ʻOlflio ʻīlio Marsupial Ua luku ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo karnivora Australia, kekahi o nā marsupial karnivorous kaulana loa, i ulu aʻe ma kahi o 4 miliona mau makahiki. Ua hopu pio ʻia ka holoholona ola hope loa i ka makahiki 1933 ma Tasmania. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka Tiger Tasmania no kāna kua i lalo i lalo, a i ʻole ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian no kāna mau kini canine.
ʻO ka ʻīlio hae wahine kekahi holoholona nui loa o ka honua. Akā ʻoiai kona kaulana, ʻo ia kekahi o Tasmania i hoʻomaopopo ʻole i nā lāhui ʻōiwi. Makaʻu nā poʻe noho ʻEulopa iā ia a no laila pepehi lākou iā ia. He kenekulia wale nō ia ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā poʻe noho keʻokeʻo a lawe ʻia ka holoholona i ka lihi o ka make. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike piha e pili ana i ka make ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae wahine ma aneʻi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻīlio wahine hihiu hae
Ua ʻike ʻia ka wolf wahine o kēia manawa ma kahi o 4 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā ʻano o ka ʻohana Thylacinidae no ka Miocene mua. Mai ka wā mua o ka makahiki 1990, ua ʻike ʻia ʻehiku ʻano holoholona o nā holoholona fossil ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka Lawn Hill National Park ma ka ʻākau komohana o Kuakini. ʻO ka wolf wahine wahine wahine a Dixon (Nimbacinus dicksoni) ka mea kahiko o nā mōʻalihaku ʻehiku i ʻike ʻia, mai ka makahiki 23 miliona i hala.
Wikiō: Wolowā wahine ʻīlio hae
Ua liʻiliʻi ka laha ma mua o kona mau ʻohana ma hope. ʻO ka lāhui nui loa, ʻo ka wolf marsupial ikaika loa (Thylacinus potens), kahi e like me ka nui o kahi ʻīlio hihiu maʻamau, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea ola i ka hopena o Miocene. I ka hopena o Pleistocene a me Holocene mua, ua pālahalaha nui ka hope o ka ʻīlio hae wahine (ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ia) ma Australia a me New Guinea.
ʻIke hoihoi: I ka 2012, ka pilina o ka ʻokoʻa ākea o nā ʻīlio hae wahine ma mua o ke aʻo ʻia ʻana o ko lākou pau ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa ʻo ka hope loa o nā ʻīlio hae wahine, me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka dingo, ua kaupalena ʻia nā ʻano moʻokūʻauhau ma muli o ke kaʻawale loa o ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa hou kahi noiʻi hou e hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā kānaka ma Australia
Hōʻike ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian i kahi laʻana o kahi evolution like i ka ʻohana Canidae o ka hemisphere ʻĀkau: nā niho ʻoi, nā āe ikaika, nā kuʻekuʻe i hāpai ʻia, a me ke ʻano o ke kino like. Ma muli o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae wahine i kahi niche kaiaola like ma ʻAukekulelia e like me ka ʻohana ʻīlio ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua ulu ka nui o nā ʻano like. ʻOiai kēia, ʻaʻole pili kona ʻano marsupial me kekahi o nā mea ʻino o ka māmare placental o ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Marsupial, a i ʻole ʻīlio hihiu Tasmanian
Loaʻa nā wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae wahine i nā mea ola, nā mōʻalihaku, nā ʻili a me nā koena iwi, a me nā kiʻi ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo hoʻi a me nā moʻolelo ma nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kahiko. Ua like ka holoholona me kahi ʻīlio lauoho lauoho pōkole nui me ka huelo ʻoʻoleʻa, a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i waho o ke kino e like me ke ʻano o ka kangaroo. ʻO ka loiloi makua he lōʻihi o 100 a 130 cm, a me kahi huelo o 50 a 65 cm. ʻO ke kaumaha i kau ʻia mai 20 a 30 kg. Aia kekahi dimorphism moekolohe iki.
ʻO nā kiʻi a pau o ʻAukekulelia i ʻike ʻia o nā ʻīlio wahine ola marsupial i kiʻi ʻia ma Hobart Zoo, Tasmania, akā aia ʻelua mau kiʻi ʻē aʻe i kiʻi ʻia ma London Zoo. ʻO ka lauoho melemele-ʻeleʻele o ka holoholona he 15 a 20 mau kaha ʻeleʻele i ke kua, ka ʻūlū a me ke kumu o ka huelo, no ka mea i loaʻa iā lākou ka inoa inoa "tiger". Hoʻomaopopo hou ʻia nā kaha i nā ʻōpio a nalowale i ke ʻano o ka holoholona. ʻO kekahi o nā kaha i hoʻonui ʻia i hope o ka ʻūhā.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: He mau ʻāʻī ikaika nā ʻīlio Marsupial me nā niho 46, a ua hoʻolako ʻia ko lākou mau wāwae me nā māiʻuʻu ʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia. I nā wahine, aia ka ʻeke kamaliʻi ma hope o ka huelo a loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻili o ka ʻili e uhi ana i nā gland mammary ʻehā.
Mānoanoa a palupalu ka lauoho o kona kino, a 15 mm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu mai ka brown brown a brown brown, a momona ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā pepeiao poepoe, pololei o ka ʻīlio hae wahine ma kahi o 8 cm ka lōʻihi a uhi ʻia me ka hulu pōkole. He mau huelo mānoanoa, mānoanoa hoʻi lākou a me nā muzzles kūiki hoʻi me nā lauoho sensory he 24. He māka keʻokeʻo ko lākou kokoke i nā maka a me nā pepeiao a puni ka lehelehe luna.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe inā paha ua pau ka ʻīlio hae wahine ʻaʻole paha. E nānā ma hea kahi i noho ai ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian.
Ma hea i noho ai ka ʻīlio wahine hae wahine?
Kiʻi: nā ʻīlio hae Marsupial
Ua makemake paha ka holoholona i nā ululāʻau eucalyptus maloʻo, nā wahi kai a me nā mauʻu ma ka ʻāina nui Australia. Hōʻike nā kālai pōhaku kūloko o Australia i ka noho ʻana o thylacin ma waena o ka ʻāina nui Australia a me New Guinea. ʻO nā hōʻike o ka noho ʻana o ka holoholona ma ka ʻāina nui kahi kino kupapaʻu i ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi ana ma ka Nullarbor Plain ma 1990. ʻO nā kapuwai makaikai i mākaʻikaʻi hou ʻia e kuhikuhi pū ana hoʻi i ka mahele o ka mōʻaukala i ka mokupuni ʻo Kangaroo.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka laulā prehistoric kumu o nā ʻīlio hae wahine, i kapa ʻia ʻo Tasmanian a i ʻole thylacins, i māhele ʻia:
- i ka hapa nui o Australia nui;
- Pāpua Nūkini;
- komohana komohana o Tasmania.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia pae e nā kiʻi ana like ʻole, e like me nā mea i loaʻa e Wright ma 1972, a me nā hōʻiliʻili o nā iwi i radiocarbon i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka makahiki 180 ma mua. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka bastion hope loa o nā ʻīlio hae wahine wahine ʻo Tasmania, kahi i huli ʻia ai lākou e pau.
Ma Tasmania, ua aloha ʻo ia i nā ulu lāʻau ulu waena a me nā wahi neoneo kahakai, a ʻo ia ka mea i lilo i wahi nui no nā kamaʻāina Pelekane e ʻimi nei i kahi e ʻai ai kā lākou holoholona. ʻO ke kala onionio, e hāʻawi ai i nā camouflage i nā kūlana nahele, a lilo i kumu nui no ka ʻike holoholona. He ʻano kūloko kūloko ko ka ʻīlio hae wahine, 40 a 80 km².
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻīlio wahine hae?
Kiʻi: wolfwahine marsupial Tasmanian
ʻO nā ʻīlio wahine ʻo Marsupial. Maliʻa paha, i hoʻokahi manawa, kekahi o nā lāhui a lākou i ʻai ai he ʻano maʻamau o emu. He manu nui lele ʻole ia i kaʻana like i ka wahi noho o ka ʻīlio hae a ua luku ʻia e nā kānaka a me nā mea ʻaihue e hoʻolauna ʻia e lākou ma kahi o 1850, kūlike pū me ka hoʻēmi o koulacine. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe noho ʻEulopa ua pio ka ʻīlio hae wahine i ka hipa a me nā manu o nā mahiʻai.
Ke nānā nei i nā laʻana like ʻole o nā iwi mai ka pūnana o ka ʻīlio hae Tasmanian, ua ʻike ʻia nā koena.
- pā paia;
- nā posum;
- echidnas;
- ka hou;
- ʻōpū hānau;
- kangaroo;
- emu
Ua ʻike ʻia e hoʻopau wale nā holoholona i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke kino. Ma kēia mea, ua ala mai kahi kaʻao e makemake lākou e inu i ke koko. Eia nō naʻe, ʻai ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o kēia mau holoholona e ka ʻīlio hae hae, e like me ka momona o ke akepaʻa a me nā puʻupaʻa, nā aʻa ihu, a me kekahi mau ʻiʻo musele. ...
Mea leʻaleʻa: I ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea inu inu koko. Wahi a Robert Paddle, ua ala mai ke kaulana o kēia moʻolelo mai ka moʻolelo ʻelua wale nō a Jeffrey Smith (1881-1916) i lohe ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena kahu hipa.
Ua ʻike kekahi kanaka ululāʻau o Nūhōlia i nā lua o ka ʻīlio hae wahine, i piha hapalua i nā iwi, me nā mea o nā holoholona mahiʻai e like me nā keiki bipi a me nā hipa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka nāhelehele e ʻai wale kēia marsupial i nā mea make a hoʻi ʻole i kahi o ka pepehi kanaka. I ka pio ʻana, ʻai nā ʻīlio hae wahine i ka ʻiʻo.
Kuhi ʻia ka ʻōiwi skeletal a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia o ka ʻīlio hae wahine i hopu ʻia he holoholona ʻino ia. Ua makemake ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi holoholona a alualu a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka luhi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike kahi poʻe ʻimi ʻimi kūloko ua ʻike lākou i kahi ʻiʻo holoholona e ʻimi holoholona ana mai kahi hoʻohālua. Ua ʻimi paha nā holoholona i nā hui ʻohana liʻiliʻi, me ka hui nui e hoʻokele nei i kā lākou mea pio i kekahi ala, kahi i kali ai ka mea hoʻouka i kahi hoʻohālua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻīlio wahine hihiu marsupial
ʻOiai e hele wāwae ana, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ke ʻīlio hae wahine i kona poʻo e like me ka puaʻa e ʻimi ana i kahi ʻala, a kū mālie hoʻi e nānā i ke kaiapuni me kona poʻo e kiʻekiʻe. I nā zoo, hoʻolohe kēia mau holoholona i ka poʻe a ʻaʻole nānā i ka poʻe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ko lākou mau hunaola. ʻO ka mea i manaʻo ua hoʻomakapō ʻia lākou e ka lā. ʻO ka hapanui o ka manawa i ka manawa mālamalama o ka lā, hoʻi hope nā ʻīlio hae wahine i ko lākou mau lua, kahi i moe ai me he ʻīlio lā.
A ʻo ka neʻe ʻana, i ka makahiki 1863 ua palapala ʻia pehea ka lele lele ʻana o kahi wahine wahine wahine wahine Tasmanian i luna o ke kaupaku o kāna pā, i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2-2.5 m i ka lewa. ʻO ka mua ka hele wāwae o ka plantar, ke ʻano o ka hapanui o nā mea hānai mamala, kahi a ka diagonally ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e neʻe ʻokoʻa ai, akā ʻokoʻa nā ʻīlio hipa Tasmania i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wāwae āpau, e ʻae ana i ka kuʻekuʻe lōʻihi e hoʻopā i ka honua. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia hana no ka holo ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻīlio hae Marsupial e hoʻopuni ana i ko lākou mau wāwae inā pili wale nā uluna i ka papahele. Kū pinepine ka holoholona ma kona mau wāwae hope me kona mau forelimbs i hāpai ʻia, e hoʻohana ana i kona huelo no ke kaulike.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Aia kekahi mau hōʻeha i kākau ʻia ma luna o nā kānaka. Ua hana wale ʻia kēia i ka wā i hoʻouka ʻia a kihi ʻia nā ʻīlio hae wahine. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia he nui ko lākou ikaika.
ʻO Thilacin kahi pō a me kahi mea alualu i ka pō i ke ao i nā ana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā kumu lāʻau hollow i kahi pūnana o nā lālā, ʻili, a me nā ferns paha. I ke ao, ua maʻa mau ʻo ia i nā puʻu a me nā ululāʻau, a i ka pō ua alualu ʻo ia. Ua hoʻomaopopo nā mea nānā mua he ʻano hilahila a hūnā ka holoholona, me ka ʻike i ke alo o ka poʻe a pale pinepine i ka launa ʻana, ʻoiai i kekahi manawa ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano nīnau. I kēlā manawa, aia ke kolohe nui i ke ʻano "loko ʻino" o kēia holoholona.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: wolfwahine marsupial Tasmanian
He holoholona hūnā nā ʻīlio hū Tasmanian a ʻaʻole i maopopo maikaʻi ko lākou ʻano male. Hoʻokahi wale nō mau kāne a me nā wahine wahine wahine hae wahine i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hopu ʻia a make pū paha. Ua alakaʻi kēia i nā ʻepekema e kuhi manaʻo ua hui pū lākou no ka moena ʻana, akā he poʻe ʻaihue mehameha. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hōʻike i ka monogamy.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo nā ʻīlio wahine Marsupial wale nō i hānai maikaʻi ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pio ʻana ma Melbourne Zoo i 1899. ʻO ko lākou ola i ka wao nahele he 5 a 7 mau makahiki, ʻoiai i loko o nā hiʻohiʻona pio i ola a 9 mau makahiki.
ʻOiai aia he ʻikepili liʻiliʻi e pili ana i kā lākou hana, ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia kau, lawe ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona i ka nui loa o nā ʻīlio pēpē me ko lākou mau makuahine ma Mei, Iulai, ʻAukake a me Kepakemapa. Wahi a nā poʻe loea, ua hala ka manawa hānau ma kahi o 4 mau mahina a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi āpau o 2 mau mahina. Manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻomaka ka wahine e moʻo i ka hāʻule a loaʻa paha i ka lua o ka ʻōpala ma hope o nā lau mua. Hōʻike nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe i ka hana mau ʻana i loko o ka makahiki, akā ua kau ʻia i nā mahina kauwela (Kekemapa-Malaki). ʻAʻole maopopo ka manawa hānau.
Hana nui nā wahine o nā ʻīlio hae wahine i ka hānai ʻana i kā lākou ʻōpio. Ua kākau ʻia hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka manawa like no 3-4 mau pēpē, a ka makuahine i lawe ai i loko o kahi ʻeke e huli ana i hope a hiki i ko lākou hiki ʻole ke komo hou i laila. ʻAʻole lauoho a makapō nā leʻaleʻa liʻiliʻi, akā hāmama nā maka. Hoʻopili nā keiki i kāna mau nipples ʻehā. Manaʻo ʻia ua noho ka poʻe ʻōpio me ko lākou mau makuahine a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapalua o nā mākua a uhi ʻia i ka lauoho i kēia manawa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻīlio hihiu hae
Kiʻi: Wolf wahine hihiu hae
ʻO nā mea mākaʻi marsupial āpau ma ka moku Australasia, ʻo ka marsupial ka mea nui loa. ʻO ia nō kekahi o nā mea ʻimi ʻimi naʻaupō maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā ʻīlio hae Tasmanian, nona nā kumu i hoʻi mai i nā wā prehistoric, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hōkai nui i nā kaula ʻai, a he mea hiki ʻole paha ke ʻimi i kēia holoholona ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ʻEulopa.
ʻOiai ʻo kēia, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻīlio hae wahine i make loa ma muli o ka ʻāhiu hihiu o nā kānaka. Hiki ke huli maʻalahi ʻia ka huli holoholona makana i ʻāpono ʻia e ke aupuni i nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala e ola nei o ka hoʻomāinoino holoholona. I ka hala ʻana o 18 a i ka mua o 19 mau kenekulia, ka luku nui ʻana i ka mea a ka poʻe i manaʻo ai he "malefactor malicious" i hoʻopuni ʻia i ka heluna lehulehu holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻolauna ka hoʻokūkū kanaka i nā lāhui invasive e like me nā ʻīlio dingo, nā ʻalopeke, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokūkū i nā ʻano ʻōiwi no ka meaʻai. ʻO kēia luku ʻia ʻana o nā ʻīlio hae wahine Tasmanian i hoʻoikaika i ka holoholona e lanakila ma luna o ka piko kiko. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka luku ʻia o kekahi o ko ʻAseteria mau mākua karnivorous kamahaʻo loa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua hōʻike pū kekahi kahi noiʻi 2012 inā ʻaʻole ia no ka hopena epidemiological, e pale ʻia ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae wahine a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia hoʻi.
Maliʻa paha he nui nā kumu i kōkua i ka emi a hopena ʻana o ka hopena, e like me ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me nā ʻīlio hihiu i lawe ʻia mai e nā poʻe noho ʻEulopa, ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nohona, ka luku pū ʻia o nā holoholona predator a me nā maʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā holoholona o Australia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: nā ʻīlio hae wahine hope loa
Lilo loa ka holoholona i ka hopena o 1920. I ka makahiki 1928, ua paipai ke Kōmike Aʻoaʻo kūloko ʻo Fauna kūloko ʻo Tasmanian i ka hana ʻana i kahi mālama kūlohelohe, e like me ka Savage River National Park, e pale aku i nā poʻe i koe, me nā wahi kūpono o kahi kūpono kūpono. ʻO ka wolf wahine make loa i make ʻia i loko o ka nāhelehele i kī ʻia i ka makahiki 1930 e Wilf Batty, kahi mahiʻai mai Maubanna ma ke komohana ʻākau komohana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka ʻīlio hae wahine hope i hopu ʻia, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Beniamina", i paʻa ʻia i ke awāwa ʻo Florentine e ʻEliaseta Churchill ma 1933 a hoʻouna ʻia i ka Hobart Zoo, kahi i noho ai ʻo ia no ʻekolu mau makahiki. Ua make ʻo ia ma ka lā 7 Kepakemapa 1936. Hōʻike ʻia kēia predator marsupial i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hope loa i ʻike ʻia o kahi hōʻike ola: 62 kekona ʻeleʻele a me nā kiʻi keʻokeʻo.
ʻOiai nā hulina he nui, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi hōʻike paʻa e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i ka nāhelehele. Ma waena o 1967 a me 1973, ua alakaʻi ʻo Zoologist D. Griffith a me ka mahiʻai waiū ʻo D. Mally i kahi hulina ikaika, e like me ka noiʻi piha loa ma kahakai o Tasmania, ke kau ʻana i nā kāmela kāmela, nā noiʻi ʻana o ka hana i hōʻike ʻia, a i ka makahiki 1972 ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Marsupial Wolf Expeditionary Research Group. me Kauka Bob Brown, ka mea i loaʻa ʻole kahi hōʻike o ke ola.
ʻOlflio ʻīlio Marsupial Loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o kahi ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau i ka Red Book a hiki i nā 1980s. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana o ka honua i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i kahi holoholona ua make a hiki i ka hala ʻana o 50 mau makahiki me ka ʻole o kahi moʻolelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau makahiki ʻaʻohe hōʻoia paʻa o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻīlio hae, ua hoʻomaka kona kūlana e hālāwai me kēia pae mana. No laila, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka laha e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i ka makahiki 1982, a me ke aupuni Tasmanian i ka makahiki 1986. Ua kāpae ʻia kēia ʻano mai Appendix I o ka Endangered Species Trade of Wild Fauna (CITES) i ka makahiki 2013.
Lā paʻi: 09.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 21:05
