Katran He manō liʻiliʻi a makaʻu ʻole ia e noho ana i ka wai kai o nā wahi like ʻole o kā mākou honua mai ka ʻĀkau ʻEulopa a i Australia. He waiwai kālepa kāna a lawaiʻa ʻia i nā nui he nui: he ʻiʻo ono kāna, a hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Katran
Manaʻo ʻia nā kūpuna o ka manō he hibodus, i kū mai i ka wā Devonian. ʻAʻole like ka manō Paleozoic me ka manō hou, no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ka ʻepekema āpau i kā lākou pili. Ua hala lākou i ka hopena o ka wā Paleozoic, akā ua hāpai paha i ka Mesozoic, ua maopopo leʻa me nā mea o kēia au.
A laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā stingrays a me nā manō, ua kū ka helu ʻana o ka vertebrae, a ʻo kahi hopena i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka weliweli ma mua o ka wā ma mua. Mahalo i ka loli o ka iwi ā, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hāmama ākea i ko lākou waha, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana i ka lolo i kuleana no ka ʻala nui.
Video: Katran
Ma loko o ka Mesozoic, ua mōhala ka manō, a laila ʻike ʻia nā lunamakaʻāinana mua o ke kaʻina o nā katraniforms: ua hana kēia i ka hopena o ka manawa Jurassic, 153 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻOiai ʻo ka luku ʻia i hana i ka hopena o ke au ʻaʻole i hoʻoluliluli i ke kūlana o ka manō, i ka ʻokoʻa, ua kipaku lākou i nā mea hoʻokūkū nui a hoʻomaka i ka noho aliʻi ma luna o ke kai me ka māhele ʻole.
ʻOiai, ua lilo kekahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻano manō, ʻoiai ua loli kekahi mau mea - ʻo ia ia manawa, i ka wā Paleogene, ua pau ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hapanui o nā lāhui hou, e like me ka katrans. Ua hana ʻia kā lākou ʻano ʻepekema e K. Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka inoa kikoʻī ʻo Squalus acanthias.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai palekana ka katrana no nā kānaka, pono e mālama ʻia me ka akahele o ʻeha lākou iā lākou iho ma kā lākou kākalaioa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia kekahi lāʻau make nāwaliwali ma nā wēlau o kēia mau kākalaioa - ʻaʻole hiki ke pepehi, akā naʻe, hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano ʻoluʻolu ʻole.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi Katran
Liʻiliʻi kā lākou nui - ulu nā kāne makua a hiki i 70-100 cm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine. Ke ulu nei ka katrans nui loa a 150-160 cm.ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi iʻa mākua ʻo 5-10 kg. Akā ʻoi aku ka weliweli o lākou ma mua o nā iʻa like o ka nui like.
Hoʻomoe ʻia ko lākou kino, e like me ka mea noiʻi, ʻoi aku kona kikoʻī ma mua o ko ka manō ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia me nā peʻa ikaika, maʻalahi kēia ʻano e ʻokiʻoki i ke kahawai wai, hana maikaʻi a loaʻa ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokele me ke kōkua o ka huelo, ʻo kāna mau neʻe e ʻae i ka dissection ʻoi aku o ke kolamu wai, mana ka huelo ponoʻī.
Loaʻa nā iʻa iʻa i nā ʻiʻo pectoral a pelvic nui, a ulu nā wili ma ke kumu o nā dorsal: ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka mea mua, a ʻo ka lua he lōʻihi loa a weliweli hoʻi. Kuhi ka ihu o ke katran, aia nā maka i ka waena ma waena o kona piko a me ka lālā lālā mua.
Paʻa nā unahi, e like me ka pepa one. Hinahina ke kala, ʻaʻohe hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka wai, i kekahi manawa me ka sheen metallic bluish. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā kiko keʻokeʻo ma ke kino o ka katran - aia wale nō kekahi o lākou a i ʻole mau haneli o lākou, a ʻo lākou iho he liʻiliʻi loa, kokoke i nā kiko, a nui.
Hoʻokahi apex o nā niho a ulu i nā lālani he nui, like like ma ka iwi ā luna a ma lalo. ʻAi loa lākou, no laila me kā lākou kōkua, hiki i ke katran ke pepehi maʻalahi i ka mea pio a ʻokiʻoki iā ia i mau ʻāpana. Noho ka ʻoi ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau o nā niho me nā mea hou.
I loko o kona ola, hiki i kahi katran ke loli ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani mau niho. ʻOiai, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o lākou ma mua o nā manō nui, akā i ʻole inā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o lākou iā lākou, a weliweli hoʻi no nā poʻe - maikaʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole makemake ka katrans iā lākou iho e hoʻouka iā lākou.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo Katran?
Kiʻi: Shark Katran
Aloha ʻo ia i ka wai o nā ʻāpana aniau a me subtropical, noho i loko o lākou i nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahi noho nui o katrans, ka mea kamaʻilio ʻole me kekahi - ʻo ia hoʻi, noho nā subpopulation ʻokoʻa i loko o lākou, ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia.
ia:
- ke komohana ʻAkelanika - mai nā kapakai o Greenland i ka ʻākau a ma nā kahakai hikina o nā ʻAmelika ʻelua a hiki i ʻAtelia ponoʻī ma ka hema;
- ʻo ka ʻAkelanika hikina - mai ke kapakai o ʻIlia a i ʻApelika ʻĀkau;
- Kai Kaiwaenahonua;
- Kai ʻEleʻele;
- ke kahakai kahakai mai India ma ke komohana ma waena o Indochina i nā mokupuni o Indonesia;
- komohana o ka Moana Pākīpika - mai ke kai Bering ma ka ʻākau ma waena o ke Kai Yellow, nā kahakai o Pilipino, Indonesia a me New Guinea i Australia.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai mai ka papa inoa ma luna, makemake lākou ʻaʻole e ʻauʻau i ke kai ākea a noho i nā kai kahakai, kākaʻikahi ka neʻe ʻana mai kahi mamao aku mai kahakai. ʻOiai kēia, ākea loa kā lākou ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana, noho lākou a hiki i nā wai anuanu o ke kai Barents.
Noho mau lākou i loko o ka ʻāina like, akā i kekahi manawa hana lākou i kahi neʻe lōʻihi: hiki iā lākou ke lanakila i kekahi mau mile kaukani. Neʻe lākou i nā hipa, he kau nā neʻe: ke ʻimi nei ʻo katrans i nā wai me kahi mahana kūpono.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa a lākou e noho ai i kahi hohonu, ʻo ka papa maikaʻi loa o ka wai no ko lākou ola a me ka huli holoholona i lalo. Hiki iā lākou ke luʻu a i ka palena o 1,400 m. ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia lākou i ka papa, hana ʻia kēia i ka puna a i ʻole ke kauwela, ke 14-18 kekelē o ka mahana.
I ke koho ʻana o ka hohonu, ʻike ʻia ke kau: i ka hoʻoilo hele lākou i lalo, i kahi pae he mau haneli mau mika, ʻoiai he mehana ka wai a aia nā pūʻā o nā iʻa e like me ka heleuma a me ka mackerel lio. I ke kauwela, ʻau pinepine lākou i kahi hohonu o nā mau mika he nui: iho ka iʻa i laila, makemake i ka wai anuanu, e like me ke keʻokeʻo a sprats paha.
Hiki iā lākou ke noho paʻa wale i ka wai paʻakai, akā no kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke ʻauʻau i ka wai brackish - ʻike ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa i nā waha o ka muliwai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea maʻamau no ka heluna lehulehu o katran.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka manō katran. E nānā inā he weliweli ia i nā kānaka a me ka ʻole.
He aha ka ʻai a katran?
Kiʻi: Ke Kai ʻEleʻele
E like me nā manō ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka ʻaneʻane o nā mea āpau i kau ka maka - akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ko lākou ʻohana, ua nui a ikaika kekahi mau iʻa a me nā holoholona iā lākou, no laila pono ʻoe e haʻalele i ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana iā lākou.
I ka papa kuhikuhi maʻamau, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo katrana:
- iʻa iwi;
- pāpaʻi;
- heʻe;
- anemone kai;
- jellyfish;
- ʻōpae.
ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ka katrans, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ko lākou mau ā i kahi ala i hiki ai iā lākou ke alualu i kahi pio nui. E makaʻala ka iʻa kaulike, mua o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole ka manō nui, akā ʻo ke katrans - kēia poʻe wīwī wikiwiki a me ka nimble me ka makemake nui ʻole. A ʻaʻole wale nā mea kaulike: hiki iā lākou ke pepehi i nā dolphins, ʻoiai ka hiki ke hiki i ka nui nui. Hoʻokomo wale ʻo Katrans me kahi pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ka dolphin ke kūleʻa me lākou.
ʻO ka nui o nā cephalopods e make i nā niho o katrans, ʻoi aku ka nui aku ma waho o ke kahakai ma mua o nā mea kū wai nui ʻē aʻe. Inā ʻaʻole i hopu ʻia ka mea pio nui, hoʻāʻo paha ke katran e ʻeli i kahi mea ma lalo - he ilo paha a i ʻole nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Hiki iā ia ke hānai i ka limu, pono pono ia e kiʻi i kekahi mau mea mineral - akā makemake nō naʻe e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo. Hiki iā ia ke ukali i nā kula o ka iʻa forage i mau kaukani mau kilomita e ʻahaʻaina ai.
Makemake lākou i ka katrans a ʻai i ka iʻa i paʻa i ka ʻupena, no laila e haʻo nui nā lawaiʻa ma muli o lākou i ka wai kahi o lākou he nui. Inā hāʻule ke katran ponoʻī i ka ʻupena, a laila hiki pinepine iā ia ke haki - ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka iʻa maʻamau no ka ʻupena i hoʻolālā ʻia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Katran i ke Kai ʻEleʻele
Noho ʻo Katrans i nā hipa, hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi ʻelua i ke ao a me ka pō. ʻOiai, ʻaʻole like me ka nui o nā manō ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hiamoe: i mea e hanu ai, pono e neʻe mau ka manō, a i ke katrans loaʻa nā mākana ʻauʻau i nā hōʻailona mai ke kuamoʻo, a hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻouna iā lākou i ka wā hiamoe.
ʻAʻole wikiwiki wale ʻo Katran, akā paʻakikī hoʻi a hiki ke alualu i ka mea pio no ka manawa lōʻihi inā ʻaʻole hiki ke kiʻi koke iā ia. ʻAʻole lawa ia e hūnā mai kāna māla o ka hihiʻo: ʻike ʻo katran i kahi o ka mea i hōʻino ʻia a hoʻoikaika ma laila, ma ke ʻano maoli, honi ʻo ia i ka makaʻu - hiki iā ia ke hopu i ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o ka makaʻu.
Eia hou, ʻaʻole mālama ka Katranam i ka ʻeha: ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo iki, a hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ʻoiai ʻeha. ʻO kēia mau ʻano āpau e hoʻolilo i ka katran i mea ʻaihue weliweli loa, a ʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻole ʻia hoʻi i loko o ka wai ma muli o kona kala camouflage, no laila hiki ke kokoke loa.
ʻO ka manawa ke ola he 22-28 mau makahiki, i kekahi mau manawa hiki ke ola ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi: make pinepine lākou no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki e like me ka wā ʻōpio, ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai. Hiki i ke katrans noho lōʻihi ke lōʻihi i 35 mau makahiki, aia ka ʻike ma kekahi mau hihia ua mālama lākou i ke ola a 50 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka makahiki o kahi katran ka maʻalahi e hoʻoholo ai ma ka ʻoki ʻana i kāna kākalaioa - waiho ʻia nā apo makahiki i loko ona, e like me nā lāʻau.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Shark Katran
Hoʻomaka ka wā moena i ka puna. Ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana, hoʻomohala nā hua i nā capsule gelatinous kūikawā: i kēlā me kēia o lākou hiki ke mai 1 a 13. I ka huina, aia nā embryo i loko o ke kino o ka wahine ma kahi o 20 mau mahina, a ma ka hāʻule wale o ka makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o ka hānai.
Ma waena o nā manō a pau ma katrans, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana. ʻO kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā embryos e ola a hiki i ka hānau ʻana - 6-25. Hānau ʻia lākou me nā uhi cartilaginous ma ke kākalaioa, pono no ka makuahine manō e noho ola i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻolei ʻia kēia mau uhi ma hope koke o lākou.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā manō hānau he 20-28 cm a hiki ke kū i luna no lākou iho ma ka liʻiliʻi e kūʻē i nā mea hōkai ʻuʻuku, akā make ka hapa nui o lākou i nā mahina mua o ke ola. I ka wā mua, hānai lākou mai ka ʻeke yolk, akā ʻai koke lākou i nā mea āpau a pono lākou e ʻimi i ka meaʻai na lākou iho.
Nui loa ke aloha o ka manō, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mākua: pono lākou i ka meaʻai no ka ulu ʻana, a hoʻolilo lākou i ka ikaika i ka hanu ʻana. No laila, pono lākou e ʻai mau, a ʻai nui lākou i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi: plankton, kālua i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe a me nā amphibians, nā ʻelala.
Ma ka makahiki ulu ikaika lākou a hoʻemi ʻia nā hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. Ma hope o kēlā, lohi ka ulu ʻana o ka katran a hōʻea i ka wā ʻōpio wale nō i ka makahiki 9-11. Hiki i ka iʻa ke ulu a hiki i ka make, akā hana ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka lohi, no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea nui i ka nui ma waena o ka katran no 15 a 25 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā Katrans
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi Katran
Hiki ke hoʻoweliweli wale ʻia nā katana makua e nā kohola kohola a me nā manō nui aʻe: ʻaʻole kūʻē ʻelua i ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou. I ka hakakā ʻana me lākou, ʻaʻohe mea a ka katrans e hilinaʻi ai, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha wale iā orcas, a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali: ua liʻiliʻi loa ko lākou niho no kēia mau pilikua.
Me nā manō nui aku, he mea maikaʻi ʻole ke komo ʻana i nā hakakā no katrans. No laila, ke hui pū me lākou, a pēlā pū me nā kohola kohola, koe wale nō ia e huli a hoʻāʻo e peʻe - maikaʻi, wikiwiki a ahonui e ʻae iā ʻoe e hilinaʻi i kahi pakele kūleʻa. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolōʻihi me kēia - gape wale nō ʻoe, a hiki nō ʻoe i ka niho o ka manō.
No laila, makaʻala mau ka poʻe Karana, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻomaha ana, a mākaukau e heʻe. Aia lākou i ka makaʻu loa i nā manawa a lākou e alualu ai - kau ka maka i ka mea pio, a ʻaʻole paha lākou e ʻike i ka ʻauʻau ʻana o ka mea hoʻomake iā lākou a hoʻomākaukau e kiola.
ʻO kekahi mea hoʻoweliweli ke kanaka. Hoʻohiwahiwa nui ʻia kaʻiʻo Katran; hana ʻia ka balyk a me nā meaʻai i kēne ʻia, a no laila ua hopu ʻia lākou i kahi pae hana. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hopu ka poʻe i mau miliona miliona o ka poʻe: ʻoi aku paha, ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o nā kohola kohola a luku pū ʻia nā manō āpau.
Akā i ka laulā, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he alo katran makua i nā pōpilikia he nui, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e noho kūleʻa nei i mau makahiki he nui: eia naʻe, inā hiki iā lākou ke ola i nā makahiki mua o ke ola, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka weliweli. Hiki ke alualu ʻia ka Fry a me ka ʻōpio ʻōpio e nā iʻa predatory medium-size, a me nā manu a me nā mea hānai kai.
Ma ka liʻuliʻu, i ka ulu ʻana o nā hoʻoweliweli, lilo ia i mea emi a emi iho, akā ʻo ka katran ponoʻī e lilo i predator hiki ke hele a weliweli hoʻi, e hoʻopau ana i kekahi o kēlā mau holoholona i hoʻoweliweli iā ia ma mua - no ka laʻana, loaʻa i kahi iʻa predatory.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai ʻono ka ʻiʻo o ke katran, ʻaʻole pono e lawe pū kekahi me ia, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā keiki ʻōpio a me nā wahine hāpai ʻaʻole ʻai iki. ʻO ia wale nō ka nui o nā hao kaumaha, a ʻo ka nui o lākou e hoʻopōʻino i ke kino.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Katran i ke kai
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano manō ākea ākea loa. Noho ʻia nā kai a me nā moana o ka honua e ka nui o nā katrans, no laila ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoweliweli i ka laha, ʻae ʻia lākou e hopu ʻia. A hana ʻia kēia i nā puke nui: ʻo ka piko o ka hana i nā makahiki 1970, a laila ua hōʻea ka hopu makahiki i 70,000 mau tona.
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua emi ka hopu ʻana ma kahi o ʻekolu mau manawa, akā ke ʻohiʻohi nei ʻo katrans me ka ʻeleu i nā ʻāina he nui: Palani, Pelekane Nui, Nūhou, Kina, Iapana, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka wahi o ka iʻa nui e paʻa ana: ʻo ka Moana ʻAkelanika ʻAkau, kahi e noho nei ka heluna nui loa.
Hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia lākou ma muli o kā lākou waiwai waiwai nui.:
- ʻOno loa ka ʻiʻo Katran, ʻaʻohe ona ona o ka amonia, ka mea maʻamau no ka ʻiʻo o nā manō ʻē aʻe he nui. Pau ia i ka mea hou, paʻakai, maloʻo, kē kēa;
- Loaʻa ka momona olakino a ʻenehana hoʻi mai ke ake. Hiki ke akepaʻa a i ke kolu o ke kaupaona o kahi manō;
- ke poʻo, nā peʻa a me ka huelo o ke katran e hele i ka hana o ka pelu;
- loaʻa kahi lāʻau antibiotic mai ka pale o ka ʻōpū, a mālama ʻia ka osteoarthritis me kahi mea mai ka cartilage.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka katran i hopu ʻia a puni - ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka manaʻo o kēia iʻa he waiwai nui a lawaiʻa paʻa ʻia ia. Eia nō naʻe, ua emi ka hana ʻana i nā makahiki he hala i hala aku nei no ke kumu: ʻoiai ka nui o nā katrans ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma kekahi mau wahi ua emi nui ko lākou helu ma muli o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana.
Hāpai nā Catrans i nā keiki no kahi manawa lōʻihi loa, a hala nā makahiki he ʻumi iā lākou e hiki ai i ka moekolohe, no ka mea maʻalahi kēia ʻano i ka lawaiʻa ʻana. ʻOiai he nui ka nui o lākou ma mua, ʻaʻole i akāka koke kēia. Eia kekahi laʻana, maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hopu ʻia lākou i loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi miliona, a hiki i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka.
A ʻo kahi hopena, i kēia manawa ma laila, e like me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe, aia nā kuʻina no ka hopu ʻana i kēia mau manō, a i ka wā e hopu ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he kiʻi, he mea maʻamau ke hoʻolei iā lākou - ikaika lākou a i ka hapanui o nā hihia e ola.
Katran - kahi hiʻohiʻona ola o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he holoholona maʻamau loa, hiki i ke kanaka ke lime, inā lawe pono ʻia. Inā ma mua he nui ka nui o lākou ma kahakai o ʻAmelika Hema, a laila ma muli o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ua hoʻohiehie nui ʻia ka lehulehu, no laila, pono e kaupalena ʻia ka hopu ʻana.
Lā paʻi: 08/13/2019
Lā hou: 08/14/2019 ma 23:33
