Char - pili i ka ʻohana salemona a hana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, kahi e hoʻokahuli ai i nā kānaka noiʻi-ichthyologists, no ka mea he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo me nā ʻano like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana. ʻO Char ka iʻa salemona ʻākau. Nui nā lālā o kēia genus he iʻa haʻuki kaulana, a ua lilo kekahi i māka o ka lawaiʻa kalepa.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Lolets
Ua hāʻawi mua ʻia ke char i ka genus Salmo e Karl Linnaeus ma ke ʻano ʻo Alke Alpinus i ka makahiki 1758. I ka manawa like, ua wehewehe ʻo ia iā Sal salvelinus lāua ʻo ʻO umbla, a ma hope ua manaʻo ʻia he synonymous. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo John Richardson (1836) i ka subgenus Salmo (Salvelinus), i kēia manawa i manaʻo ʻia he genus piha.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka inoa genus Salvelinus mai ka huaʻōlelo Kelemania "Saibling" - salmon liʻiliʻi. Manaʻo ʻia ka inoa Pelekane no loko mai o ka Old Irish ceara / cera, ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻulaʻula koko," e pili ana i ka ʻulaʻula ma lalo o kahi iʻa. Pili pū ia i kona inoa Welsh torgokh, "ʻōpū ʻulaʻula". ʻAʻole uhi ʻia ke kino o ka iʻa me nā unahi; ʻo kēia paha ke kumu o ka inoa Lūkini no ka iʻa - char.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka char Arctic e nā ʻano morphological lehulehu a i ʻole nā "morphs" i loko o nā ʻano laha. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ka char Arctic "ʻo ka holoholona vertebrate volatile loa ma ka Honua." Kūlike ka Morphs i ka nui, ke ʻano, a me ke kala, a hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa i ka lawena neʻeneʻe, ka noho ʻana a i ʻole nā anadromous waiwai, a me ka hana hānai. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā Morphs, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale hou a hōʻike i nā heluna genetically, kahi i kuhikuhi ʻia e like me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka spipient speciation.
I Iceland, ʻike ʻia ʻo Lake Tingvadlavatn no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ʻehā mau morph: benthic liʻiliʻi, benthic nui, liʻiliʻi limnetic a me nā limnetic nui. Ma Svalbard, Nolewai, he dwarf ka Lake Linne-Vatn, "maʻamau" a me nā iʻa anadromous o ka nui maʻamau, ʻoiai ma Bear Island aia kahi papa manuahi, nā littoral pāpaʻu a me nā pelagic morphs nui.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Loach iʻa
ʻO ka char kahi ʻano o nā salmonid, a kapa ʻia kekahi o lākou he "trout". He lālā ia o ka ʻohana salmoninae ma ka ʻohana Salmonidae. Aia ka genus i kahi ʻāpana circumpolar ʻākau, a ʻo ka hapa nui o kona mau lunamakaʻāinana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he iʻa wai anuanu e noho nui i nā wai hou. Hele nui kekahi ʻano i kai.
Video: Loach
Pili pili ʻo Arctic char i ka salmon a me ka loko iʻa, a he nui ke ʻano o nā mea ʻelua. He loli nui ka iʻa i ke kala, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka manawa o ka makahiki a me nā ʻano o ke kaiapuni kahi a lākou e noho ai. Hiki i nā iʻa kaulike ke kaupaona ʻia he 9.1 kg a ʻoi. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia nā iʻa āpau o ka mākeke ma waena o 0.91 a me 2.27 kg. Hiki ke kala o ka ʻiʻo mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi char nunui a hiki i 60.6 cm ka lōʻihi a me kahi char dwarf a hiki i 9.2 cm. ʻO ka hope o ka iʻa ʻeleʻele i ke kala, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ka ʻāpana ventral mai ka ʻulaʻula, melemele a keʻokeʻo e pili ana i kahi.
Nā ʻano nui o ka iʻa char:
- kino kinikini torpedo;
- fin adipose fin;
- waha nui;
- nā kala ʻokoʻa e like me ka nohona;
- ʻōpū ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana);
- uliuli-hina a i ʻole brownish-ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻaoʻao a i hope;
- ka nui ma mua: mai 35 a 90 cm (i ke kūlohelohe);
- ke kaupaona mai 500 a 15 kg.
I ka wā o ka spawning, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kalaʻula, a hōʻike nā kāne i ke kala mālamalama. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula a me nā fins anal a me nā palena melemele a gula paha ma ka lip caudal. ʻOi ke kala o ke aloha ʻōpio o ka ʻōpio ma mua o ka poʻe mākua.
Ma hea e noho ai ka char?
Kiʻi: Loach ma Lūkia
ʻO ka char e noho ana i nā loko kuahiwi a me nā Arctic kahakai a me nā wai subarctic e puʻunaue ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke neʻe, noho paha, a i ʻole pae ʻāina ma muli o kahi. No nā iʻa arctic a me subarctic a me nā kai mauna. Ua ʻike ʻia ma nā moku ʻĀpana o Kanada a me Lūkia a ma ka Hikina hikina.
Aia nā iʻa i loko o nā ipu o nā kahawai ʻo Barents Sea mai Volonga a Kara, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Kolguev, Bear a me Novaya Zemlya mokupuni, Northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada a me Greenland. I ka ʻākau o Lūkia, aia ʻole ʻo char i nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o nā Moana Baletika a me Keʻokeʻo. Hoʻohana maʻamau a hibernates i ka wai hou. Hele ka neʻe ʻana i ke kai i ke kauwela kau mai ka waena o Iune a Iulai. Ma laila lākou e noho ai ma kahi o 50 mau lā a laila hoʻi i ka muliwai.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa kahi iʻa wai hou ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻākau. ʻO ia wale nō nā ʻano iʻa i loaʻa ma Lake Heisen ma ka Kanada Arctic a me nā mea laha ʻole loa ma Pelekane a me ʻIlani, i ʻike ʻia ma nā loko loko hohonu. I nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o kona laulā, e like me nā ʻāina ʻo Nordic, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau a me ka mina nui. I Siberia, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka iʻa i loko o nā loko, kahi i lilo ai lākou i mea weliweli no nā ʻano endemikā liʻiliʻi.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka iʻa char. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
Ai ka char aha?
Kiʻi: Loach mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Hoʻololi ka iʻa char i kā lākou ʻano ʻai e like me ka wahi. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ma mua o 30 mau ʻano meaʻai i loko o kona ʻōpū. He iʻa predatory ka char ke hiki ke ʻimi ʻelua i ke ao a me ka pō. ʻO ka iʻa mai ka ʻohana salemona ke manaʻo ʻia he predators visual. ʻOiai ua nānā ʻia kahi ʻano char, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano predatory ma luna o ka ʻono a me nā stimulus tactile, ʻaʻole ma ka hihiʻo.
ʻIke ʻia e hānai char i:
- nā mea kolo;
- kaviara;
- iʻa;
- pūpū;
- zooplankton;
- amphipods a me nā mea wai wai ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau charrs nunui e like me nā mea ʻai pū e ʻai ana i nā ʻōpio ʻelua o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī a me ka arctic char dwarf. Hoʻololi ka papaʻai me nā kau. I ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela holoʻokoʻa, ʻai lākou i nā mea kolo i loaʻa ma luna o ka wai, caviar salmon, snails a me nā crustacean liʻiliʻi i loaʻa ma lalo o ka loko, a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. I ka wā o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo, ʻai ka char i nā zooplankton a me nā ʻōpala wai hou, a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.
ʻO kaʻai char kai kahi o: copepods a me krill (Thysanoessa). ʻAi nui ʻo Lake char i nā mea kolo a me nā zoobenthos (molluscs a me nā larva). A iʻa pū kekahi: capelin (Mallotus villosus) a ʻike ʻia ʻo goby (Triglops murrayi). I ka nahelehele, ʻo ke ola o ke char he 20 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nui o nā makahiki iʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 40 mau makahiki.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Char iʻa ʻulaʻula
ʻO nā loach he neʻe a me ka iʻa kaiāulu nui i loaʻa i nā hui i ka wā o ka neʻe. Hāpai lākou a hibernate i ka wai hou. Kūkākūkā ka iʻa me kekahi i ka wā o ka spawning e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano o ka pilau. Hoʻokuʻu nā kāne i kahi pheromone e ʻumeʻume i nā wahine ovulated. I loko o ka wā spawning, noho kāne nā kāne i ko lākou ʻāina. Mālama ʻia ke aupuni e nā kāne nui. He laina laina ko ka char e kōkua ai iā lākou e ʻike i nā neʻe a me nā haʻalulu i ke kaiapuni.
E like me ka nui o nā salmonids, nui nā ʻokoʻa o ke kala a me ke ʻano o ke kino ma waena o nā poʻe mākua moekolohe o nā kāne like ʻole. Hoʻolālā nā kāne i nā ā ā lou i ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula. Noho wahine a silvery. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kāne e hoʻokumu a kiaʻi i nā ʻāina a hōʻike pinepine ʻia me nā wahine he nui. ʻAʻole make ka char ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, e like me ka salemona Pākīpika, a hui pinepine i mau manawa i kona ola (i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha).
Puka ka ʻōpala ʻōpio mai ka ʻiliʻili i ka puna a noho i ke kahawai no 5 a 7 mau mahina a i ʻole hiki i ko lākou lōʻihi i 15-20 cm. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka iʻa char i ka mālama makua no ka palai ʻana ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻoemi ʻia nā kuleana āpau i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi pūnana e ka wahine a me ka pale o ka ʻāina e nā kāne i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā char i ko lākou manawa ma kahi hohonu o 10 mika, a piʻi kekahi i kahi hohonu o 3 mika mai ka papa o ka wai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hohonu luʻu luʻu ma 16 mika mai ka papa o ka wai.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Loach iʻa
Hoʻi ka iʻa char mai ke kai a i ko lākou mau kahawai ʻōiwi me ka wai hou e hānau. He polygamous nā kāne kāne, ʻoiai he wahine hoʻokahi nā wahine. I ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, hoʻokumu nā kāne i ka ʻāina a lākou e pale aku ai. E koho nā wahine i kahi ma ka ʻāina o ke kāne a ʻeli i kā lākou punana manu. Hoʻomaka ka pā ʻana o nā kāne i ka wahine, e hoʻopuni iā lākou, a laila neʻe i kahi o ka wahine a haʻalulu. Hoʻolei pū nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā hua a me ka waiū i loko o ka lua, no laila he kūwaho ka hoʻouka. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua momona i ka ʻiliʻili.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka moekolohe o ka Arctic char ʻokoʻa mai 4 a 10 mau makahiki. Hana kēia ke hiki lākou i ka lōʻihi o 500-600 mm. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lāhui e ulu ana i ka hāʻule mai Kepakemapa a Kekemapa, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau heluna ʻāina i ulu i ka ulu ma ke kauwela, ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻokū pinepine ka Arctic char i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, a ʻo kekahi poʻe ʻaʻole ʻoi aku i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 3-4 mau makahiki. ʻO nā kāne kūpilikiʻi he panalāʻau a pale i nā wahine.
Hoʻohana pinepine nā kāne me ka wahine ma mua o hoʻokahi i ka wā o ka moʻa. Hiki i nā wahine ke hoʻomoe mai 2,500 a i 8,500 mau hua, a nā kāne e hoʻouluulu. Hoʻololi nā manawa Incubation, akā maʻa mau ka manawa ma waena o 2-3 mau mahina. Hoʻololi ke kaumaha incubation i waena o nā lehulehu. ʻO ke kaupaona o nā lar lar char ma hatching mai 0,04 a i 0,07 g. Kūʻokoʻa koke ke kōlua i ko lākou mau mākua i ka hatching.
Hana ʻia ka hoʻomohala hua manu i ʻekolu mau hanana:
- hoʻomaka ka mahele hoʻokaʻawale ma hope o ka momona a hoʻomau a hiki i ke hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi embryo mua;
- pae epibolic. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka nā hunaola i ka wā cleavage e hana i nā kikoʻī kūikawā;
- hoʻomaka ke kaʻina o ka organogenesis ke hoʻomaka e puka aʻe nā mea o loko.
Hana ʻokoʻa ka moekolohe ma hope koke o ka hatching a kaohi ʻia e ka hoʻonohonoho chromosomal o ka nucleus i ka hua manu momona. ʻO AY a me kahi X chromosome alakaʻi i kahi kāne, ʻoiai he ʻelua mau chromosome e alakaʻi i kahi wahine. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻano wahine Morphological e nā homone.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka iʻa char
Kiʻi: Loach i ka muliwai
ʻO ka Ad-predatory adaptation o char ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kala i ke kaiapuni. Kūleʻele lākou i nā loko a maʻemaʻe ke kala i ke kai. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma 2003 i kekahi mau makahiki o ka ʻike makaʻu ʻana o kekahi o nā arctic charrs ʻōpio i nā ʻaʻala predator. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā nānā ʻana i ka hana maʻamau a nā iʻa ʻōpio i nā mea ʻino e pane kikoʻī i nā hōʻailona kemika e puka mai ana mai nā iʻa meheu like ʻole, a me ka papaʻai hoʻi o nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue maʻamau o char ka:
- ʻĀkena kai;
- Bea keʻokeʻo;
- arctic char;
- trout;
- iʻa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o char.
Hoʻohui ʻia, lilo ka iʻa char i mea make i kahi parasite e like me ka lamprey kai. ʻO kēia vampire, e holo ana mai ka Moana ʻAkelanika, paʻa i ka char me ka waha e like me ke kīʻaha omo, hana i kahi puka ma ka ʻili a omo i ke koko. ʻO nā parasite kaulana kekahi o ka iʻa char ka protozoa, nā trematode, nā tapeworms, nā nematode, nā ilo anuʻu, nā leech a me nā crustacean.
Pōmaikaʻi ka poʻe mai ka arctic char ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai a no ka lawaiʻa haʻuki. Ma ke ʻano he meaʻai, manaʻo ʻia ka iʻa char he mea ʻono momona. Kūlike ke kumukūʻai kūʻai ma muli o ka nui. Kūlike nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe me ka leo haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā kumukūʻai Charr ma ka makahiki 2019 ma kahi o $ 9.90 no kg o nā iʻa i hopu ʻia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Loach
Ua helu ʻia ʻo Arctic char i loko o ka IUCN Red Data Book ma ke ʻano o ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui iā ia ka poʻe. ʻO kahi hoʻoweliweli ʻē aʻe ka paʻakai o ka wai. I ka hema o Skotlandia, ua pau kekahi mau heluna o ka iʻa char no ka salinization o nā kahawai. Nui nā heluna o ka Arctic char ma ʻIlalani i lilo i make ma muli o ka paʻakai ʻana o ka loko a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi o ka wai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haumia home a me ka mahiʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli i kū ʻia i mua o kekahi mau lāhui Arctic char ka hemahema o ka loli. ʻO ka heluna kanaka ma Lake Siamaa ma ka hema hikina o Finlandia e hilinaʻi nei i ka aquaculture no ke ola, ʻoiai ka nele o ka loli i ka lāhui maoli ke kumu o ka make ʻana o ka hua manu a me ka maʻi maʻalahi.
I kekahi o nā loko paʻakikī e hiki aku, hiki aku ka heluna kanaka char i nā nui nui. I nā loko i loko o ka wahi BAM, ke ana gula a me ka prospecting geological, ua hoʻohiolo nui ʻia ka nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a i kekahi mau kino wai, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka char. ʻO nā kumu nui e hoʻopili i ka hoʻohui a me ka nui o nā heluna lehulehu ka haumia o nā kino wai a me ka lawaiʻa ʻole ʻana.
Pākuʻi Loach
Kiʻi: Loach iʻa mai ka Red Book
ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi i nā kahawai o ka hema o Skotlandia kahi hiki ke mālama ʻia no char. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā ʻano hana mālama i ʻIlelani ma ke ʻano he hoʻāʻo e pale aku i ka lehulehu o nā koena o ka Arctic char i koe. ʻO kekahi o nā kiʻina hana i kuhi ʻia me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau ʻana, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka palai, ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo a me ka pale ʻana i nā iʻa iʻa komo ʻole i loko o nā loko iʻa char ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kēia iʻa i nā loko wai kahi hana mālama ʻē aʻe e hana ʻia nei ma kekahi mau wahi, e like me Lake Siamaa ma ka hema hikina o Pinilana.
I ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papahana hoʻoulu arctic char ma ke ʻano he koho kūpono maikaʻi loa no nā mea kūʻai, no ka mea, hoʻohana wale kēia mau iʻa i ka nui kūpono o ka waiwai kai e like me ka hānai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke ulu ʻia ka char arctic i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paʻa e hoʻemi ana i ka hiki ke heʻe i ka nahelehele.
Char papa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano he Laha Mea Hoʻoweliweli ma lalo o nā Lāhui Pekelala ma ke Kānāwai Pilikino a me ke Kanawai Lā Hoʻoweliweli ʻĀina ʻo Ontario, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka pale kū kānāwai i nā iʻa a me ko lākou wahi noho. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi palekana hou e ke kānāwai lawaiʻa pekelala, kahi e hāʻawi ai i nā hana pale pale no nā ʻano iʻa āpau.
Lā paʻi: 22.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 19:06
