Ibis laʻa - he manu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi poʻoʻeleʻele a me ka ʻāʻī, ʻeleʻele nā wāwae a me nā wāwae. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻeheu keʻokeʻo me nā ʻōlelo ʻeleʻele. Loaʻa ia i loko o nā wahi āpau e wehe ai, mai nā wahi wai ʻāhiu a i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā kahawai. Ua kapu ʻia i ʻApelika sub-Saharan, akā ke noho nei ʻo ia i ʻEulopa e nā kolone hihiu ma Palani, ʻItalia a me Sepania.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Ibis Hemolele
He ʻōiwi a nui nā ibises kapu ma sub-Saharan ʻApelika a me ka hema hikina o ʻIraka. I Sepania, ʻItalia, Palani a me nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, ua ʻike ʻia nā lehulehu o kēlā me kēia mea i pakele i ke pio ʻana a hoʻomaka lākou e hana hou me ka maikaʻi ma laila.
Mea hoihoi: I ke kaiāulu o ʻAigupita kahiko, ua hoʻomana ʻia ka ibis laʻa me ke akua ʻo Thoth, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia e pale i ka ʻāina mai nā maʻi ahulau a me nā moʻo. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia nā manu a laila kanu ʻia me nā pharaohs.
Pili nā neʻe āpau o nā ibises kapu me ka pakele mai nā zoo. I ʻItalia, hānai ʻia lākou ma ke awāwa ʻo Po kiʻekiʻe (Piedmont) mai ka makahiki 1989, ma hope o ka heʻe ʻana mai ka zoo kokoke i Turin. I ka makahiki 2000, aia he 26 pālua a ma kahi o 100 mau kānaka. I ka makahiki 2003, ua mālama ʻia ka hānai ʻana ma kahi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe ma kahi like, a hiki i 25-30 mau pālua, a ua loaʻa he mau pālua hou aʻe i ke kolone kolu i ka makahiki 2004.
Video: Ibis Hemolele
Ma Komohana Komohana, ma hope o ka lawe ʻia mai o 20 manu mai Kenya, ua hoʻokumu koke ʻia kahi kolone hānau ma ka Branferu Zoological Garden ma ka hema o Brittany. I ka makahiki 1990, aia he 150 mau kāne ma ka zoo. Ua waiho ʻia nā ʻōpio e lele manuahi a neʻe wikiwiki i waho o ka zoo, e kipa nui aku ana i nā wahi wai kokoke, a e holoholo hoʻi i nā haneli mau mile ma ke kahakai ʻAkelanika.
Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka hānau holoholona ʻana ma 1993 ma Golf du Morbihan, 25 km mai ka pūnaewele o ka neʻe ʻana, a ma Lac de Grand-Liu, 70 km. ʻAʻole i hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana ma Branfer Zoo mai ka makahiki 1997. Ma hope mai ua puka aʻe nā kolone i nā wahi like ʻole ma kahakai ʻo ʻAkelanika Palani: ma nā kahawai ʻo Brier (a hiki i ka 100 mau pūnana), ma ke kahawai ʻo Morbihan a ma kahi mokupuni kokoke i ke kai (a hiki i ka 100 mau pūnana) me nā pūnana hou aʻe a hiki i 350 km hema o Branferes ma nā kahawai ʻo Brauga a kokoke i Arcachon ...
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua ʻike ʻia ke kolone nui o nā ibises kapu i ka makahiki 2004 ma kahi mokupuni kūpale ma ka nuku o ka muliwai Loire; i 2005 ua helu ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 820 pālua.
ʻO ka heluna kanaka ʻAkelanika Farani ma kahi o 1000 a ʻoi mau pālua hānai a ma kahi o 3000 mau kānaka ma 2004-2005. I ka 2007 aia ma kahi o 1400-1800 pālua me ʻo 5000 mau kānaka. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ke koho ʻana ma 2007 a ua hoʻokō ʻia i kahi pae nui mai 2008. I kēia makahiki, ua pepehi ʻia nā manu he 3,000, a waiho ʻia he 2,500 mau manu ma hope o Pepeluali 2009.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka ibis laʻa
Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ka ibis kapu 65-89 cm, kahi eheu o 112-124 knm, a he 1,5 g kona kaumaha. Mai ka maʻemaʻe a i nā pale lepo, uhi ka hulu keʻokeʻo i ka hapa nui o ke kino o nā ibises kapu. Hana nā hulu scapular ʻeleʻele i kahi ʻāpana i hāʻule ma luna o kahi pōkole, huelo huinahā a me nā ʻeheu paʻa. Keʻokeʻo nā hulu lele me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻeleʻele uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Loaʻa nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me nā ʻōhule ʻo nā ibises kapu, ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻEleʻele nā maka me ke apo orbital ʻulaʻula, a lōʻihi ka nuku, hāwili i lalo a me nā ihu slit. ʻIke ka ʻili ʻōlohelohe i ka umauma. ʻEleʻele nā pā me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻAʻohe o ka fluctuation kau a i ʻole dimorphism moekolohe i nā ibises kapu, koe wale nō ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
He poʻo hulu ko nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻāʻī, i hoʻonani ʻia me ke keʻokeʻo me nā ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo kā lākou hulu scapular me ka nui o ka ʻeleʻele ma kā lākou helu nui. He mau kaha ʻeleʻele ko nā fenders. Keʻokeʻo ka huelo me nā kihi ʻeleʻele.
Ola pono ka ibis laʻa i ka ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa ke paʻakikī ʻole ka hoʻoilo. Hōʻike ia i ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole mai ke kahakai a i nā wahi mahiʻai a me nā kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, ma nā wahi kūlohelohe a me nā ʻāina ʻē.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ibis laʻa?
Kiʻi: Manu kapu ibis
Noho nā ibises kapu i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻike mau ʻia lākou ma kahi kokoke i nā kahawai, nā kahawai a me nā kahakai. ʻO ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe mai ka subtropical a i ka tropical, akā loaʻa lākou i nā wahi mehana, kahi e hōʻike ai. Hoʻomoʻa pinepine nā ibises kapu ma nā mokupuni kai pōhaku a ua hoʻomaʻa i ke ola i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO Ibis kahi ʻano kūpuna, nona nā mōʻalihaku he 60 miliona mau makahiki.
ʻIke mau ʻia ka ibis laʻa i nā paka zoological a puni ka honua; i kekahi mau hihia, ʻae ʻia nā manu e lele manuahi, hiki iā lākou ke hele i waho o ka zoo a hana i kahi heluna hihiu.
ʻO nā lāhui hihiu mua i ʻike ʻia ma nā makahiki 1970 ma Sepania hikina a ma nā makahiki 1990 ma ka komohana o Palani; i kēia mau lā, ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka hema o Palani, ka ʻākau o ʻItalia, Taiwan, ko Netherlands a me ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I Palani, ua lilo ka nui o kēia poʻe i lehulehu (ma kahi o 5,000 mau manu ma ke komohana o Palani) a pālahalaha aku ma kahi o nā kaukani mile, e hana ana i nā kolone hou.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i kālailai ʻia nā hopena o ka lehulehu ibis hihiu ma nā wahi i hoʻolauna ʻia, hōʻike nā noiʻi ma ke komohana a me ka hema o Palani i nā hopena predatory o kēia manu (ʻo ia hoʻi ka luku ʻia o nā terns, herons, kā lākou moa a me ka hopu ʻana i nā amphibians). ʻIke ʻia nā hopena ʻē aʻe, e like me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu ma nā wahi hānau, a i ʻole kānalua, no ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi - kipa pinepine nā ibises i nā landfills a me nā lua slurry e hopu i nā larva insect, a laila neʻe paha i nā wahi hānai a i ʻole nā pā manu.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka ibis laʻa ʻApelika. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ibis laʻa?
Kiʻi: ʻO ibis kapu i ka lele ʻana
Hānai hānai ʻia nā ibises kapu i nā hipa a puni ka lā, e hele ana i nā ʻāina pāpaʻu. Mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ka ʻāina kokoke i ka wai. Hiki iā lākou ke lele he 10 km i ka pūnaewele hānai.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻai nā ibises kapu i nā mea kolo, arachnids, annelids, crustacean a me molluscs. ʻAi lākou i nā rana, nā mea kolo, nā iʻa, nā manu ʻōpio, nā hua manu, a me nā kālani. I nā wahi i mahi ʻia, ʻike ʻia lākou e ʻai i ka ʻōpala kanaka. ʻIke ʻia kēia ma Palani kahi e lilo ai lākou i mau mea ʻino hoʻopilikia.
ʻO nā ibises kapu ka manawa kūpono i ka wā e pili ana i nā koho meaʻai. Makemake lākou i nā invertebrates (e laʻa me nā mea kolo, molluscs, crayfish) ke ʻai nei i nā nāhelehele a me nā nāhelehele, akā ʻai pū lākou i nā mea nui aku ke loaʻa, me nā iʻa, nā amphibians, nā hua manu a me nā manu ʻōpio. Hoʻolālā paha kekahi kanaka ma ke ʻano he predators i nā kolone kai.
No laila, ʻo ka meaʻai o nā ibises kapu:
- manu;
- nā māmela;
- poʻe amphibians;
- nā mea kolo;
- he iʻa;
- hua moa;
- kalaiwa;
- nā mea kolo;
- nā ʻōiwi honua;
- pūpū;
- ʻenuhe honua;
- wai ilo a i ʻole kai ʻino;
- wai crustacea.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ibis laʻa ʻApelika
Kūkulu nā ibises hemolele i nā hui monogamous e pūnana i nā kolone pūnana nui. I ka wā hānau, koho nā hui nui o nā kāne i kahi e noho ai a hana i nā ʻāina pālua. I kēia mau panalāʻau, kū nā kāne me ko lākou mau ʻeheu i lalo a kikoo i nā huinahā.
I nā lā e hiki mai ana, hōʻea nā wahine i ke kolone pūnana me ka nui o nā kāne. Hele nā kāne hou i hoʻokumu i nā teritori kāne kāne a hoʻokūkū i ka ʻāina. Hiki i nā kāne hakakā ke kuʻi i kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou nuku a me ka screech. Koho nā wahine i kāne e male a hana pālua.
I ka manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi pālua, neʻe ia i kahi wahi e pili ana i ka pūnana i koho ʻia e ka wahine. Hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hana hakakā i ka wahi pūnana ma waena o nā kānaka pili o kēlā me kēia ʻano wahine. E kū ʻo Ibis me nā ʻeheu i hohola ʻia a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke poʻo me ka nuku hāmama i nā kānaka ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā kānaka kokoke loa i kekahi i kekahi ke lawe i kahi kūlana like, akā me ka nuku e kuhikuhi ana i luna, kokoke e hoʻopā ke kani.
I ka wā o ka paʻa ʻana o kahi pālua, hoʻokokoke ka wahine i ke kāne a, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e alualu ʻia, kuʻi lāua kekahi i kekahi a kūlou me ko lāua ʻāʻī i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i ka honua. Ma hope o kēlā, lawe lākou i kahi kū mau a hoʻopili i ko lākou ʻāʻī a me nā nuku. Hiki i kēia ke hele pū me ka nui o ke kakaka a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui iā ʻoe iho. Hoʻonohonoho ka wahine i ka panalāʻau o ka pūnana kahi e kū ai ka copulate. I ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana, kuʻi nā wahine i hiki i nā kāne ke kau iā lākou, hiki i ke kāne ke lālau i ka nuku o ka wahine a hoʻoluliluli iā ia mai kekahi ʻaoʻao a i kekahi ʻaoʻao. Ma hope o ke kope ʻana, kū hou lāua i kahi kū a kū ikaika i ka pūnaewele pūnana.
Kūkulu nā ibises kapu i nā kolone nui i ka wā o ka pūnana. Ua ʻākoakoa pū lākou e ʻimi i ka meaʻai a me kahi hoʻokipa, me nā hui i hōʻike ʻia he home a hiki i ka 300 poʻe. Hāʻai lākou i nā wahi nui a hiki ke hana i nā neʻe kau i ka hānai ʻana a me nā wahi hānau.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Ibis Hemolele
Hānai ʻia nā ibises kapu i kēlā me kēia makahiki i nā kolone ʻoihana nui. I ʻApelika, hānau ʻia ka hānau mai Malaki a ʻAukake, ma ʻIraka mai ʻApelila a Mei. Hoʻomoe nā wahine i 1 a 5 (ma ka awelika 2) mau hua, i hoʻouluulu ʻia ma kahi o 28 mau lā. He ʻōwili a he pōʻai paha nā hua, ʻaʻano ke ʻano, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ka uliuli a i kekahi manawa ʻulaʻula nā kiko ʻulaʻula. Aia nā hua i ka nui mai 43 a 63 mm. Hana ʻia ʻo Fledging 35-40 mau lā ma hope o ka hatching a me ke kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻōpio ma hope koke o ka heʻe ʻana.
Hoʻopau ka hoʻoulu ʻana i 21 a 29 mau lā, me ka hapa nui o nā wahine a me nā kāne e hoʻouluulu ana ma kahi o 28 mau lā, e kuapo ana ma hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 24 hola. Ma hope o ka hatching, aia mau kekahi o nā mākua i ka pūnana no nā lā 7-10 mua. ʻAi ʻia ʻo Chicks i nā manawa he nui i ka lā, a ʻelua e nā mākua. Haʻalele nā ʻōpio i nā pūnana i 2-3 mau pule a hana i nā hui kokoke i ke kolone. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pūnana, hānai nā mākua iā lākou i hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā. Noho ka manawa o ka hapai ʻana 35 a 40 mau lā, a haʻalele nā poʻe i ke kolone 44-48 mau lā ma hope o ka hatching.
Ma hope o ka hua ʻana o nā hua, ʻike a hānai nā mākua wale nō i kā lākou keiki. Ke hoʻi mai nā mākua e hānai i kā lāua keiki, kāhea pōkole lākou. Hoʻomaopopo nā keiki i ka leo o nā mākua a hiki ke holo, lele, a lele paha i ka makua no ka ʻai. Inā hele kekahi poʻe ʻōpio i ko lākou mau mākua, kipaku ʻia lākou. Ke aʻo ke keiki e lele, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopuni i ke kolone a hiki i ka hoʻi ʻana o ka makua e hānai iā lākou, a alualu paha i ka makua ma mua o ka hānai ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka ibises kapu
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka ibis laʻa
Nui nā hōʻike o ka predation ma nā ibises kapu. I ka wā makua, nui loa kēia mau manu a makaʻu i ka nui o nā mea ʻino. Mālama pono ʻia nā ibises kapu ʻōpio e ko lākou mau mākua, akā hiki ke hoʻokau ʻia e ka predators nui.
He kakaikahi nā Predators o nā ibises kapu, i waena o lākou:
- nāʻiole (Rattus norvegicus) e ʻai ana i nā ʻōpio a i ʻole nā hua i ʻike ʻia ma ke kolone Kaiwikina;
- ʻo gulls Larus argentatus lāua ʻo Larus michahellis.
Eia nō naʻe, ka palena papaha o nā pūnana i nā kolone ʻo ibis e kaohi loa i ka predation, kahi mea nui ke haʻalele ka hapa nui o nā mākua i ke kolone. He mea kakaʻikahi ka prededation ma nā wahi hoʻolauleʻa no ka mea ʻo ka papa o ka lepo ma ka lepo e kaupalena ana i ka hiki ʻana o Vulpes vulpes foxes a no ka hiki ʻole i nā manu ke hele i nā mea kū i ka ʻāina ke noho lākou.
ʻAʻohe o ka hopena pololei o nā ibises kapu i nā kānaka, akā ma kahi e kū nei, hiki i kēia mau manu ke lilo i mea hoʻopilikia a i ʻole nā mea pio i kēlā ʻano manu e hoʻoweliweli ʻia a pale ʻia paha.
Ma ka hema o Palani, ua mālama ʻia nā ibises laʻa ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā pūnana o ka herona ʻAigupita. Eia hou, i ka hoʻonui ʻana o kā lākou helu, hoʻomaka ka ibis e hoʻokūkū no nā pūnaewele pūnana me ka manu nui a me ka manu liʻiliʻi, a kipaku aku i nā pālua o nā ʻano ʻelua mai ke kolone.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu kapu ibis
ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻia nā ibises kapu e hoʻoweliweli i ko lākou home pae. Ua lilo lākou i pilikia mālama ma ʻEulopa, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai e hānai i nā lāhui ʻōiwi e aneane pau i ka make a me ka komo pū ʻana i nā wahi noho maoli. Ua lilo kēia i pilikia no nā mea mālama ʻEulopa e hoʻāʻo nei e pale aku i nā lāhui ʻiwi ʻiwi. ʻAʻole helu ʻia ka ibis laʻa e like me nā lāhui malihini kipi i loko o ka Global Invasive Species Database (mai ka IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Team), akā ua helu ʻia ma ka DAISIE List.
ʻO ka ibis laʻa ʻApelika kekahi o nā ʻano e pili ai ka ʻaelike e pili ana i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ʻAfelika-Eurasian Migratory Waterfowl (AEWA). ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nohona, ka ʻānai ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides i alakaʻi ʻia i ka luku ʻia o kekahi mau ʻano ibis. ʻAʻohe o kēia manawa i ka hoʻāʻo a i ʻole nā hoʻolālā e mālama i nā ibises kapu, akā ke emi nei nā ʻano kanaka, no ka nalowale ʻana o ka wahi noho a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hua manu e nā kamaʻāina.
ʻO nā ibises kapu he mau manu wading nui a puni ko lākou pae ma ʻApelika, e ʻai ana i nā ʻano holoholona liʻiliʻi a me ka kaohi ʻana i ko lākou lehulehu. Ma ʻEulopa, ua hana kā lākou ʻano adaptive i nā ibises kapu i kahi ʻano lūlū, i kekahi manawa e hānai ana i nā manu kakaʻī. Hele ka ibis laʻa i ka ʻāina mahi, kōkua i nā herons a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hemo i kahi o nā meaola. Ma muli o kā lākou kuleana i ka mālama ʻana i ka pest pest, waiwai nui lākou i nā mahiʻai. Eia naʻe, hoʻoweliweli ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides mahiʻai i nā manu i nā wahi he nui.
Ibis laʻa He manu holoholo nani i loaʻa i ka nāhelehele ma nā kapakai a me nā mākā ma loko o ʻApelika, sub-Saharan ʻApelika a me Madagascar. Hōʻike ʻia ia i nā pāka Zoological a puni ka honua; i kekahi mau hihia, ʻae ʻia nā manu e lele manuahi, hiki iā lākou ke hele i waho o ka zoo a hana i kahi heluna hihiu.
Ka lā paʻi: 08.08.2019
Lā hou: 09/28/2019 ma 23:02
