Lapwing ka poʻe ʻōlinolino o nā ʻāina ākea. ʻIke maopopo ʻole ʻia ia no kona silhouette lōʻihi-hulu, ʻāpana poni ʻeleʻele a me kona leo. ʻO kēia ka laha ākea ākea loa i ka genus o lapwings - ʻo Vanellus vanellus, i ʻike ʻia i ko mākou ʻāina ma lalo o ka inoa lua o ka puaʻa.
Ke kāhea aku nei ko ʻEulopa ma nā ʻāina like ʻole: Belarusians - kigalka, Ukrainians - kiba, Kelemania - kiebitz, Pelekania - peewit. I ka uē hysterical o kēia mau manu, ua lohe ka poʻe Slav i ka uē huikau ʻole a nā makuahine kūpilikiʻi a me nā wahine kāne make, no laila ua kiaʻi ʻia nā lapwings a mahalo ʻia i ko lākou mau ʻāina. Ua manaʻo ʻia he hōʻino ʻia e pepehi i nā manu makua a luku i ko lākou mau pūnana.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Chibis
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Vanellus e ka mea loea zalani Palani ʻo Jacques Brisson i ka makahiki 1760. ʻO Vanellus kahi Lakina waena no "wing wing". ʻO ka taxonomy o ka genus ka mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa. ʻAʻole hiki i ka loiloi nui ke ʻae ʻia ma waena o ka poʻe akeakamai. Ua ʻike ʻia he 24 mau ʻano o ka lapwings.
Video: Chibis
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Morphological kahi hui huikau o nā apomorphic a me nā plesiomorphic i kēlā me kēia ʻano, me nā pili maopopo. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka ʻikepili Molecular i ka lawa o ka ʻike, ʻoiai i kēia hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia me ka ʻoluʻolu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I ke kenekulia 18, he mea ʻono maikaʻi ka lapwing hua manu ma luna o nā papa kiʻekiʻe o nā aliʻi hanohano ma Victorian Europe. Ua koi ʻo Frederick ʻAukake II o Sakona iā Malaki 1736 i ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana o nā hua hua hou. ʻOiai ʻo Chancellor Otto von Bismarck i loaʻa he 101 mau hua hua mai iā Jever no kāna lā hānau.
Ua pāpā ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā hua lapwing a puni ka Europa. I ka Netherlands, ʻae ʻia e hōʻiliʻili i nā hua manu i ka panalāʻau o Friesland a hiki i ka 2006. Akā he leʻaleʻa kaulana ia e ʻimi i ka hua mua o ka makahiki a hāʻawi i ka mōʻī. Hele he haneli mau poʻe i ka nāhelehele a me nā wahi hānai i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka mea e ʻike i ka hua mua, mahalo ʻia ʻo ia me he meʻe lāhui.
I kēia lā, no ka ʻimi wale nō, a i ka wā kahiko, e ʻohiʻohi i nā hua mākala, pono ka laikini. I kēia lā, hele nā mea hoihoi i ka nāhelehele a māka i nā pūnana i hiki i nā mahiʻai ke hoʻohuli a puni iā lākou a kiaʻi paha i nā pūnana i hiki ʻole ke hehi ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu ʻūlapa
ʻO Lapwing he manu 28-33 cm ka lōʻihi, me ka ʻēheu o 67-87 knm a me ke kino o 128-330 g. ʻO nā ʻēheu ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo poni nā lōʻihi, ākea a poepoe. ʻO nā hulu mua ʻekolu i poʻo keʻokeʻo. Loaʻa i kēia manu nā wāwae pōkole loa mai ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o ka poʻe hahai holoholona. ʻO ka hapanui o nā lapwings me ke kala ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo, akā he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ko ka hope. ʻO kā lākou plumage ma nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo, a mai ka umauma a i ka lei kala ʻeleʻele.
Loaʻa i nā kāne kahi kikoʻī lahilahi a lōʻihi hoʻi e like me ke kalaunu ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele ka puʻu a me ka umauma a ʻokoʻa me ka helehelena keʻokeʻo, a aia kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ākea ma lalo o kēlā me kēia maka. ʻAʻohe o nā kaha ʻōniʻoniʻo o ka wahine ma ka plumage ma ke alo e like me ke kāne, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole pōkole. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻano like lākou me nā kāne.
I nā manu ʻōpio, ʻoi ka pōkole o ke poʻo ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o nā wahine a he ʻeleʻele kona kala, ʻoi aku ka dimmer o kā lākou plumage ma mua o ke kanaka makua. ʻO nā lapwings e pili ana i ka nui o ka manu nunu a nānā ikaika loa. ʻO keʻokeʻo o lalo o ke kino keokeo, a aia he pale ʻeleʻele ma ka umauma. I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōlelo o nā kihi, ʻoiai i ka wahine ʻoi aku ka paler a me nā ʻaoʻao blurred, e hui pū me nā ʻōmole keʻokeʻo o ka umauma.
He lōʻihi ko ke kāne, he hulu pōkole ko ka wahine ma ke poʻo. Keʻokeʻo nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. Ma kahi wale nō o ka maka a me ke kumu o ka nuku e ʻumeʻume ai nā holoholona. Ma ʻaneʻi ʻeleʻele loa nā kāne a loaʻa i kahi ʻāʻī ʻeleʻele ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka wā hānau. He puʻu keʻokeʻo ko nā kāne ʻōpio a me nā makahiki o nā makahiki āpau. Pālahalaha ākea a poepoe nā ʻeheu, i kūlike i ka inoa Pelekania o ka lapwing - "lapwing" ("Helical wing").
Ma hea e noho ai ka moe?
Kiʻi: Manu ʻūlapa
ʻO Lapwing (V. vanellus) he manu neʻe i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Palaearctic. Uhi kona laulā iā ʻEulopa, ke Kaiwaenahonua, Kina, ʻApelika ʻĀkau, Mongolia, Thailand, Kōlea, Vietnam, Laos a me ka hapa nui o Rūsia. Hana ka neʻe kauwela i ka hopena o Mei, ke pau ka wā hānau. Hana ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ke kauwela mai Kepakemapa a Nowemapa, ke haʻalele ka poʻe ʻōpio i ko lākou mau wahi hānau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hiki i nā mamao o ka neʻe ʻana mai 3000 a 4000 km. Ke moe hibernates hou nei ʻo Lapwing i ka hema, a hiki i ʻAkau ʻAkau, ʻākau ʻo India, Pakistan a me kekahi mau wahi o Kina. Hele nui ʻo ia i ka lā, pinepine i nā pūʻā nui. Noho mau nā manu mai nā ʻaoʻao komohana o ʻEulopa a ʻaʻole neʻe e neʻe.
Lele koke ʻo Lapwing i kā lākou mau pūnaewele pūnana, kahi mai ka hopena o Pepeluali a ʻApelila. I ka wā mua, e hāwele i nā wahi pohopoho a me nā wahi kai paʻakai ma kahakai. I kēia mau lā ke ola nui nei ka manu ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ma nā mea kanu me nā wahi pulu a me nā wahi me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu. No ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana, makemake ʻo ia e noho i nā kula pulu a me nā wahi ulu mauʻu, i uhi ʻia me nā ululāʻau laha ʻole, ʻoiai nā lehulehu e hoʻouluulu ʻole ʻana e hoʻohana i nā kula ākea, nā kula pulu, nā ʻāina i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā kapa muliwai a me nā wahi like like.
Kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana ma ka honua i ka uhi mauʻu haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o 10 cm). ʻAʻole makaʻu ka manu e noho kokoke i ka poʻe ma ke ʻano he kanaka. ʻO ka lele lele nui. Hiki wawe nā lapwings, aia nō ka hau ma nā kula a me ke ʻano ino o ke aniau i kekahi manawa e hoʻokau i ka lele ʻana i nā wahi hema.
He aha ka ʻai a ka lapwing?
Kiʻi: Lapwing mai ka Red Book
ʻO Lapwing kahi ʻano i hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka noho ʻana i nā kūlana anilā. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā hoʻoilo anuanu me ka ua nui e hoʻopili maikaʻi i nā lako meaʻai. ʻAi pinepine kēia ʻano i nā ʻohana hui, kahi e loaʻa ai nā plovers gula a me nā ʻāpala ʻeleʻele, ʻaihue pinepine ka mea hope iā lākou, akā hāʻawi i kahi pale mai nā mea ʻino. Hoʻoikaika nā lapwings i ke ao a me ka pō, akā ʻo kekahi manu, e like me nā plovers gula, makemake e hānai i ka pō ke loaʻa ka mahina.
Aloha ʻo Lapwing e ʻai:
- nā mea kolo;
- larva ʻelima;
- ilo:
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- ʻūlū liʻiliʻi;
- na anoano.
ʻImi ʻo ia i nā anuenue e like me ka ʻeleʻele i ka māla, kū, kūlou ke poʻo i ka lepo a hoʻolohe. I kekahi manawa kīkēkē ʻo ia i ka honua a hehi wāwae paha i kona mau wāwae e kipaku ai i nā ʻenehu mai ka honua. ʻO ke kaulike o nā meaʻai kanu hiki ke kiʻekiʻe loa. Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻanoʻano o nā mauʻu a me nā mea kanu. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻai ʻoliʻoli i nā poʻo beet kō. Eia nō naʻe, nā ilo, invertebrates, iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai.
ʻO nā Earthworms a me nā trigfish kahi kumu nui o nā meaʻai no nā keiki moa no ka mea māʻona lākou i ka pono o ka ikehu a maʻalahi hoʻi e loaʻa. Hāʻawi ʻo Grassland i ka kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻenuhe, a hāʻawi ka ʻāina mahi i ka manawa liʻiliʻi o ka hānai ʻana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Chibis
Lele wikiwiki ʻo Lapwings, akā ʻaʻole wikiwiki loa. He palupalu a maʻalahi hoʻi nā neʻe o ko lākou ʻeheu. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manu i ka lewa ma muli o kā lākou ʻano, lele lele oscillating. Lele mau nā manu i ke ao i nā hipa liʻiliʻi elongated transversely. Hiki i ka lapwing ke hele wāwae maikaʻi a wikiwiki hoʻi i ka honua. Pili ʻino loa kēia mau manu a hiki ke hana i nā pūʻā nui.
I ka pūnāwai hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i nā leʻaleʻa melodic leʻaleʻa, akā i ka wā e hopohopo ai nā lapwings e kekahi mea, hana lākou i ka leo nui, a me ka ihu, a me nā kani ʻū, ʻokoʻa loa i ka leo, ke kani a me ke tempo. ʻAʻole hōʻike wale kēia mau hōʻailona i nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka makaʻu, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke kipaku aku i kahi ʻenemi lohi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: kamaʻilio ʻo Lapwings me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mele lele, kahi o kahi kaʻina kikoʻī o nā ʻano lele i hui pū ʻia me ke kaʻina o nā kani.
Hoʻomaka koke nā lele mele ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka lā a he pōkole a wikiwiki ʻole. Hele kēia i hoʻokahi hola a laila hāmau nā mea āpau. Hiki i nā manu ke hana i nā leo kūloko kūikawā ke uē lākou me ka hoʻoweliweli weliweli, e waiho ana i ko lākou pūnana (maʻa mau i kahi papa hīmeni) ke hoʻokokoke ka pilikia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mua loa i ka nāhelehele, nona ka ʻike ʻepekema i hōʻoia ʻia, ua hōʻea i ka makahiki 20.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua moe
Makemake ʻo Lapwing i nā pūnaewele pūnana me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu a me ka uhi haʻahaʻa o nā mea kanu ʻāina. I Malaki nō, hiki i kekahi ke nānā i nā hula moena i nā kāne, ʻo ia hoʻi nā huli a puni ke axis, nā huakaʻi liʻiliʻi i lalo a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonohonoho ka lapwing i mea maʻamau no ka wā hānau. Ke heʻe aʻe i ka ʻaoʻao i ka wā lele, lele ka ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo o ka ʻēheu i luna. Hiki i nā mokulele male ke lōʻihi loa.
Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā kāne i ka wahi hānau, ua noho koke kēia mau wahi. Piʻi ke kāne i ka honua a moe i mua, no laila ʻike nui ʻia ka hulu chestnut a me ka huelo ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo e hohola ana. ʻIke ke kāne i kekahi mau lua, kahi a ka wahine e koho ai i hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano he wahi pūnana. He puha ka pūnana ma ka honua i uhi liʻiliʻi ʻia me ka mauʻu maloʻo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā pūnana o nā pālua like ʻole o kekahi me kekahi. Aia nā mea maikaʻi i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa i nā kolone. ʻAe kēia i nā kāne e kūleʻa hou aku i ka pale ʻana i kā lākou mau puaʻa, keu hoʻi mai nā hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka ea. I ka wā maikaʻi ʻole, hoʻopaneʻe ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomoe hua manu. Inā nalowale nā hua i kau mua ʻia, moe hou ka wahine. He ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā hua manu a he nui nā kiko ʻeleʻele e uhi maka iā lākou me ka maikaʻi.
ʻIke hoihoi: Hoʻomoe ka wahine i mau hua i waenakonu o ka pūnana me ka wī ʻoi, e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻa i ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana lau ʻehā. Hoʻomaopopo kēia hoʻonohonoho i ka wā e noho ana ka masonry i ka wahi liʻiliʻi a hiki ke uhi ʻia a hoʻomehana loa ʻia. Loaʻa i ka pūnana he 4 mau hua. Kū ka manawa hoʻouluulu mai 24 a 28 mau lā.
Haʻalele koke nā Chicks i ka pūnana, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole ma hope o ka hatching. Hoʻonāukiuki pinepine nā mākua e neʻe me nā moa i nā wahi kahi e loaʻa ai nā kūlana maikaʻi maikaʻi. Mai ka lā 31 a 38, hiki i nā moa ke lele. I kekahi manawa ua hoʻomoe hou ka wahine i nā hua, ʻoiai ke hana mau nei ke kāne i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa mai ka hua mua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka lapwings
Kiʻi: Manu ʻūlapa
Nui nā ʻenemi o ka manu, peʻe lākou i nā wahi āpau o ka lewa a me ka honua. He mea hana maikaʻi ʻo Lapwings, manu makua, i ka weliweli e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohālike ua ʻeha ko lākou ʻēheu a huki lākou iā ia ma ka honua, e ʻumeʻume i ka manaʻo o ka ʻenemi a pēlā e pale ai i kā lākou mau hua a i ʻole kā lākou keiki. I ka hihia o ka makaʻu, hūnā lākou i nā mea kanu, kahi o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo e ʻike i kahi ʻano maikaʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: inā loaʻa ka makaʻu, hāʻawi nā mākua i kā lākou mau keiki i nā hōʻailona kūikawā a me nā hōʻailona kani, a hāʻule nā keiki ʻōpio i ka honua a hoʻopaʻa i ka neʻe. Ma muli o kā lākou plumage pouli, i kahi kūlana kū e like lākou me ka pōhaku a i ʻole ka pōhaku o ka honua a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia e nā ʻenemi mai ka lewa.
Hiki i nā mākua ke hoʻokō i nā hoʻouka hoʻopunipuni ma luna o nā ʻenemi honua, no laila ke kāohi nei i nā mea ʻino mai ka pūnana a i ʻole nā keiki liʻiliʻi i hiki ʻole ke lele.
Hoʻopili nā mea ʻino kūlohelohe i nā holoholona e like me:
- manu ʻeleʻele (C. Corone);
- ʻōkohu kai (L. marinus);
- ermine (M. erminea);
- manu ʻohi manu (L. argentatus);
- ʻalopeke (V. Vulpes);
- nā pōpoki kūloko (F. catus);
- hawks (Accipitrinae);
- puaʻa ʻāhiu (S. scrofa);
- martens (Martes).
E like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu o nā ʻalopeke a me nā boars hihiu ma kekahi mau wahi ma muli o ka nele o nā holoholona kikokiko nui aʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou mana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lapwings. ma ka helu o ka lapwings no kekahi mau makahiki. Eia hou, nā parasites a me nā maʻi infectious i hoʻopilikia i ka heluna manu. Eia nō naʻe, ko lākou ʻenemi maikaʻi loa ke kāne. Hoʻopau ia i ko lākou wahi noho ma o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu ʻūlapa
I nā makahiki he 20 i hala aku nei, ua ʻeha nā hela poʻe i ka 50% o ka nalo, me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui o nā wahi hānau ma ʻEulopa holoʻokoʻa. I ka wā ma mua, ua hōʻole nā helu no ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka wai wai a me ka hōʻiliʻili hua.
I kēia lā, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka lapwings hānau e:
- hoʻolauna kūlike o nā hana hou o ka mahiʻai a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai;
- hoʻoweliweli pū ʻia nā wahi neʻe o ka lāhui ma ke kapakai ʻo Baletika ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia o ka aila, ka ulu nui ʻana o nā kumulāʻau ma muli o nā hoʻololi o ka hoʻokele ʻāina, a no ka ʻāina haʻalele hoʻi;
- luku ka mahi ʻana i ka pūnāwai i nā paʻa i nā mahina ʻai mahi ʻai, a hiki i ke ʻano o nā mammal hou ke lilo i pilikia no nā pūnana;
- ke ʻoki ʻana i nā kula, kā lākou momona nui, ka pīpī ʻana me nā lāʻau make, nā pesticides, nā biocides, e ʻānai ana i kahi nui o nā holoholona.
- hoʻoliʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu, a i ʻole lilo ia i anuanu a me ka malu.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka heluna kanaka a me ka nalo ʻana o nā pūnaewele hānau ma Armenia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli e hoʻonui ana i ka hoʻohana ʻāina a me ka hopu holoholona, akā pono ʻia kahi noiʻi hou e wehewehe i nā hoʻoweliweli. Nui ka hana a ka lehulehu e kōkua ai i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka nohona lapwing ma o ka Polokalamu Pilikino Kūlohelohe.
Kahu kiaʻi
Kiʻi: Manu ʻūlū mai ka puke Red
Ke ʻimi nei nā lapwings i nā wahi pūnana hou, ʻaʻole e hōʻemi wale ana kā lākou helu i nā wahi pale a i ʻole nā wahi maikaʻi o ke aniau, no ka laʻana, ma nā kahakai a me nā wahi mahiʻai maoli. ʻO nā ana aupuni ma nā ʻāina he nui o ʻEulopa e hōʻike ana i ka emi mau o ka helu o nā kānaka. ʻO ka helu o nā laha i hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā wahi hānai i ʻāina mahi ʻai a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā wahi ulu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua helu ʻia ʻo Lapwing i ka papa inoa ʻulaʻula o IUCN o nā ʻano hoʻoweliweli mai ka makahiki 2017, a he lālā nō hoʻi ia o ka ʻAelike ʻAmelika Migratory Waterfowl Conservation (AEWA).
Ke hāpai nei ka hui i nā koho ma lalo o kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo Grasslands for Ground Nesting Birds. Hāʻawi ʻia nā wahi kolohe ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi o 2 ha i kahi noho pūnana a aia i nā māla mahi ʻai kūpono e hāʻawi ai i kahi wahi hānai hou. Ke loaʻa nei nā wahi ma kahi o 2 km o nā wahi hānai hānai e hāʻawi i nā wahi hou aʻe no ka mahi ʻai.
Lapwing ʻo ia ka manu o ka makahiki o Russia 2010. Ke hana nui nei ka Union for the Conservation of Birds o ko mākou ʻāina e helu i kāna helu, hoʻoholo i nā mea kaohi no ka hana hou ʻana a wehewehe i ka lehulehu i ka pono o ka pale ʻana i kēia laha.
Lā paʻi: 15.06.2019
Lā hou: 09/23/2019 ma 18:23
