaka'āinana o nā amphipods liʻiliʻi he mea liʻiliʻi loa a ʻo kā lākou nui he 1 mm wale nō ka lōʻihi.
Pālahalaha ke kino o nā amphipods ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o amphipods a me nā crustacean ʻē aʻe ka loaʻa ʻole o carapace. Ma ka umauma, hoʻohui paʻa ʻia ka māhele mua me ke poʻo. Hōʻike ʻia nā lālā i ka ʻāpana mua e nā āwae wāwae. He ʻano ʻokoʻa kā nā lālā ma ka umauma. Aia nā pincer wahaheʻe nui ma ka paʻa mua o nā lālā. Pono kēia mau maiuu e hopu i ka meaʻai. Pau nā hui ʻelua aʻe me nā māiʻuʻu. Ma mua wale o nā māiʻuo e kuhikuhi ai i mua, a kuhikuhi ʻia nā māiʻu kua i hope.
Mahalo i kēia mau māiʻuʻu, hiki i ka holoholona ke neʻe maʻalahi i ka substat. Aia nā gills ma waena o ka mahele ʻoihana lua a me 7. Māhele ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka amphipod i mau ʻāpana - ka urosome a me ka pleosome. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻekolu i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Ma nā ʻāpana o ka pleosome aia nā pleopod, nā lālā bifurcated e lawelawe ana no ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Aia nā uropods-limbs ma ka weliweli, mahalo i hiki i ka crustacean ke lele kiʻekiʻe a neʻe wikiwiki i ke kahakai a ma lalo o ka waihona. Ikaika loa nā urepods. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana excretory e ka ʻōpū a me ka anus.
Ma hea e noho ai ka amphipod?
Kiʻi: ʻo Bokoplav i ka muliwai
ʻO nā Bocoplavs nā mea ola maʻamau. Noho lākou i ʻaneʻane i nā kino wai piha, kai, ma lalo o ka moana. Hoʻohui ʻia, noho nō nā amphipods he nui i loko o nā wai lalo honua. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i nā punawai a me nā luawai o Caucasus, Ukraine ma ke komohana o ʻEulopa.
Noho ka suborder Ingol-fiellidea i ka wai lalo o ʻApelika, ʻEulopa hema a me ʻAmelika. Noho kekahi mau ʻano o kēia mau crustaceans i nā kapili kaula o ke one ma kahakai o Peru, ke Channel a ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Thailand. Nā ʻanoʻano Gammarus pulex, G. kischinef-fensis, G. balcanicus. Noho lākou i nā waihona wai o ʻEnelani, Moldova, Kelemānia a me Romania. I ko mākou ʻāina, noho kēia mau crustacean ma kahi o nā kino wai āpau.
Noho nā kai amphipods kai ma ke kai ʻo Azov, ʻEleʻele a me Caspian. I nā kahawai ʻo Volga, ʻOka a me Kama e ola amphipods o kekahi mau ʻano: Niphargoides sarsi, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Niphargoides sarsi. I ka waihona wai Yenisei a me Angarsk aia ma mua o 20 mau ʻano o kēia mau crustacean. ʻĀ, nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole ma Lake Baikal. Ma ka lalo o ka Baikal Lake, 240 mau ʻano o nā crustacea e noho nei. Noho nā crustacean āpau ma lalo o nā kino wai a alakaʻi i kahi nohona planktonic.
Mea hoihoi: Ma ka lalo o ka muliwai ʻo Oka, ma kāna papa haʻahaʻa wale nō, aia ma kahi o 170 tausani mau kānaka o ka genus Corophium ma ka mika mika o ka lalo.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka amphip. E ʻike kākou i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha nā mea e ʻai ai nā amphipods?
Kiʻi: Crustacean amphipod
ʻAneʻane nā amphipods āpau he omnivores.
ʻO ka papaʻai nui o amphipods:
- nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka wai (nā ʻāpana ola a me nā mea make);
- koena o nā iʻa a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe;
- priming;
- limu;
- holoholona liʻiliʻi.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ala āu e ʻai ai. Hoʻopili kēia mau crustacean i nā meaʻai nui me nā nau a ʻoki a liʻiliʻi. Mālama nā ā āle ikaika i nā ʻāpana meaʻai a pale iā lākou e hāʻule mai ka waha. Hānai kekahi ʻano amphipods i ke kānana ʻana i nā mea i kāpae ʻia i lawe ʻia mai e nā nalu. Noho mau kēia mau crustacean ma ke kahakai. Ke manaʻo lākou e neʻe ana ka nalu mai kahakai, peʻe ka crayfish i ka lepo e hilinaʻi iki ana iā ia, ke wehe ʻia ka honua, komo nā crustacea i loko o ia mea āpau, no laila ka hānai maʻamau a ka Niphargoides maeoticus.
ʻAi nā crustacean o ka lāhui Corophiidae, Leptocheirus a me Ampeliscidae me ka haʻalele ʻole i ko lākou mau hale. Ma laila, hoʻomaka kēia mau holoholona e lepo i ka papa luna o ka lepo me kā lākou antennas hope. Komo ka limu a me ka bacteria i ka wai, a kānana ka maʻi ʻaʻai i ka wai ma o ka pūnaewele o nā bristles e kau ana ma nā forelegs. ʻO nā mea hānai i waena o nā amphipods nā kao kai.
Hoʻouka kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi, nā ilo, nā jellyfish. Noho nā amphipods Planktonic o ka lysianassidae ma ka jellyfish a alakaʻi i kahi ʻano semi-parasitic. ʻO kahi ʻano laha o ka amphipods Cyamidae kohola kohola. Noho kēia mau parasite liʻiliʻi ma nā koholā kokoke i ka anus a hānai i ka ʻili koholā, e ʻūlū ana i nā maʻi maʻi hohonu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Bokoplav
Alakaʻi ka hapa nui o amphipods i kahi nohona semi-underwater. I ke ao noho lākou i lalo o ka waihona wai, i ka pō, hele aku kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāina a hiki ke kolo ma kahakai e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. ʻAi lākou i ka limu popopo, holoi ʻia i uka i nā nalu. I ke ao, hoʻi nā crustacean i ka waihona wai a hūnā paha i ka lepo, e pale ana i nā gills mai ka maloʻo ʻana.
E like me ka nui o ka crayfish, hanu nā amphipods me nā gills; ua kī ʻia nā pā aniani me nā moku lahilahi e paʻa ka māno a ʻae kēia i nā crustacean e hele i waho o ka ʻāina. He hiki kupaianaha ko Crustaceans e hoʻokele ai i ka lewa, neʻe aku lākou i kahi mamao loa mai ka wai hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i kahi e pono ai lākou e hoʻi.
Nānā kekahi amphipods i nā lāʻau driftwood a me nā lālā, e ʻai ana i ka lāʻau lāʻau a me ka lepo. Hūnā nā amphipods, nā kao kai i waena o nā mānoanoa o ka mauʻu kokoke i nā manawa āpau. Hoʻolālā lākou i ka mea pio no ka manawa lōʻihi e noho ana ma kahi hoʻokahi ma ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe iki ʻana i kā lākou pincer mua, ke ʻike koke ia i ka mea pio a hoʻouka iā ia.
Alakaʻi nā moʻo kohola i kahi nohona parasite, a hoʻolilo i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i nā koholā e ʻai ana i ko lākou ʻili. ʻO nā crustacea liʻiliʻi e noho ana ma ka moana kai alakaʻi i kahi nohona mālie. ʻAʻole puka aʻe kekahi o kā lākou mau lua, e ʻai ana i ke ʻano o ka kānana ʻana e ʻeli mau ana i ka lalo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: amphipod maʻi ʻaʻai
ʻO Bokoplavs nā mea heterosexual. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe. Aia i ka laha, hiki i nā kāne ke ʻoi aku ma mua o nā wahine, a i ʻole ka hope. I ka ʻohana Gammaridae, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO ka ʻohana Leptocheirus, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Loaʻa i nā wahine wahine moekolohe o nā ʻano amphipods āpau kahi ʻeke brood.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano moekolohe kāne ma amphipods ma muli o ke kū ʻana o kahi hormone kūikawā i hūnā ʻia e nā gland endocrine androgenic. ʻO ke transplantation o kēia mau momona i ka wahine i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā ovaries o ka wahine i nā testes.
I ka amphipods Gammarus duebeni, hoʻoholo ʻia ka moekolohe o nā keiki e ka mahana i oʻo ai nā hua. I ke kau anuanu, ua huhū ʻia nā kāne; i ke kau mahana, hānau ʻia nā wahine. ʻO ke kaʻina moena ma amphipods he mau lā. Hoʻopili ke kāne i ka hope o ka wahine, e paʻa ana i ka palena o mua a me ka hope o ka ʻelima o ka ʻāpana o ka wahine me kāna mau māiʻuʻu i ke kakali o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, neʻe ke kāne i ka ʻōpū o ka wahine a pelu i nā wāwae o ka ʻōpū, e hoʻolei iā lākou i mau manawa ma waena o nā papa hope o ka broza bursa. I kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka sperm mai nā puka genital. Lawe ʻia ka sperm i loko o ka broza bursa me ke kōkua o nā wāwae o ka ʻōpū. Ma hope o 4 mau hola, hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua i loko o kēia ʻeke e ka wahine a momona koke lākou. I nā ʻano amphipods, ʻokoʻa ka helu o nā hua manu a ka wahine i waiho ai. Hoʻomoe ka hapanui o nā wahine i 5 a 100 mau hua i hoʻokahi moʻo.
Akā ʻoi aku ka momona o kekahi mau ʻano, no ka laʻana, moe ʻo Gammara-canthus loricatus i 336 mau hua, ʻo Amathillina spinosa a hiki i ka 240. ʻO ka amphipods ke Kai Keʻokeʻo momona loa Apopuch nugax ma hope o hoʻokahi male ʻana, hānau ka wahine a hiki i hoʻokahi tausani embryos. 14 a 30 mau lā paha ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā crustacea liʻiliʻi i ka ʻeke hānai a ka makuahine.
Ulu koke nā crustacea liʻiliʻi, ke ola nei ma kahi o 13 molts. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā amphipods e hoʻouluulu i ke kau mahana, akā naʻe, hoʻopili nā amphipods o ka genus Anisogammarus i kā lākou mau hua manu i ka hoʻoilo a pau, a i ka puna i hānau ʻia nā crustacea liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o amphipods ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki. ʻO nā lunamaka o nā lāhui Niphargus orcinus virei e ola nei i ka mea nui; hiki iā lākou ke ola a 30 mau makahiki, akā ma ka awelika e ola ana ma kahi o 6 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o amphipods
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka amphipod
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o amphipods:
- iʻa;
- kohola a kohola kohola;
- honu;
- mink;
- nā pōpoki;
- ʻīlio;
- muskrat;
- nā rana a me nā amphibians ʻē aʻe;
- nā mea kolo a me kā lākou larvae;
- arachnids;
- manu.
ʻO nā Bokoplav he mea liʻiliʻi a kokoke i nā mea pale ʻole. No laila, nui nā ʻenemi o kēia mau crustacean i ko lākou kūlohelohe. Ma muli o kēia, hoʻāʻo nā crustacea e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano huna a ʻoi aku paha o ka noho malū ʻana. I nā kahawai, ʻimi ʻia nā amphipod e nā puhi, burbot, perch, roach, bream a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe he nui. Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻenela nā ʻenemi weliweli loa o kēia mau crustacean, ʻoiai kēia mau iʻa e ʻeli mau i ka honua a piʻi maʻalahi i nā lua o ka crayfish.
Ke kali nei ke kahakai o nā manu crayfish a me nā mea hānai manu. Akā ʻaʻole make ka hapa nui o nā amphipods mai ka hāʻule ʻana i loko o nā paʻa lima o nā mea ʻaihue, akā mai nā maʻi. A ʻo ka mea weliweli loa o lākou ka maʻi crayfish. ʻO ia ka maʻi ahulau e luku ai i nā tausani crustacean i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻEha nā Crustacean a me nā maʻi parasite, ʻo kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi he parasite. ʻO nā crustacea palupalu i loaʻa i nā ʻeha, hoʻonui wikiwiki nā bacteria ma nā ʻeha.
ʻO ka haumia o nā kino wai kekahi i waena o nā kumu maikaʻi ʻole. ʻIke nui ʻo Bocoplavas i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai; ʻike ʻia nā hihia make nui o kēia mau crustacean i nā wahi o ka haumia ikaika o nā kino wai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Bokoplav
ʻO Bocoplavas ka papa ʻoi loa o nā crustacea. ʻAʻole pono kēia papa i kahi pale kūikawā. ʻAʻole hiki ke nānā i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka ma muli o ka nui loa o nā crustaceans o nā ʻano like ʻole e noho ana i nā kino wai āpau. ʻOluʻolu kēia mau crustacea liʻiliʻi i ka nāhelehele, hoʻopili pono i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole a hoʻonui koke.
ʻAe ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana no ka amphipods. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā crustacea liʻiliʻi ma ko mākou ʻāina i kahi ala pilikino. ʻO kaʻiʻo Krill kahi meaʻai momona a momona hoʻi i waiwai i nā wikamina a me nā minelala. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano amphipods he maunu i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa i kahi jig no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā perches, bream, carp crossian a me nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole.
ʻO Bokoplavs kahi hoʻonohonoho pono o nā waihona. ʻAi kēia mau crustacea liʻiliʻi i nā koena o nā kupapaʻu holoholona, nā mea kanu palaho, plankton. ʻO ia, nā mea āpau e hiki ai i nā maʻi bacteria weliweli a pathogenic ke hoʻonui kūleʻa. ʻOiai e hānai ana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe kēia mau crustacea i ka wai, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a aniani. Hoʻoponopono nā Predatory crustacea i ka heluna kanaka o nā jellyfish a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe a lākou e alualu ai.
ʻO nā mea āpau e hiki ke hana ʻia no ka amphipods ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o nā kino wai, e hoʻouka i nā wahi lapaʻau ma nā ʻoihana a e hōʻoia ʻaʻole i loko o ka wai nā mea weliweli a ʻona hoʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻo Bokoplavov i kapa ʻia he ʻelele kai, akā ʻaʻole like me nā ʻau kai, ʻaʻole hana ʻino kēia mau mea i nā kānaka a me nā māmela honua.
Bokoplav he mea kupaianaha e noho ana i nā kino wai he nui a puni ka honua. Noho nā kaukani o kēia mau crustacea liʻiliʻi i loko o kekahi kino wai. ʻOiai kona liʻiliʻi, he mau mea nimble loa kēia e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona hana. ʻIke lākou i kaʻauʻau maikaʻi ʻana, a neʻe wikiwiki i ke one one me ka lele ʻana. I kekahi manawa hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i nā ʻohue, ma muli o kā lākou maʻamau o ka ʻai ʻana i ke kino. He mea nui loa ʻo Crustaceans i ke kaiaolaola, no ka mea he hoʻonohonoho lākou no nā waihona wai a me nā meaʻai no ka nui o nā holoholona i lalo o ka wai, nā mea hānai a me nā manu.
Lā paʻi: Sepatemaba 15, 2019
Lā hou: 11.11.2019 ma 12:00
