Iole wai aiʻole ka vole wai he holoholona maʻamau i ko mākou wahi. ʻO kahi koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi e noho kokoke ana i nā kino wai. Nani lākou i nā holoholona nani a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi, eia naʻe, i ka mahiʻai, manaʻo ʻia nā ʻiole wai he pōpilikia weliweli ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia. ʻO lākou nā halihali o nā maʻi weliweli he nui.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kiʻi Wai
ʻO ka ʻiole wai a i ʻole ka vole wai (Arvicola amphibius) kahi mammal liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke kaʻina o nā rodents, ka ʻohana vole. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o ka genes Water voles, nā voles Wai.
He holoholona kahiko loa nā rodents a he holoholona laha loa. Noho ʻo Rodents i ko mākou honua i ka wā Cretaceous. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōiwi ʻōiwi kahiko i ka wā Pleocene, ʻoiai e noho ana nā holoholona i ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika o kēia au. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua loli ka helehelena o nā holoholona, ua hoʻololi maikaʻi nā holoholona i nā hoʻololi o ke kaiapuni, a i kēia manawa wale nō i ko mākou ʻāina he 11 mau ʻohana o ke kaʻina o nā rodents.
Video: ʻIole Wai
Aia i loko o ka ʻohana vole nā moʻokūʻauhau he 15. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ʻohana vole he mau rodents liʻiliʻi me kahi ihu liʻiliʻi, nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi, nā wāwae wāwae pōkole a me kahi huelo. I ka waha he mau niho ikaika, a hiki iā lākou ke ʻūlū i nā lāʻau ʻoʻoleʻa. Pōkole ke kāʻei o ka nui o nā rodents, ʻoiai lōʻihi a mānoanoa hoʻi ka ʻiole wai. He huelo lōʻihi kā ka ʻIlio Wai, i pālahalaha iki ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao; ʻaʻohe ʻaʻa ma nā manamana wāwae o kona mau wāwae hope. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻiole wai mai nā ʻiole ʻē aʻe e nā liʻiliʻi, kokoke i nā auricle non protruding, ʻokoʻa i nā voles hina i ka nui nui, a ʻokoʻa mai muskrat i ke ʻano o ka huelo.
ʻO Palevaceae kekahi o nā pūʻulu rodent e hiki ke ʻae maʻalahi i nā kūlana o ka nohona paʻakikī a ʻai i nā meaʻai momona maikaʻi ʻole, e like me nā greens, ka ʻili a me nā aʻa o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau, nā lūlū. Noho nā ʻiole wai ma kahi o nā kino wai, akā hiki iā lākou ke noho i ke kula kokoke i ke kino wai a i ka nahele. Ke hana nei nā holoholona o kēia ʻano a puni ka uaki, e noho nei i nā lua. ʻAʻole lākou hibernate.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻiole wai
ʻO ka iole wai kahi māmele liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka holoholona ma kahi o 140-220 mm ka lōʻihi. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona, a me ke ʻano o ke ola o ka holoholona, ka nui o ke kino a me ke kaumaha hiki ke loli nui. ʻO ke kaupaona o ke kino o ka ʻiole wai mai 130 a 350 gram. Nui a kūpilikiʻi ke kino o ka holoholona. Ma nā wāwae, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kolu o ka manamana wāwae ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole lauoho i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae. Lōʻihi ka huelo i ka like me ka hapalua o ka lōʻihi o ke kino, puni i ka ʻāpana keʻa. ʻAʻohe unahi unahi o ka huelo, aia kahi lauoho lauwili.
Pau ke kihi o ka huelo me kahi palaki 0.5 cm ka lōʻihi. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kala o ka holoholona mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻeleʻele. I nā kau like ʻole, ʻaʻole hoʻololi ke kala o ka holoholona. Palupalu a hulu ka hulu o ka ʻiole wai. Hoʻokaʻawale ka uhi i loko o ka axis underfur a me ka coarse. Ma ka ʻōpū o kaʻiole, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka lauoho i ka kala ma mua o nā ʻaoʻao a me ke kua. I ka helehelena, ua like ka holoholona me he ʻiole, akā ʻokoʻa i ka hulu fluffy, ke ʻano o ka huelo a me ka nui nui aʻe. Liʻiliʻi ka maka, ʻeleʻele. Liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao a pili pono ʻole i ka hulu, a no ka lauoho lōʻihi, ʻane ʻike ʻole ʻia nā paws o ka holoholona. I ka waha ua ʻulaʻula nā mea hoʻonāukiuki, nā niho o ka holoholona 16. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa o nā wahine a me nā kāne.
ʻO 7-8 mau kenimika ka lōʻihi o ke ala, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nāʻiole vole maʻamau. ʻAno maikaʻi nā voles wai a wikiwiki hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke ʻau aku ma kahi mamao aku, hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi i kā lākou meaʻai ma lalo o ka wai. Holo wikiwiki lākou i ka ʻāina, keu hoʻi ke makaʻu ka holoholona. Kūkākūkā lākou me kekahi me ke ʻūlū. ʻO ke ola o kahi ʻiole wai he 3-4 mau makahiki.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻiole wai?
Kiʻi: Kiʻi Wai ma Lūkia
Nui ka ākea o kēia mau holoholona i ko mākou ʻāina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻiole wai ma kahi o nā wahi āpau. Noho nā ʻiole wai i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia holoʻokoʻa mai ka ʻAkelanika a hiki i Yakutia. I ka hema, ʻo ka wahi noho o kēia mau holoholona mai ka moana Kaiwaenahonua a hiki i ʻAsia a me ka ʻākau o Kina. Eia kekahi, maʻamau kēia mau holoholona ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mongolia, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus a me Siberia (koe wale no ka Arctic).
Noho nā ʻiole wai i nā lua o nā kahawai, kokoke i nā loko, nā loko a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe. Koho ʻo ia i nā wahi me ke aniau anu o ke ola. Ma ka ʻĀkau, loaʻa ia i nā wahi nahele ma nā kapa wai o nā kino wai, nā peat bogs, i ulu nui ʻia me nā lāʻau paina a me nā birch. I ka paepae e noho ai ia i nā pali a ma nā kahakai o nā loko e pili ana i ka ulu a me ka ʻohe.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, neʻe kēia mau holoholona i nā ululāʻau, a i ʻole nā māla a me nā māla ma laila, hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke maʻalahi i kā lākou meaʻai. Hiki ke neʻe i kahi mamao. Hiki i ka vole ke hibernate ma lalo o kahi mauʻu a i ʻole i lalo o ka honua i kahi lua. Kūkulu nā lua i nā iole wai kokoke i ka wai, i ka wā o nā kahawai hiki iā ia ke kūkulu i nā pūnana hāmama i nā ulu mauʻu a me nā ʻohe. I ka hoʻoilo ʻeli ʻo ia i nā lua a me nā kula. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lua e pili ana i 3 mau mika, i ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole paʻa nā lua, a hiki i nā holoholona ke ola palekana i ka hoʻoilo.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka ʻiole wai. E ʻike kākou i ka mea e ʻai ai ka vole wai.
He aha ka ʻai a kaʻiole wai?
Kiʻi: Kiʻi wai i ka māla
ʻO ka iole wai kahi mea kanu a ʻai wale i nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka papaʻai a ka ʻiole wai:
- ʻohe;
- kō;
- hoʻohiehie;
- kakaka pua;
- maʻi;
- ka moa wai a me nā limu;
- nā aʻa o nā līlia wai;
- rhizome a me ka ʻili lāʻau;
- nā ʻōpiopio o nā laʻalāʻau;
- huaʻai huaʻai;
- limu;
- kanu i nā ʻanoʻano, spikelets of graves crops.
I ke kauwela, kiʻi nāʻiole i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī kokoke i ka waihona wai, kahi e palekana ai lākou. Huki ʻia nā mink, nāʻiole i ke kau ʻana i ka puka ma kahi o ka waihona wai, i ka wā e waiho ana i ka wai, hiki ke hūnā koke i kahi lua inā pilikia. I ka hāʻule, neʻe kēia mau holoholona i nā ululāʻau a kokoke paha i nā māla a me nā kanu moʻomeheu.
I ka hoʻoilo, hānai nui lākou i ka ʻili a me nā rhizome o nā lāʻau hua a me nā kumulāʻau, e hōʻeha ai iā lākou. No laila, ke hakakā ikaika nei nā mahiʻai i kēia mau koʻokoʻo. ʻAʻole kūpikipiki nā ʻiole wai i ka meaʻai, no laila hiki iā lākou ke ola a hiki i nā wā ʻoʻoleʻa o Siberia a me Yakutia.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻai wale nā ʻiole wai i nā wahi i kuhikuhi ʻia. Hoʻonohonoho lākou no lākou iho i "nā papa ʻaina" a i ʻole nā "ʻai hānai" kahi e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke ʻai palekana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ia mau wahi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koena like ʻole i ke ʻano o nā lau a me nā koʻokoʻo i ʻai ʻia.
I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hānai ʻia nā iole wai me ka palaoa, ka mauʻu, nā melon a me nā ʻumeke o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu like ʻole.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Vole iole wai
ʻO nā wai voles he mau holoholona mālie loa me kahi ʻano huna. I ke kauwela, noho lākou ma kahi o nā kino wai a noho i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai. I ka hāʻule, neʻe lākou kokoke i nā wahi noho kanaka, a i ʻole i loko o nā ululāʻau. Ma laila e ʻeli ai kēia mau holoholona i nā lua a me nā tunnel lalo me ka nui o nā puka komo mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa. Ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka lua, ʻū nāʻiole i ka mauʻu, e hana ana i kahi ʻano like o ka lau nahele. I ka hoʻoilo, mālama nā holoholona i ka meaʻai i ka lua no ka hoʻoilo. Mālama nā iole i ka palaoa, nā aʻa, a me nā mea a pau i hiki iā lākou ke lawe i loko o ka lua.
I ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole lākou e hibernate, puka lākou i waho o kā lākou mau lua e haki ana i ka hau. Ma waho o nā mālama i ka hoʻoilo, hānai lākou i ka ʻili o nā lāʻau hua a me nā kumulāʻau, a kanu i nā ʻanoʻano. Noho nāʻiole i nā kolone, akā noho hoʻokahi. I ka wā o nā kahawai, neʻe nā holoholona i kahi kiʻekiʻe, i kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i nā kumulāʻau. ʻEleu ka iole a puni ka uaki. I ke kauwela, lilo lākou i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai, ʻauʻau i loko a me ka ʻai ʻana no ka meaʻai. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻeli ʻo ia i nā lua a hana i nā mālama no ka hoʻoilo. I ka hoʻoilo e puka mai ia mai ka lua wale e kiʻi i nā meaʻai nona iho.
Akamai a maʻalea hoʻi nā ʻiole wai, he nui nā ʻenemi o lākou, akā hiki iā lākou ke pakele a pakele koke iā lākou ma o nā ala lalo lalo. Hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia ka nohona kaiāulu, noho wale lākou i ka hapa nui, akā aia nā lua o nā ʻiole wai ma kahi kokoke. ʻAʻole huhū ka ʻiole wai ke ʻole lākou e makaʻu. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau kekahi i nā kūlana o ka noho pio ʻana, ʻike lākou i ko lākou haku. Inā ʻike ka holoholona i ka makaʻu, hiki ke nahu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo nā ʻiole wai nā halihali o nā maʻi weliweli e like me ke kuni ʻo Omsk, tularimia a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe he nui. No laila, ke ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻiole i ka nāhelehele, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e ʻohi iā ia, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kāpae ʻana iā ia ke ʻānai ʻana i ka holoholona.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Kiʻi wai i ka hoʻoilo
Hiki i nā wai voles ke oʻo i ka moekolohe i ka makahiki o 2 mau mahina. Wikiwiki wawe ka hānau ʻana o nāʻiole wai. Hāʻule ke kau moʻo i ke kau mahana. I loko o ka makahiki, hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻomanawanui i 2 a i 4 mau litters. ʻO ka hāpai mua i hoʻokahi makahiki i ka wahine e kū i ka mua o ka puna, ʻo ka hope loa i ka hopena o ʻAukake. ʻO kahi piko kūikawā o ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻiole wai i Iulai. I ke kau anuanu, ʻaʻole hoʻoulu iki nā ʻiole wai, aia wale nō i ke kūlana maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni a me ka loaʻa o nā meaʻai e hiki ai iā lākou ke hānai i kā lākou keiki.
No hoʻokahi ʻōpala, hānau ʻia nā 5-7 cubs. He 21 mau lā o ka hāpai ʻana. Hānau ʻia nāʻiole a makapō a lauoho ʻole, akā ulu koke lākou. ʻO ka wahine nui ia e nānā ana i nā keiki; noho nā keiki i nā pule mua o ke ola wale nō i ka lua. I ka mua, hānai ka makuahine i nā keiki me ka waiū. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻomaka nā keiki ʻiole liʻiliʻi e ʻai i ka meaʻai lau na ka makuahine i lawe mai iā lākou, a laila hoʻomaka lākou e loaʻa i kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī na lākou iho. I loko o 1.5-2 mau mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ua mākaukau ka wahine ʻōpio no ka hānau ʻana.
ʻO ka laha nui o nā helu ka mea maʻamau i waena o kēia mau holoholona. I loko o ia mau manawa, noho nui nā holoholona i nā kula āpau a hiki ke hōʻeha nui i ka mahiʻai. Ua holo pono ʻole nā ʻepekema i nā kumu o ia ʻano ahulau nui. ʻO ka wahi o nā laha nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻiole ka palena i nā wahi liʻiliʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka iole wai
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻiole wai
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻiole wai he poʻe ʻaihue e like me:
- ʻalopeke;
- aloha;
- mink;
- ferrets;
- otter;
- ʻalā;
- pueo a me nā pueo;
- nā kites a me nā manu manu ʻē aʻe he nui loa;
- ʻīlio a me nā pōpoki;
- nahesa a me na moo.
ʻAneʻane e ʻimi nā mea ʻaihue i nā ʻiole wai. Eia naʻe, akahele ka poʻe iole wai, akamai a maʻalea hoʻi nā holoholona. ʻIke i ka makaʻu, hiki i kaʻiole ke hūnā mai ka ʻenemi i kahi sekona hoʻokaʻawale, ʻo ka mea nui loa e kiʻi i kekahi o nā puka komo i ka lua. Ma ka wai, hiki i kahi ʻiole wai ke hūnā mai ka alualu ʻana e ka hūnā ʻana ma lalo o ka wai. He ʻauʻau maikaʻi loa kēia mau holoholona a ʻau maikaʻi lākou i lalo o ka wai.
Akā ʻo ka ʻenemi nui o nā ʻiole wai a he kāne mau nō. Nui ka pōʻino o nā iole wai i ka mahiʻai. Hoʻopau lākou i nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, hōʻeha i nā kumulāʻau hua. ʻAʻole ʻawahia nā mea ʻawa o nā ʻiole wai i ke ala like e like me ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻopōʻino i ka mea kanu, a he holoholona akamai nāʻiole a nānā i nā meaʻai kamaʻāina ʻole. Hoʻopaʻa mua lākou i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a inā manaʻo lākou ua hewa kekahi mea i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopā hou aku.
Hoʻokomo ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā scarers ultrasonic kūikawā ma kā lākou mau kuka, kahi e pale ai i nā holoholona mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. Hoʻopau ʻia nā iole wai i nā helu he nui kokoke i nā mahiʻai i nā māla a me nā māla mea kanu. Eia kekahi, mahalo nui ʻia ka hulu holoholona, a nui nā holoholona i pepehi ʻia no ko lākou ʻili. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻili i ka nui.
Eia kekahi, he mana koʻikoʻi ka mokuʻāina o ke kaiapuni i ka helu o nā holoholona. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i nā makahiki maloʻo, me nā kauwela wela, ke emi nui nei ka nui o nā ʻiole wai. ʻAno maʻalahi kēia ʻano i nā maʻi e like me tularia, pilikia pinepine ʻo Omsk fever i nā maʻi me nā helmites.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻiole wai nui
ʻO Arvicola amphibius a i ʻole ka vole wai he ʻano nui loa ia. ʻO ke kūlana o nā laha ke ʻano o ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke loli ka nui o ka lehulehu ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wā. I kekahi manawa aia nā lele nui i ka helu hānau, kahi e pili ai kēia i ka ʻepekema ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia. I kēlā mau makahiki, hoʻopiha maoli nā holoholona i nā māla, a lilo i mea paʻakikī i ka poʻe ke mālama i kā lākou mea kanu mai kēia mau mea ʻino.
Hana kope koke kēia mau holoholona, maʻalahi maʻalahi i nā kūlana o ka wahi o waho, no ka mea ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli kēia ʻano o lākou i kēia manawa. I nā makahiki me nā kauwela maloʻo a me nā hua haʻahaʻa, hoʻemi ka nui o ka hānau ma nā ʻiole, no ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaiapuni. ʻO nā mea hānai e luku nei i kēia mau holoholona kekahi ʻano o nā ʻaha o ka nahele, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i ka nui o ka ʻiole e ulu ikaika a pale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi weliweli i hāpai ʻia e nāʻiole.
ʻAʻole pono kēia laha i kahi pale hou aʻe. Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia i ka pio no kāna hulu waiwai. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia a ʻike ʻia kona haku. No ka mahiʻai, he pest weliweli ia, a he mea paʻakikī loa ke kāpae ʻana. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e mālama i ka ʻohi, hoʻonohonoho ka poʻe i nā scarers, nā pā a me nā pahele. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kēia mau holoholona akamai ke hele maʻalahi i kēlā me kēia wahi me ka haki ʻana i nā tunnels ma lalo o ka honua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka ʻiole wai he pinepine nā malihini, no laila paʻakikī ka helu ʻana o kā lākou helu. I loko o ka makahiki, nui nā neʻe, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka neʻe no ka hoʻomaha, ʻeli nā holoholona i nā lua manawa no lākou iho i mea e ʻai ai a hoʻomaha ai iā lākou. Nui nā lālā a me nā paukū i nā lua kūmau.
Iole wai holoholona mālie e alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona kaʻawale. Akamai a mākaukau loa lākou, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho i nā lako no ka hoʻoilo, neʻe maʻalahi i nā manawa he nui i ka makahiki, e koho ana i nā wahi maikaʻi e noho ai. Weliweli lākou no ka poʻe wale nō no ka mea lawe lākou i nā maʻi weliweli. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke lākou i ke kanaka. I ke pio ʻana, alakaʻi lākou i kahi ola mālie, a hānau i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa.
Lā paʻi: 25.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 19:58
