Daphnia He iʻa crayfish e noho nei ka hapanui i nā kino wai hou o ka honua. Me ko lākou nui liʻiliʻi, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hanana paʻakikī a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ke kaiaolaola - ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki, ʻae lākou i nā iʻa a me nā amphibians e hānai, no ka mea me ka ʻole o lākou e hakahaka nui nā waihona wai. Hanai lākou i ka iʻa i loko o ka aquarium.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Daphnia
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka genus Daphnia ma 1785 e O.F. Mueller. Aia ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano o daphnia i waena o lākou, a he hapa nui ko lākou he nui ʻokoʻa mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO Daphnia longispina, i wehewehe ʻia e ka Müller like, hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻano laha.
Māhele ʻia ʻo Daphnia i ʻelua subgenera nui - kūpono ʻo Daphnia a me Ctenodaphnia. ʻOkoʻa ka mea hope i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui, no ka laʻana, ke kū ʻana o kahi notch i ka pale poʻo, a loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano primitive ʻoi aku. Akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ua hiki mua lākou: ua hōʻike nā mōʻalihaku i ke kumu o nā mea ʻelua a ma kahi o ka manawa like.
Video: Daphnia
Ua ʻike ʻia nā lunamakaʻāinana mua o ka gillfoot ma kahi o 550 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i waena o lākou nā kūpuna o Daphnia. Akā ua ala lākou i hope ma hope loa: ʻo nā mōʻalihaku kahiko loa no ka wā ʻo Jurassic Lalo - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 180-200 miliona mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole kēia he mau manawa kahiko e like me ka mea e manaʻo ai mai nā meaola maʻalahi - e laʻa me nā iʻa a me nā manu i ʻike mua ʻia. Akā, e like me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka luna nui o nā cladocerans, ua like i kēlā mau lā ka Daphnia me nā mea o kēia manawa, a i kēia mea ʻokoʻa lākou mai nā meaola i hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia o ka wā kahiko.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo kekahi ʻaʻole e ulu ʻo Daphnia: i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he loli kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, a hāʻawi mau i nā ʻano hou. ʻO ka hoʻokumu hope loa ʻana o ka genus Daphnia i kū koke ma hope o ka make ʻana ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Daphnia Moina
Hiki i nā ʻano Daphnia ke loli nui: ke ʻano o ko lākou kino, a me kona nui, hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni kahi a lākou e noho ai. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau. No laila, uhi ʻia ko lākou kino i ka pūpū chitinous me nā valves aniani moakaka - ʻike maopopo ʻia nā ʻōpū o loko. Ma muli o ko lākou transparency i ka wai, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka daphnia.
ʻAʻole uhi ka pūpū i ke poʻo. ʻElua ona mau maka, ʻoiai pinepine i ka ulu ʻana, hui lāua i hoʻokahi maka hui, a i kekahi manawa he kolu ka daphnia, akā maʻamau ka ʻike maopopo ʻia a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka antennae, e hoʻolalelale mau ana ka daphnia iā lākou, a me kā lākou kōkua e neʻe lākou i ka lele ʻana.
Ma ke poʻo, ʻo ka rostrum kahi ulu e like me ka nuku, a ma lalo o ia mau mea he ʻelua mau antennae, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hope a setae, no ka mea e hoʻonui ai ko lākou wahi. Me ke kōkua o ke kowali, neʻe kēia mau antennas - ke paʻi ʻana iā lākou, lele lele ka daphnia i mua, me he mea lā e lele. Hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau antennae a muscled ikaika.
Pālahalaha ke kino mai nā ʻaoʻao, pālahalaha nā wāwae a hoʻomohala ʻia, no ka mea ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia no ka neʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e pahu i ka wai hou i nā gills a me nā ʻāpana meaʻai i ka waha. He paʻakikī ka ʻōnaehana digestive no kahi crustacean liʻiliʻi: aia kahi esophagus piha, ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū, kahi e loaʻa ai nā ʻōpili hepatic.
He puʻuwai ko Daphnia e kuʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe - 230-290 mau kī i kēlā me kēia minuke, e hopena ana i ke kahe o ke kaona 2-4. Hanu ʻo Daphnia me ka uhi kino holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka mea mua loa me ke kōkua o nā ʻōpū hanu i nā lālā.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo daphnia?
Kiʻi: Daphnia magna
Hiki ke loaʻa nā lunamaka'āinana o ka genus kokoke i ka Honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua loaʻa lākou ma Antarctica i kahi mau laʻana i lawe ʻia mai relict sublagacial loko. ʻO kēia ka hiki iā Daphnia ke noho i nā ʻano kūlohelohe o ka honua.
Eia nō naʻe, inā he kenekulia i hala aku nei ua manaʻo ʻia aia a puni nā ʻano o kā lākou ʻano, a laila ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia o lākou āpau. I nā ʻano he nui, ākea ākea lākou a hoʻokomo i kekahi mau ʻāina nui, akā naʻe ʻaʻohe mea e ākea ma nā wahi āpau.
Noho lākou i ka Honua me ka ʻole, makemake i nā kūlana anilā o nā subtropics a me kahi o ke au. ʻIke ʻia ka hapa iki o nā mea ʻelua ma nā pou o ka honua, a kokoke i ka equator, ma kahi aniau wela. Ua loli nā pae o kekahi ʻano loli i nā loli hou loa ma muli o ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana e nā kānaka.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka ʻano Daphnia ambigua i hele mai mai ʻAmelika a Beritania Nui a ua aʻa maikaʻi. Ma ka ʻokoʻa, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka ʻano Daphnia lumholtzi i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau mai ʻEulopa, a lilo i mea maʻamau no nā waihona wai o kēia ʻāina.
No ka nohona daphnia, ʻoi aku nā kino wai me ka ʻole o ke au, e like me nā loko a i ʻole nā loko. Noho pinepine lākou i nā puddles nui. I nā kahawai kahe mālie, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o lākou, a aneane ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kahawai wikiwiki. Noho ka hapa nui o nā laha i ka wai hou.
Akā hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻopili iā ia iho ma aneʻi pū kekahi: ʻO Daphnia, i kahi manawa maloʻo, kahi e loaʻa ai ka wai paʻakai iā lākou, ʻaʻole i make, akā hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē. I kēia manawa ua iho mai nā lāhui mai iā lākou mai e kahi makemake no nā waihona wai me kahi paʻakai kiʻekiʻe.
Noho maikaʻi lākou i ka wai maʻemaʻe - pono e loaʻa i kahi wai lepo liʻiliʻi e hiki ai. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hānai ʻo daphnia e ka kānana ʻana i ka wai a, inā he haumia, komo pū nā ʻāpana lepo me ko lākou ʻōpū me nā microorganism, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā kino wai haumia e make wikiwiki lākou ma muli o ka ʻōpū paʻa.
No laila, ma ka helu o daphnia i ka waihona wai, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokolokolo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka wai. Noho nui lākou i ka kolamu wai, a ʻo kekahi mau ʻano ma lalo. ʻAʻole lākou makemake i nā kukui mālamalama a hele hohonu i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka lā e hoʻomālamalama pono i ka wai.
He aha ka mea a Daphnia e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Daphnia i loko o ka aquarium
I kā lākou papaʻai:
- nā pilikana;
- limu;
- koʻohune;
- detritus;
- e lele ana i loko o ka wai a moe paha ma lalo.
Hānai lākou i ka kānana ʻana i ka wai, no lākou e neʻe ai i ko lākou mau wāwae, me ka hoʻoikaika e kahe. Lawe ʻia ka kānana o ke kahe wai e hiki mai ana e nā mea aloha kūikawā ma nā bristles kānana. Hoʻopili pū nā mea ʻūmiu i hoʻopili ʻia ma muli o ka mālama huna ʻana a hoʻouna ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana digestive.
Kupaianaha ʻo Daphnia no kā lākou momona: i hoʻokahi lā wale nō, ʻai kekahi ʻano lono i 6 mau manawa i ko lākou kaumaha ponoʻī. No laila, me ka hoʻēmi o ka nui o nā meaʻai, aia ka hapa iki o lākou i loko o ka waihona wai - hana kēia ke kau ke anuanu, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā daphnia āpau i ka hopena o ka puna a me ke kauwela.
Hānai ʻo Detritus i kēlā mau ʻano daphnia ʻaʻole hiamoe i ka hoʻoilo. Noho lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka waihona wai a i nā papa o ka wai kokoke iā ia - predritus predominates ma laila, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā huna o nā mea a me nā huna o nā meaola ola ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana ʻia lākou iho i meaʻai no ka iʻa i loko o ka aquarium - waiwai nui lākou ma muli o ka nui o nā meaʻai mea kanu i loko o ko lākou ʻōpū. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Daphnia i kahi maloʻo a hoʻōla ʻia i loko o ka aquarium. He mea kūpono nō hoʻi ka mea hope inā ua lilo ka wai i loko o laila i ao: ʻO Daphnia e ʻai i nā koʻohune, ma muli o kēia e hana ai, a ʻo ka iʻa, e ʻai ʻo Daphnia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Daphnia crustaceans
ʻIke nui ʻia lākou i ka kolamu wai, e neʻe ana me ke kōkua o nā lele, i kekahi manawa e kolo ana ma lalo o ka waihona wai a i ʻole nā paia o ka aquarium. Hele pinepine lākou ma muli o ka manawa o ke ao: ke mālamalama, hohonu lākou i loko o ka wai, a i ka pō ʻike lākou iā lākou iho ma ka lihi loa.
Hoʻohana ka nui o ka ikehu i kēia neʻe, no laila pono lākou i kumu. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike pololei. Aia paha kekahi mau kuhi manaʻo hou aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, koi ʻia kēlā daphnia nui e poho hohonu i loko o ka lā i mea e liʻiliʻi ai ke ʻike ʻia no nā mea ʻaihue - ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole hoʻomālamalama ka hohonu o nā wai.
Hōʻoia ʻia kēia kuhi e ka mea i loko o nā kino wai kahi iʻa ʻole e ʻai ana i ka daphnia, ʻoi aku ka emi o ka neʻe pinepine ʻana o ia ʻano neʻe ʻana. Aia kekahi wehewehe maʻalahi - e holo wale ʻo daphnia i kēlā papa o ka wai kahi e kūpono ai ka mahana a me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana iā lākou, a i ka lā e neʻe ai i luna a i lalo.
Hoʻololi ka nui o ko lākou ola mai nā ʻano a i nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau ka maʻalahi - ʻo ka mea nui a ola ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Lawe ka daphnia liʻiliʻi i 20 mau lā, ʻo ka mea nui a 130-150 mau lā.
ʻIke hoihoi: He mea maʻamau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pae o ka ʻona o nā hāʻina like ʻole ma daphnia. Hana lākou a hiki i nā kau liʻiliʻi - no ka laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke lohi a piholo i lalo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Daphnia
Momona loa ʻo Daphnia, a hoihoi i kā lākou hana hou ʻana i ʻelua mau hanana - hana kope lākou i ka moekolohe a me ka moekolohe. I ka hihia mua, komo wale nā wahine i ia mea a hoʻohana parthenogenesis. ʻO ia, hana hou lākou iā lākou iho me ka ʻole o ka momona, a loaʻa i kā lākou poʻe keiki ka genotype like me ka makua hoʻokahi. Mahalo ia i parthenogenesis, ke hiki mai nā kūlana maikaʻi, e hoʻonui nui ana kā lākou helu i ka waihona i ka manawa pōkole loa: ʻo ka maʻa mau kēia ʻano hana o ka hana hou ʻana i daphnia i ka hopena o ka puna a me ke kauwela, ke nui ka meaʻai na lākou.
Penei ka hana hou ʻana i kēia hihia: waiho ʻia nā hua i loko o kahi lua kūikawā a hoʻomōhala me ka ʻole o ka momona. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana a puka mai kahi hua o daphnia hou, nā wahine i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a ma hope o 3-6 mau lā hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaka i kahi pōʻaiapuni hou. I kēlā manawa, mākaukau nā wahine i hōʻike hope loa ʻia e hānau.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei e ʻike ʻia he nui o daphnia hou i kēlā me kēia ʻohana, ke ulu wikiwiki nei kā lākou helu i loko o ka waihona wai, a i loko o ʻelua mau pule paha e hoʻopiha ʻia - ʻike ʻia kēia e ka ʻulaʻula o ka wai. Inā hoʻomaka ka liʻiliʻi o ka meaʻai, ʻikea nā kāne i ka heluna kanaka: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā wahine, a ʻike ʻia hoʻi e kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hāpai lākou i nā wahine, ma ke ʻano he hua i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka ephippia i kapa ʻia - he membrane chitinous ikaika e hiki ai iā lākou ke ola i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻohe o lākou hopohopo e pili ana i ke anuanu a i ʻole ka maloʻo ʻana o ka waihona wai, hiki iā lākou ke hāpai ʻia e ka makani me ka lepo, mai make ke hele i loko o ka ʻōnaehana digestive o nā holoholona. ʻOiai i loko o nā hopena o nā paʻakai ʻona ʻaʻole mālama iā lākou, hilinaʻi nui ʻia kā lākou iwi.
Akā, inā he maʻalahi no ka daphnia e hoʻohua e parthenogenesis, a laila koi nui ka hana ʻana i ka bisexual reproduction, a i nā ʻano he nui make nā wahine ma hope o ke kau ʻana i nā hua. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi, hānai ʻia ka hanauna hou o daphnia mai nā hua manu a hana hou e parthenogenesis. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā wahine wale nō e kū mai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike nā kāne i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe pehea e hoʻohua ai iā Daphnia. E ʻike kāua i nā mea weliweli e kali nei no ka daphnia i ka nāhelehele.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o daphnia
Kiʻi: nā hua hua Daphnia
Nui nā ʻenemi o kēlā mau mea liʻiliʻi a pale ʻole hoʻi - nā mea ʻaihue e hānai iā lākou.
ʻO:
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- palai;
- nahenahe;
- rana;
- nā larva o nā newts a me nā amphibians ʻē aʻe;
- nā kamaʻāina predatory ʻē aʻe o nā waihona.
ʻAʻole makemake nui nā iʻa nui a ʻoi paha i ka daphnia - no lākou he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia, kahi e koi nui ai i ka momona. Akā he mea nui ʻole kahi mea ʻē aʻe, no ka iʻa liʻiliʻi, inā nui ka daphnia i ka waihona, lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai nui.
Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā ʻano nui, no ka mea, no ka daphnia liʻiliʻi ko lākou nui e mālama ai - ʻoiai ʻaʻole e alualu kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi i kahi crustacean hapalua millimeter ka nui, kahi mea ʻē aʻe no ka nui o 3-5 mm. ʻO ia ka iʻa predator nui nāna e hoʻopau i ka daphnia, a hānai nā iʻa iʻa nui iā lākou. No lākou, ʻo daphnia kekahi o nā kumu waiwai nui.
Akā inā ʻaʻohe iʻa i loko o ka waihona wai, hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou e nā mea weliweli he nui: ʻai nā rana a me nā amphibian ʻē aʻe i nā mea nui, a ʻai pū nō hoʻi kā lākou larva i nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻAi nā kuhū a me nā mollusks predatory ʻē aʻe iā daphnia - ʻoiai hiki i kekahi o lākou ke hoʻāʻo e "lele" i ka daphnia, ʻokoʻa ka iʻa dexterous ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka genome o daphnia i wehe i nā mea hoihoi he nui no nā ʻepekema: ma kahi o 35% o nā huahana gen i loaʻa i ka genome he kū hoʻokahi, a maʻalahi loa i nā loli i ka wahi noho. ʻO ia no kēia e hoʻololi wikiwiki ka daphnia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Daphnia i ka wai
ʻO ka helu o daphnia e noho nei i nā kino wai o ka honua ma mua o ka helu ʻana - maopopo wale nō he nui loa ia a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ke ola ʻana o kēia genus. Noho lākou i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke ola ma mua. ʻOiai ʻo ka lawe ʻana iā lākou i waho i kahi kumu hiki ke paʻakikī.
No laila, loaʻa iā lākou ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻoweliweli liʻiliʻi a pale ʻole ʻia e ke kānāwai, hiki iā lākou ke hopu manuahi ʻia. ʻO kēia ka hana a nā mea nona nā aquarium he nui, e laʻa. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, inā kūʻai ʻoe i ka daphnia maloʻo no ka meaʻai iʻa, hiki ke hopu ʻia iā lākou i nā kino wai haumia a me nā wai ʻawahia.
ʻOhiʻohi pinepine ʻia lākou no ke kūʻai aku i ka wai lepo ma nā wahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa - ʻaʻohe iʻa ma laila, a no laila ʻo ia ka mea i hānai nui ʻia. Hōʻike hou kēia i ka maikaʻi o kā lākou, akā koho pono ʻoe iā lākou i kahi e hopu ai iā lākou, a i ʻole e ʻawahia ka iʻa. Lawe ʻia ʻo Daphnia i loko o kahi waihona wai maʻemaʻe a lilo i loko o kahi aquarium e lilo i mea hānai maikaʻi na lākou.
ʻIke hoihoi: Hiki i nā hanauna o Daphnia ke ʻano ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ke kino e pili ana i ke kau a lākou e ulu ai. ʻO kahi laʻana, loaʻa pinepine nā hanauna kauwela i ka mahiole elongated ma ke poʻo a me ka nila ma ka huelo. No ka hoʻoulu ʻana iā lākou, koi ʻia ka ikehu hou aku, ma muli o ka hopena, e emi ka momona o kēlā me kēia, akā hoʻāpono ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kūpuna e pale aku i nā mea ʻaihue.
I ke kauwela, nui ka nui o nā mea ʻino, a ma muli o kēia mau ulu ʻana, lilo i mea paʻakikī no kekahi o lākou e hopu iā Daphnia, a i kekahi manawa, a haki hoʻi ka nila o ko lākou huelo, no laila ʻo Daphnia e heʻe aku ai. I ka manawa like, aniani ka ulu, a no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke nānā aku ma muli o lākou.
Daphnia - kahi kamaʻāina liʻiliʻi a inconspicuous o nā loko iʻa, nā loko a me nā puddles hoʻi, e hana ana i nā hana e pono ai i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a he mea nui ka noiʻi ʻana na nā ʻepekema. ʻAe, a kamaʻāina nā mea nona nā aquarium iā lākou - ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi wale i ka daphnia maloʻo i ka iʻa, akā ʻo kēia mau crustacea lākou iho e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai.
Lā paʻi: 17.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/25/2019 ma 21:05
