Merlin

Merlin He mea ʻaihue kūpilikiʻi ia, ka falcon nui loa ma ka honua, e noho aliʻi i ka tundra barren a me nā kahakai o ka wao nahele ma ka Arctic kiʻekiʻe. Ma laila ʻo ia e ʻimi ai i nā manu nui nui, e loaʻa ana iā lākou i ka lele ikaika. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia inoa o ka manu mai ke kenekulia 12, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai i ka "Lay of Igor's Host." Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā wahi a pau i nā ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia.

Pili paha kona kumu i ka huaʻōlelo Hungarian "kerechen" a i ʻole "kerecheto", a ua iho mai iā mākou mai ka manawa o ka Pramagyar noho i nā ʻāina Ugra. Hoʻololi kona plumage i ka wahi. E like me nā falcon ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ia i ka dimorphism moekolohe, me ka wahine i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kāne. No nā kenekulia, ua aloha ʻia ke gyrfalcon ma ke ʻano he manu ʻimi holoholona.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: Krechet

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka gyrfalcon e ka mea kūlohelohe Kuekene ʻo Karl Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758 ma ka puke 10 o Systema Naturae, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa binomial o kēia manawa. Aia nā Chronospecies ma ka Late Pleistocene (125,000 a 13,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei). ʻO nā fossil i ʻike ʻia i hōʻike mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he "Swarth Falcon". I kēia manawa, ua like lākou me ka gyrfalcon o kēia manawa, koe wale nō ka nui o kēia ʻano.

Video: Krechet

Ua loaʻa i nā Chronospecies kekahi mau mea hoʻololi i ke aniau akahai i lanakila i ko lākou pae i ka wā o ka hau i hala. ʻO nā ʻano kūpuna ke nānā aku e like me ka heluna lehulehu o Siberian o kēia manawa a i ʻole ka falcon prairie. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia heluna kanaka steppe e ʻimi holoholona i ka ʻāina a me nā mea mammal ma mua o nā manu kai a me nā manu ʻāina e hana ana i kahi hapa nui o kā ʻAmelika gyrfalcon papaʻai i kēia lā.

Mea hoihoi: He lālā ʻo Gyrfalcon o ka Hierofalco complex. I loko o kēia hui, i komo pū me kekahi mau ʻano falcon, ua lawa nā hōʻike e hōʻike ai i ka hybridization a me ka pau ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā laina, a paʻakikī ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili DNA.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano hana i loko o ka hui hierofalcons i wehe ʻia i ka wā o ka Mikulinsky interglacial hope loa i ka hoʻomaka o ka hopena o Pleistocene. Ua loaʻa iā Gyrfalcons nā mākau hou a hoʻomaʻa i nā kūlana kūloko, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka heluna liʻiliʻi o ka ʻākau hikina o ʻApelika hikina, a ua lilo ia Saker Falcon. Ua hamo ʻia ʻo Gyrfalcons me Saker Falcons ma nā kuahiwi ʻo Altai, a ʻo kēia kahe kahe ke kumu o ka Altcon falcon.

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi genetic i ka heluna lehulehu o Iceland ma ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ka hikina a me ke komohana o Greenland, Kanada, Rusia, Alaska a me Nolewai. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā pae ʻokoʻa o ke kahe ma waena o nā pūnaewele hōʻike komohana a me ka hikina ma Greenland. Koi ʻia ka hana hou e ʻike i nā kumu kaiapuni e hoʻololi i kēia mau hoʻokaʻawale. E pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa plumage, ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻikepili kanaka i ka hiki i ka kronology Nesting ke hoʻohuli i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ke kala plumage.

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: Manu ʻo Gyrfalcon

ʻO nā gyrfalcons e like me ka nui o nā buzzards nui loa, akā kaumaha iki. 48 a 61 knm ka lōʻihi o nā kāne a kau kaupaona mai 805 a 1350 g. ʻO 1130 a 1170 g ka awelika o ke anana, mai 112 a 130 cm. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine a lōʻihi mai 51 a 65 cm, ʻūheu mai 124 a 160 cm. , ke kaumaha o ke kino mai 1180 a 2100 g. Ua ʻike ʻia he 2600 g paha ka wahine o Siberia Hikina.

Aia i waena o nā ana maʻamau:

• ʻo ka wing wing 34.5 a 41 cm:
• ʻo ka huelo he 19.5 a 29 cm ka lōʻihi;
• kapuai mai 4.9 a 7.5 cm.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka Gyrfalcon a me nā ʻeheu ākea a me kahi huelo lōʻihi ma mua o ka falcon peregrine e ʻimi ai. ʻOkoʻa ka manu mai ka buzzard i ka hanana maʻamau o nā ʻēheu kiko.

Mea hoihoi: He ʻano polymorphic loa ʻo Gyrfalcon, no laila ʻokoʻa loa ka plumage o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa. Hiki i ke kala ke "keʻokeʻo", "kālā", "brown" a me "ʻeleʻele", a hiki ke pena ʻia ka manu i ke ʻano o nā kala mai keʻokeʻo loa a i ka pouli loa.

ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano ʻeleʻele o ka gyrfalcon mai ka falcon peregrine no ka mea aia nā kaha kalima ma ke kua o ke poʻo a me ka lei aliʻi. ʻO ka palapala ʻeleʻele i kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa i ʻike maka ʻia, ʻaʻole kahi ʻāpana lahilahi e like me ka falcon peregrine. ʻAʻohe o ka wahine ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ke kala; ʻoi aku ka pouli o nā moa a ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele ma mua o nā mākua. ʻO nā gyrfalcons i ʻike ʻia ma Greenland he keʻokeʻo piha me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau kaha ma nā ʻeheu. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu hina kahi loulou waena a loaʻa i loko o ka pae o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, maʻa mau ʻelua mau hina i ke kino.

He mau eheu kihi lōʻihi ko Gyrfalcons a me kahi huelo lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ia mai nā falcon ʻē aʻe i kona nui nui, nā ʻēheu pōkole e hoʻonui i 2⁄3 i lalo o ka huelo ke kau ʻia, a me nā ʻeheu ākea. Hiki ke huikau wale kēia ʻano me ka hawk ʻākau.

Ma hea e noho ai ka gyrfalcon?

Kiʻi: ʻO Gyrfalcon i ka lele ʻana

ʻO nā wahi hānau nui ʻekolu ʻo ke kai, ka muliwai a me ka mauna. Ua pālahalaha nui ia i ka tundra a me ka taiga, hiki ke noho i ke kai a i ka 1500 m. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe ʻo ia i nā ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai pinepine, ke kapakai a i kāna wahi ʻōiwi.

ʻO ka wahi hānau kahi:

• Nā ʻĀpana Arctic o ʻAmelika Hema (Alaska, Kanada);
• Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
• Āina Hau;
• ʻĀkau ʻo Skandinavia (Nolewai, komohana ʻākau o Suedena, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Finelani);
• Lūkia, Siberia a me ka hema o ka Kamchatka Peninsula a me nā mokupuni Commander.

Loaʻa nā manu hoʻoilo i ka hema a i ka Midwest a me ka ʻākau hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Pelekane Nui, ʻEulopa Komohana, Lūkia hema, Central Asia, Kina (Manchuria), Sakhalin Island, nā Kuril Islands, a me Iapana. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi poʻe e pūnana ana i nā kumulāʻau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā gyrfalcons i loko o ka tundra arctic. ʻIke ʻia nā pūnaewele i waena o nā pali kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi.

Hiki i nā pūnaewele hānai ke hoʻopili i nā wahi kai a me nā kahakai e hoʻohana nui ʻia e nā manu wai. ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ka mahele wahi i kēia ʻano laha, no ka wā ulu pōkole a me ke aniau o ia wahi. Ma muli o ka pīhoihoi o ke ʻano o nā pōhaku a ʻaʻole i waiho ʻia ka tundra i nā loli nui, ʻike ʻia ka nohona no kēia ʻano.

Hiki i ka hoʻoilo ke neʻe i kēia laha i kahi āpana. ʻOiai i loko o nā aniina hema, makemake lākou i nā māla mahiʻai e hoʻomanaʻo iā lākou i ko lākou wahi hoʻoulu ʻākau, e haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ana ma luna o ka honua ma nā kia o ka pā.

He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka gyrfalcon?

Kiʻi: Manu ʻo Gyrfalcon mai ka puke ʻula

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻaeto, hoʻohana i ko lākou nui nui e lālau i nā pio, a me nā falcons peregrine, e hoʻohana ana i ka umekaumaha e loaʻa ka wikiwiki nui, hoʻohana nā gyrfalcons i ka ikaika ikaika e hopu i kā lākou mea pio. Hānai nui lākou i nā manu ma nā wahi ākea, i kekahi manawa lele kiʻekiʻe a hoʻouka mai luna, akā pinepine lākou e hoʻokokoke iā ia, e lele haʻahaʻa ana ma luna o ka honua. Noho pinepine lākou i ka honua. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā mokulele haʻahaʻa ma nā wahi hāmama (ʻaʻohe kumulāʻau), kahi e hoʻouka ai nā gyrfalcons i ka pio ma ka lewa a ma ka honua.

ʻO ka papaʻai o gyrfalcons me:

• pālua (Lagopus);
• ʻ squkika lepo Arctic (S. parryii);
• arctic hares (Lepus).

ʻO nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe nā mammal liʻiliʻi (nāʻiole, voles) a me nā manu ʻē aʻe (ʻāpō, nā manu ʻai, nā ʻupena). ʻOiai e ʻimi holoholona, ​​hoʻohana kēia falcon i kāna mau maka aniani e ʻike i kahi mea pio hikiwawe, no ka mea, ʻaneʻane loaʻa i nā holoholona āpau i ke kala kikoʻī e hōʻalo i ka ʻike.

ʻIke hoihoi: I ka wā hānau, pono i kahi ʻohana gyrfalcon ma kahi o 2-3 mau pākahi i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi ma kahi o 150-200 mau ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia ma waena o ke kāhiko ʻana a me ka heʻe ʻana.

Kūlike pinepine nā kahua ʻimi holoholona ʻo Gyrfalcon me nā kumu pueo hau. Ke ʻike ʻia ka mea i loaʻa, hoʻomaka ka alualu, kahi, ma mua o ka mea, e kīkē ʻia ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia me ka pā ikaika o nā māiʻuʻu, a laila make. Ikaika nā Gyrfalcons e kū i nā lele lōʻihi i ka wā e ʻimi holoholona ai a i kekahi manawa e hoʻokele i kā lākou mea pio a maʻalahi ka hopu ʻana. No ka wā lūlū, hoʻopiha ʻia ka gyrfalcon me ka meaʻai no ka hoʻohana. I kekahi manawa lilo ka nūnū (Columba livia) i ka pio o ka falcon.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: White Gyrfalcon

Makemake ʻo Gyrfalcons i kahi noho mehameha, koe wale nō i ka wā hānau, ke pili lākou me kā lākou hoa. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa, e ʻimi holoholona kēia manu, e kiʻi i ka meaʻai a noho no ka pō wale nō. ʻAʻole lākou neʻe i ka neʻe, akā huakaʻi i nā wahi mamao, keu hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo, i nā wahi kūpono i hiki ke loaʻa ka meaʻai.

He manu ikaika a wikiwiki hoʻi lākou, a he kakaikahi loa nā holoholona e ʻaʻa e hoʻouka iā ia. He kuleana nui ko Gyrfalcons ma ke ʻano he predators. Kōkua lākou i ka mālama ʻana i nā lehulehu o nā holoholona ʻai wale a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike i nā kaiaolaola a lākou e noho nei.

ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO nā biologists i aʻo i nā gyrfalcons no nā makahiki he nui i manaʻo ʻia he pili loa kēia mau manu i ka ʻāina, kahi e pae ai, e ʻimi ai a e pūnana ai. ʻOiai e hōʻoia ʻia kēia i nā hihia he nui, ua ʻike ʻia ma 2011 he mau manawa nui kekahi mau gyrfalcons i ka hoʻoilo i ke kai, mamao loa mai kekahi ʻāina. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ʻai nā falcon i nā manu kai ma laila a kau ma luna o ka hau hau a i ʻole ka hau kai.

ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe mākua ke neʻe i ke kūlanakauhale ʻoiai ʻo Iceland a me Scandinavia, ʻoiai hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hele lōʻihi. Pili kā lākou neʻe ʻana me ka loaʻa o ke kaʻapuni o ka meaʻai, no ka laʻana, lele nā ​​manu me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo mai Greenland a Iceland. Hele kekahi mau gyrfalcons mai ʻAmelika Hema a hiki i Siberia. I ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā lākou ke uhi i nā mamao o 3400 km (mai Alaska a i Arctic Russia). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i neʻe hoʻokahi wahine ʻōpio i 4548 km.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: Wild Gyrfalcon

ʻAneʻane ʻo Gyrfalcon e pūnana ma nā pōhaku. Kūkulu nā pālua hānai i kā lākou pūnana iho a hoʻohana pinepine i kahi papa pōhaku i wehe ʻia a i ʻole kahi pūnana i haʻalele ʻia o nā manu ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku nā aeto gula a me nā manu koraka. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe kāne e pale i nā wahi pūnana mai ka waena o ka hoʻoilo, ma ka hopena o Ianuali, ʻoiai e hōʻea nā wahine i nā wahi pūnana i ka mua o Malaki. Hana ʻia ka pālua ma kahi o 6 mau pule, kau mau ʻia nā hua manu ma mua o ka hopena o ʻApelila.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i nā wahi pūnana, nā manawa hoʻouluulu, nā lā hoʻomaka a me nā hana hānau o nā gyrfalcons. ʻOiai he nui nā mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, eia nō kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pōʻaiapuni reproductive e hoʻoholo ʻia.

Hoʻohana nā manu i kā lākou pūnana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, pinepine i nā koena o ka waiwai pio i loko o lākou, a keʻokeʻo nā pōhaku mai ka guano nui. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā paʻa mai 2 a i 7 mau hua, akā maʻa mau 4. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka hua manu he 58.46 mm x 45 mm; awelika ke kaupaona 62 g. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā hua manu e ka wahine me ke kōkua mai ke kāne. He 35 mau lā ma ka awelika ka manawa hoʻouluulu, me nā hipa āpau e hatch ana i loko o 24-36 mau hola, ke kaupaona ʻana ma kahi o 52g.

Ma muli o ke anuanu, uhi ʻia nā moa me ka kaumaha nui. Hoʻomaka ka wahine e haʻalele i ka pūnana ma hope o 10 mau lā e hui pū me ke kāne no ka ʻimi holoholona. Lele ʻo Chicks mai ka pūnana ma 7-8 mau pule. I ka makahiki 3 a 4 mau mahina, lilo ke kūʻokoʻa gyrfalcon i kūʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau mākua, ʻoiai e hui pū paha lākou me ko lākou mau kaikaina i ka hoʻoilo e hiki mai ana.

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o gyrfalcons

Kiʻi: Manu ʻo Gyrfalcon

ʻO ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka lele kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolilo i ka makua Gyrfalcon i mea kūpono ʻole e nā mea ʻino kūlohelohe. Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeuʻeu i ka pale ʻana i kā lākou ʻōpio a hoʻouka aku a kipaku aku i nā pueo nui, nā ʻalopeke, nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻīlio hae, nā bea, nā ʻalopeka arctic a me nā pueo aeto i ʻaihue i kā lākou mau keiki keiki. ʻAʻole huhū nui ʻo Gyrfalcons i nā kānaka, ʻoiai i ka ʻepekema noiʻi e noiʻi i nā pūnana e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili. E lele nā ​​manu ma kahi kokoke, e kani, akā pale i ka hoʻouka.

ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hoʻohana kekahi Inuit i nā hulu gyrfalcon no nā hana maʻamau. Lawe nā kānaka i nā moa mai nā pūnana i mea e hoʻohana hou ai iā lākou i ka falconry ma ke ʻano o nā maka i kapa ʻia.

ʻO nā mea hihiu kūlohelohe wale nō e hoʻoweliweli i ka gyrfalcon nā aeto gula (Aquila chrysaetos), akā ʻaʻole lākou e hakakā iki i kēia mau falcons formable. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Gyrfalcons me he holoholona luhi nui nei. ʻO nā manu koraka maʻamau wale nō ka mea i ʻike ʻia i lawe i nā hua manu a me nā keiki mai kahi pūnana mai. Ua hoʻouka ʻia hoʻi nā bea ʻeleʻele a waiho wale ʻia.

Pepehi pinepine ka poʻe i kēia mau manu. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻi kaʻa a i ʻole ka lāʻau make kanaka o nā māmela predatory, ka mea make o kekahi manawa e hānai ai i ka gyrfalcon. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka luku ʻia ʻana i ka wā ʻimi holoholona ke kumu o ka make o gyrfalcons. Hiki i nā manu ke ola i ke au makua ke hiki i 20 mau makahiki.

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: Manu manu ʻo Gyrfalcon

Ma muli o ka lehulehu o nā heluna kanaka, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo GUCfalcon e IUCN e hoʻoweliweli. ʻAʻole i loli nui ʻia kēia mau manu e ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nohona, akā ʻo ka hoʻohaumia e like me nā pesticides i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ka emi ʻana i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, a hiki i ka makahiki 1994 ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka "endangered". ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni i nā ʻāina kūkulu i ʻae ʻia nā manu e ola hou.

ʻIke hoihoi: Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka nui o ka heluna kanaka o kēia manawa e noho paʻa mau nei me nā fluctuations liʻiliʻi i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO kēia paha ma muli o kaʻoiaʻiʻo o ka nalowale ʻana o ka wahi noho ʻaʻole ia kahi hopohopo nui ma muli o ka hopena haʻahaʻa o ke kanaka i ka nohona ʻākau.

Ke lilo nei ka nānā pinepine ʻana i nā manu o ka mea pio i mea maʻamau, akā ma muli o ko lākou mamao a me ka hiki ʻole, ʻaʻole uhi ʻia nā wahi āpau. ʻO kēia no ka mea he manu hōʻailona nā hōʻailona maikaʻi o ke olakino olakino o kahi kaiaola. Ma ka nānā ʻana i ka gyrfalcon, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo inā e emi ana ke kaiaolaola a hoʻāʻo e hoʻihoʻi iā ia.

Ka pale ʻana i nā gyrfalcons

Kiʻi: Gyrfalcon mai ka Red Book

I nā kenekulia i hala iho nei, ua emi ka heluna kanaka o gyrfalcon ma kekahi mau wahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Scandinavia, Rusia a me Pinilana. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kēia me nā hoʻololi anthropogenic i ke kaiapuni + nā haunaele kūloko. I kēia lā ua loli ke kūlana i kēia mau ʻāina, e pili ana i nā panalāʻau ʻokoʻa o Lūkia, i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā lehulehu. ʻO ka helu nui loa ma Rūsia (160-200 pālua) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Kamchatka. ʻO Gyrfalcon, kekahi o nā ʻano falcons laha ʻole, i helu ʻia ma ka Red Book o ka Russian Federation.

Hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o gyrfalcon e:

• ka nele o nā pūnaewele pūnana;
• hoʻemi i nā ʻano manu i ʻimi ʻia e ka gyrfalcon;
• ke kī ʻana i ka gyrfalcon + ka luku ʻana i nā pūnana;
• nā pahele i hoʻonoho ʻia e nā poacher e hopu i ka ʻalopeke Arctic.
• ka neʻe ʻana o nā manu mai kā lākou wahi noho ma muli o nā hana a ke kanaka;
• ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā moa mai nā pūnana + hopu i nā mākua no ke kālepa kū ʻole i ke kānāwai.

Poaching, i ke ʻano o ka hei ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā manu i nā falconers, ke waiho nei kahi pilikia nui. Ma muli o nā kapu palena hoʻoluhi, ʻaʻole pinepine kēia. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laha i nā Pākuʻi: CITES, Bonn Convention, Berne Convention. Ua kau inoa ʻia nā ʻaelike ma waena o USA, Russia, Iapana no ka pale ʻana o nā manu neʻe. ʻO ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻikepili ke hoʻopōʻino i ka manu merlin, no laila, pono e alakaʻi i nā loiloi piha.

Lā paʻi: 06/13/2019

Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 10:17