Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzees) - ua lilo i kaulana no ka hana moekolohe ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e ka primate ma ke ʻano he kamaʻilio i kahi hui. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia mau holoholona, he ʻokoʻa i nā chimpanzees, a hoʻāʻo e hoʻonā i nā hanana hakakā e kū mai nei me ke kōkua o ka moekolohe, a pēlā e hoʻopau ai i nā hakakā, a i ʻole me ke kuʻikahi ma hope o ka hakakā a me ka hemo ʻana i nā naʻau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. Loaʻa ka moekolohe iā Bonobos e hana i nā pilina pili kaiaulu. Inā he mau nīnau kāu e pili ana i kēia mau primates, e nānā i kēia pou.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bonobo
ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻia nā mōʻalihaku o ka ʻano pan paniscus a hiki i ka 2005. ʻO ka nui o nā heluna chimpanzee e noho nei ma West a me ʻApelika Waena ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopili ʻia me nā mōʻalihaku nui ma ʻApelika Hikina. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ʻia nā fossil i kēia lā mai Kenya.
Hōʻike kēia i nā kāne a me nā lālā o ka ʻohana Pan i kahi ma ka East Rift Valley ma ka Hikina Pleistocene. Wahi a A. Zichlman, like ke kino o nā bonobos me nā kaulike o Australopithecus, a ʻo ke alakaʻi o ka biologist evolusione D. Griffith i manaʻo he bonobos paha kahi hiʻohiʻona ola o ko mākou mau kūpuna kanaka mamao loa.
Video: Bonobo
ʻOiai ʻo ka inoa ʻē aʻe "pygmy chimpanzee," ʻaʻole pili liʻiliʻi nā bonobos i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka chimpanzee maʻamau, koe wale no kona poʻo. ʻO ka inoa o ka holoholona iā Ernst Schwartz, ka mea nāna i hoʻokaʻawale i ka lāhui ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka poʻo poʻo bonobos i kapa ʻia ma mua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o kāna ʻāpana chimpanzee.
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ka inoa "bonobos" i ka 1954 i ka manawa a Edward Paul Tratz lāua ʻo Heinz Heck i noi aku ai ma ke ʻano he huaʻōlelo maʻamau a ʻokoʻa hoʻi no nā pygmies chimpanzee. Manaʻo ʻia ua hewa ka pela ʻana o ka inoa ma kahi pahu lawe lawe mai ke kaona ʻo Bolobo ma ka muliwai Kongo, kokoke i kahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ai nā bonobos mua ma 1920.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka bonobo
ʻO nā Bonobos he keko nui ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu o ka nui o ke kanaka me ka lauoho ʻeleʻele e uhi ana i ko lākou kino. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lauoho ma mua o nā chimpanzees maʻamau, a ʻike nui ʻia kēia ma nā papalina, nā lauoho ʻole o P. troglodytes. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ke kino i uhi ʻole ʻia me ka lauoho (ʻo ia ka waena o ka maka, nā lima, nā wāwae) ʻeleʻele i ka wā o ke ola. He ʻokoʻa kēia i ka chimpanzee maʻamau, nona ka ʻili maikaʻi, keu hoʻi i ka wā ʻōpio.
Hele pinepine ʻo Bonobos ma nā wāwae ʻelua ma mua o nā chimpanzees. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ko lākou mau lālā, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hope, hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā chimpanzees maʻamau. Aia ka dimorphism moekolohe a ʻo nā kāne ma kahi o 30% ka kaumaha mai 37 a 61 kg, ma ka awelika 45 kg, a i nā wahine mai 27 a 38 kg, ma ka awelika 33.2 kg. Akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka dimobphic o ka wahine ma mua o nā primates ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe 119 knm no nā kāne a me 111 cm no nā wahine. ʻO ka kaha maʻamau o ka iwi poʻo he 350 cubic centimika.
Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Bonobos ma mua o ka chimpanzee maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku nā chimpanzees kāne nui i nā bonobos i ke kaupaona. Ke kū kēia mau ʻano ʻelua i ko lākou mau wāwae, ʻano like ka nui o lākou. He poʻo liʻiliʻi ko Bonobos ma mua o nā chimpanzees a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kuʻemaka.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻano o ke kino i nā bonobos e like me ke kanaka ma mua o nā chimpanzees maʻamau. He helehelena ʻokoʻa ko kēia peʻapeʻa, i ʻokoʻa ka nānā ʻana o kekahi kanaka i kekahi. Hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻano no ka ʻike maka maka i ka launa pū.
He helehelena pouli kona me nā lehelehe ʻākala, nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi, nā puka ihu ākea, a me nā lauoho elongated e māhele ana. I nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka umauma, ʻaʻole like me nā moʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia e like me nā kānaka. Hoʻohui ʻia, he kino wiwi nā bonobos, poʻohiwi liʻiliʻi, ʻāʻī liʻuliʻu a me nā wāwae lōʻihi, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ai iā ia mai nā chimpanzees maʻamau.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka mōneka banobo. E nānā kāua i kona wahi e noho ai.
Ma hea e noho ai nā bonobos?
Kiʻi: Bonobos ma ʻApelika
Noho ʻo Bonobos i ka wao nahele ʻApelika aia ma waenakonu o Kongo (ʻo Zaire ma mua). ʻO ka wahi noho o bonobos aia i loko o ka Lae Kongo. Aia kēia wahi ma ka hema o ka arc i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka muliwai ʻo Congo (ka muliwai ʻo Zaire ma mua) a me kona kiʻekiʻe a me ka muliwai ʻo Lualaba, ma ka ʻākau o ka muliwai ʻo Kazai. Ma ka moku Kongo, noho nā bonobos i kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia wahi ma kahi ulu ulu.
Eia nō naʻe, huikau nā mahiʻai kūloko a me nā wahi i hoʻi i ka nahele mai ka mahiʻai ("ʻōpio" a me "nahele ulu lua"). ʻO ka ʻano, ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka mānoanoa o nā kumu lāʻau ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia hihia, akā hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e nā bonobos. Ma waho aʻe o nā wahi ulu lāʻau, loaʻa lākou i nā ululāʻau ulu, ma nā mea kanu e hāmama i nā wahi pohō, a hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi e kēia mōneka.
Hana ʻia ka hānai i kēlā me kēia ʻano nohona, a hiamoe nā bonobos i nā wahi nahele hiamoe. ʻOi aku paha ka makemake o kekahi poʻe bonobos no ka hiamoe ʻana i nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi (15 a 30 m), keu hoʻi i nā ulu lāʻau me nā mea kanu lua. Ua loaʻa nā lehulehu Bonobos mai ka 14 a hiki i ka 29 km². Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike kēia i nā ʻike nānā a ʻaʻole ia he hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i ka nui o ka pae home o kēlā me kēia hui.
He aha ka ʻai a nā bonobos?
Kiʻi: Monkey Bonobo
ʻO nā hua ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai P. paniscus, ʻoiai ʻo nā bonobos pū kekahi me nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole i kā lākou papaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana mea kanu me nā huaʻai, nā lau, nā koʻokoʻo, nā wana, nā puʻuwai, nā lau, nā aʻa, nā tubers, a me nā pua. Hoʻopau pū ʻia nā pūlehu i kekahi manawa e kēia mau mōʻī. Hana ʻia ʻo Invertebrates i kahi ʻāpana o ka papaʻai a hoʻokomo pū i nā mea nui, nā larva, a me nā ilo. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Bonobos e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo i nā manawa maʻamau. Nānā pololei lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i nā koʻokoʻo (Anomalurus), nā duikers ulu lāʻau (C. dorsalis), nā duikers ʻeleʻele (C. nigrifrons), a me nā opeapea (Eidolon).
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papaʻai bonobos nui mai:
- nā māmela;
- hua moa;
- nā mea kolo;
- ʻenuhe honua;
- lau;
- nā aʻa a me nā paipu;
- ʻili a mau koʻokoʻo paha;
- na anoano;
- palaoa;
- nā nati;
- nā hua a me nā pua;
- ʻalalā.
ʻO ka hua he 57% o ka papaʻai o ka bonobos, akā hoʻohui ʻia ka lau, ka meli, nā hua manu, kaʻiʻo vertebrate liʻiliʻi a me nā invertebrates. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki i nā bonobos ke hoʻopau i nā primates pae haʻahaʻa. Wahi a kekahi mau mea nānā aku i kēia mau primates he hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū kekahi nā bonobos i ka lawepio, ʻoiai e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokahi mea i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia o ka cannibalism i ka nahelehele o kahi keiki bipi make i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2008.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO Bonobos nā holoholona kaiaulu e huakaʻi a hānai i nā hui hui o nā kāne + wahine + keiki ʻōpio. Ma ke ʻano he rula, i nā hui mai 3 a 6 mau kanaka, akā aia a hiki i ka 10. Hoʻākoakoa lākou i nā hui nui kokoke i nā kumuwaiwai he nui, akā hoʻokaʻawale i nā liʻiliʻi i ka neʻe ʻana. Ua like kēia ʻano me ka dynamics fusion-fusion o nā chimpanzees, me ka nui o ka pūʻulu i kaupalena ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau meaʻai.
He palupalu ko ka bonobos kāne kāne. Noho lākou i kā lākou hui natal no ke ola, ʻoiai e haʻalele nā wahine i ka wā ʻōpio e hui pū me kahi hui ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka noho mana o nā bonobos kāne me ke alo o ka makuahine i ka hui. Hōʻike ʻo Dominance iā ia iho ma o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hoʻoweliweli a pili pinepine ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻoweliweli he unidirectional (ka "intruder" e hoʻi hope me ka ʻole o ka paʻakikī). Loaʻa i nā wahine ʻelemākule ke kūlana kaiapili i ka lilo ʻana o kā lākou keiki i mea nui. Mākaukau ʻo Bonobos i nā kumulāʻau, piʻi a lele paha a lele i waena o nā lālā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai ma ka lā nui, he hana maʻamau ka mālama ʻana o kekahi i kekahi. Kū pinepine kēia ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻoiai kekahi manawa ma waena o nā wahine ʻelua. ʻAʻole i unuhi ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he aloha, heʻe ʻana, a i ʻole ke kōkua ʻana i ke kaumaha, akā ma ke ʻano he pilina a he hana hui pūʻulu.
ʻO ka nānā nui o ka noiʻi ma nā bonobos e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka moekolohe ma kahi ʻano hana ʻole.
Loaʻa kēia hana non-copulative:
- pili ma waena o ka wahine a me ka wahine;
- he kāne a he kāne;
- kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kāpili ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio.
Ua kākau nā ʻepekema i ke alapine o kēia hana ma waena o kēlā me kēia hui o nā lālā o ka hui. ʻIke ʻia kēia hana i loko o nā wahine, keu hoʻi i ke komo ʻana i kahi hui hou ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka mea ma mua, a i nā wahi hānai kahi nui ka meaʻai. Hiki i kēlā ʻano moekolohe ke ʻano o ke kūkākūkā a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa i ke kūlana o nā wahine a me nā kāne.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: pēpē Bonobos
Hiki i nā wahine Bonobos ke lawelawe i nā kāne āpau ma ka hui ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā keiki kāne. Aia lākou i ka wela, māka ʻia e ka edema i kaha ʻia o ke kiko perineal, mai 10 a 20 mau lā. Hoʻonohonoho ka mākia i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka momona. Hana ʻia ka hana hou i loko o ka makahiki. Hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻomau hou i nā hōʻailona o waho o ka estrus i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Ma mua o ia manawa, hoʻomaka hou paha ke kope, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hopena i ka hapai ʻana, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole momona ka wahine.
I loko o kēia wā, hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hānai ʻana a hiki i ka wā e ukuhi ʻia ai kāna pēpē ma kahi o 4 mau makahiki. ʻO ka wā hānau hānau he 4.6 makahiki. Hiki i ka lactation ke kāohi i ka ovulation, akā ʻaʻole nā hōʻailona waho o ka estrus. Ma muli o ka lōʻihi ʻole o ke aʻo ʻana ma mua o ke ola o bonobos, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā keiki a kēlā me kēia wahine. Ma kahi o ʻehā mau moʻopuna.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻohe kumu hoʻohālikelike no ke koho ʻana i kahi hoa: nānā nā wahine i ka hapa nui o nā kāne i ka hui i ka wā estrus, koe wale kā kā lākou keikikāne. Ma muli o kēia, ʻike pinepine ʻole ka makuakāne i nā hoa ʻelua.
He mau māmela kaiāulu nui ʻo Bonobos, e noho nei ma kahi o 15 mau makahiki ma mua o ke kū ʻana i ke kūlana makua piha. I loko o kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka makuahine i ka hapa nui o nā kuleana makua, ʻoiai e hāʻawi manawaleʻa paha nā kāne (e laʻa me ka makaʻala o ka hui, kaʻana like ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me ke kōkua ʻana e pale i nā keiki).
Hānau ʻia ʻo Bonobos me ka kōkua ʻole. Pili lākou i ka waiū umauma a paʻa i ko lākou makuahine no kekahi mau mahina. ʻO ka weaning kahi papa lohi e hoʻomaka mau i ka makahiki 4. Ma loko o ke kaʻina hana hānai, mālama mau nā makuahine i ka meaʻai na kā lākou pēpē, e ʻae iā lākou e nānā i ke kaʻina hanai a me nā koho meaʻai.
I ke ʻano makua, noho mau nā bonbo kāne i kā lākou hui kaiaulu a launa pū me ko lākou mau makuahine no nā makahiki i koe. Haʻalele nā keiki wahine i kā lākou hui, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopili me kā lākou mau makuahine i ka wā makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o bonobos
Kiʻi: Chimpanzee Bonobos
ʻO nā kānaka wale nō ka mea hilinaʻi a weliweli o nā bonobos. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe kūpono i ke alualu ʻana iā lākou, ʻike mau ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hapanui o kā lākou pae. ʻImi nā kānaka i nā chimpanzees no ka meaʻai. Kuhi ʻia kekahi e ʻai ʻia nā leopadi a me nā pythons e ʻai i nā chimpanzees maʻamau i nā bonobos. ʻAʻohe hōʻike pololei o ka predation ma kēia mau primates e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau predator he moho paha lākou no ka lawe ʻana i nā bonabos i kekahi manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpio.
ʻO nā predators kaulana loa:
- leopadi (P. pardus);
- pythons (P. Sabae);
- ʻaeto hakakā (P. bellicosus);
- kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
ʻO kēia mau holoholona, e like me nā chimpanzees maʻamau, he nui nā maʻi e hoʻopili i nā kānaka, e like me ka polio. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā bonobos nā mea lawe o nā parasite like ʻole e like me nā helminths ʻōpū, nā flukes a me nā schistosome.
ʻO Bonobos a me nā chimpanzees maʻamau nā ʻohana pili loa o Homo sapiens. He kumu waiwai nui ia o ka ʻike no ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumu a me nā maʻi o nā kānaka. Kaulana nā bonobos i nā kānaka a hiki ke lilo i pono i ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou wahi noho. Hōʻike ka nui o nā hua i hoʻopau ʻia e kēia mau primates e hana nui paha lākou i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻanoʻano o nā mea kanu i ʻai ʻia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā bonobos
ʻO ka nui o ka nui i koho ʻia mai 29,500 a 50,000 mau kānaka. Manaʻo ʻia ua emi nui ka heluna kanaka o bonobos i loko o 30 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ʻo ka noiʻi pololei ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana ma ke kikowaena kaua o Kongo. ʻO nā mea hoʻoweliweli nui i nā lehulehu bonobos e komo pū me ka nalo ʻana o kahi e noho ai a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana i ka wā o ka Wars mua a me ka lua ma muli o ke alo o nā pūʻali koa me nā wahi mamao e like me Salonga National Park. ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana o kahi laha laha loa no kēia mau moʻo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka 1995, nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o nā bonobos i ka nahelehele i alakaʻi ai i ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kahi papa hana mālama mālama. ʻO kēia ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻikepili heluna kanaka a me ka ʻike o nā hana nui no ka mālama ʻana i nā bonobos.
I kēia lā, ke kūkākūkā nei nā mea pili i ka hoʻoweliweli i nā bolobos ma nā wahi ʻepekema a me nā wahi kaiapuni. Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā ʻoihana e like me WWF, ʻApelika ʻAilona holoholona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e kau i ka makaʻu loa i kēia ʻano. Ke hāpai nei kekahi e hana i kahi mālama kūlohelohe i kahi mahele paʻa o ʻApelika a i ʻole i kahi mokupuni ma kahi e like me Indonesia a neʻe i kahi ʻāpana o ka heluna kanaka ma laila. Ke ulu mau nei ka ʻike o ka lehulehu. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hui manawaleʻa like ʻole ma ka pūnaewele e kōkua e mālama i ka bonabo.
Kiaʻi Bonabo
Kiʻi: Bonobo mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻo Bonobos e like me ka Red Book. Koi ʻia nā pae hoʻohālike IUCN no ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o 50% a ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ʻekolu hanauna, ma o ka hana ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i ka nohona. Ke alo nei ʻo Bonobos "kahi makaʻu nui loa i ka make ʻana i ka nāhelehele i ka wā e hiki mai ana." ʻO ke kaua kūloko a me kāna mau hopena ka mea e keʻakeʻa i nā hana e mālama iā lākou. Hoʻololi ākea nā loiloi heluna kanaka no ka mea ʻo ka hakakā ka palena o ka hiki i nā kānaka noiʻi ke hana i ka wahi.
ʻOiai loaʻa ka nohona o nā bonobos i ka lehulehu, ʻo ka kūleʻa hope loa o nā hana mālama e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o nā kamaʻāina kūloko i kū ʻole i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā pāka aupuni e like me kēia e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā kaiāulu ʻōiwi mai ko lākou mau hale ulu lāʻau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻohe wahi noho kanaka ma Salonga National Park, ka paka ʻāina wale nō i noho ʻia e nā bonobos, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi mai 2010 e hōʻike ana ua ʻāwīwī nui ʻia nā bonobos, nā ʻelepani ulu lāʻau ʻApelika a me nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau wahi kahi e ulu pono ai nā bonobos me ka ʻole o nā mea i kaupalena ʻia ma muli o nā manaʻoʻiʻo a me nā kapu o nā lāhui ʻōiwi e kūʻē i ka pepehi ʻana iā bonobos
I ka makahiki 2002, ka hui mālama Bonobo i hoʻokumu i ka papahana Bonobo Peace Forest, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Global Conservation Fund o ka International Conservation Society ma ka laulima ʻana me nā hui aupuni, nā hui kūloko a me nā kaiāulu kūloko. Hana ka papahana Peace Peace me nā kaiāulu kūloko e hana i kahi hōʻuluʻulu hoʻohui o nā mālama kaiāulu, mālama ʻia e nā kamaʻāina kūloko a me nā ʻōiwi.ʻO kēia k modelkohu, i hoʻokō ʻia ma o nā ʻoihana DRC a me nā kaiāulu kūloko, ua kōkua i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā ʻaelike e pale aku ma kahi o 100,000 km² o kā bonobos wahi noho.
Ka lā paʻi: 08/03/2019
Lā hou: 09/28/2019 ma 11:54
