ʻ otkini kai He lālā wai ia o ka ʻohana mustelid e noho nei ma kahakai Pākīpika ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAsia. Noho ka poʻe otters moana i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ka wai, akā i kekahi manawa hele lākou i uka e hiamoe ai hoʻomaha paha. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻāpana kai nā kapuwai pūnaewele, kahi huluhulu pale wai e mālama ai i ka maloʻo a mehana, a me nā puka ihu a me nā pepeiao e pili ana i ka wai.
Ua puka ka huaʻōlelo "kalan" ma Lūkia mai ka Koryak kalag (kolakh) a unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano "holoholona". Ma mua, ua hoʻohana lākou i ka inoa "beaver kai", i kekahi manawa "Kamchatka beaver" a i ʻole "kai otter". I nā ʻāina ʻōlelo Pelekania, hoʻohana ʻia ka inoa "kai otter".
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kalan
ʻO nā otters kai nā lālā nui loa o ka ʻohana Mustelidae (mustelids). Kū hoʻokahi ka holoholona i ka hana ʻole o nā lua, ʻaʻohe ona anal anal a hiki iā ia ke ola i kona ola holoʻokoʻa i ka wai. ʻOkoʻa loa ke kai otter mai nā mustelid ʻē aʻe i ka makahiki 1982, ua manaʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema ua pili loa ia i nā sila me ka pepeiao ʻole.
Hōʻike ka loiloi genetic ʻo nā pili kokoke loa o ke kai otter ka ʻApelika a me ka Cape clawless otter a me ka hikina nāwaliwali nāwaliwali. Aia ko lākou kūpuna maʻamau ma kahi o 5 mil. makahiki aku nei.
Hōʻike nā Fossil ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laina Enhydra ma ka Pākīpika ʻĀkau ma kahi o 2 mil. i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, e alakaʻi ana i ka nalowale o Enhydra macrodonta a me ka puka ʻana o ka otter kai o kēia manawa, ʻo Enhydra lutris. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā kai hāters i kēia manawa ma ka ʻākau o Hokkaido a ma Rūsia, a laila pālahalaha aku i ka hikina.
Video: Kalan
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā cetaceans a me nā pinnipeds, i komo i loko o ka wai ma kahi o 50, 40, a me 20 mil. i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, pili ka poʻe ʻotera kai i ka ola kai. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi piha lākou i ka wai ma mua o nā pinnipeds, i pae i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka hau e hānau ai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka genome o ka otter kai ʻākau i ka makahiki 2017, e ʻae ai i ke aʻo ʻana i ka divergence evolution of the holoholona.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: ʻĀlika kai holoholona
ʻO ka otter kai kahi mammal kai liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo kekahi o nā lālā nui loa o ka ʻohana Mustelidae, kahi hui e komo pū ana me nā skunks a me nā wea. Hiki i nā kāne makua i ka awelika o 1.4 m me ke kaupaona maʻamau o 23-45 kg. Ka lōʻihi o ka wahine 1.2 m, ke kaumaha 20 kg. ʻO ke kai otters kahi buoyant, kino elongated, kahi muʻupuʻu a me kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi a ākea. He ʻano pilau ko lākou a hiki ke ʻike maikaʻi ma luna a ma lalo hoʻi o ka wai.
Loaʻa nā adaptive o ke kai e kōkua iā lākou e ola i kahi kai paʻakikī.
- kōkua nā koholā lōʻihi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā haʻalulu i loko o ka wai lepo;
- ʻO nā forelegs sensitive me nā māiʻuʻu retractable kōkua i ka huluhulu hulu, loaʻa a hopu pio, a hoʻohana i nā pono hana;
- Pūnaewele nā ʻūhā hope o ke kai otter a ʻano like me nā palaka, hoʻohana pū ka holoholona iā lākou me ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ke kino e neʻe i loko o ka wai;
- hoʻohana ʻia kahi huelo lōʻihi a pālahalaha ʻia e like me ka hoe uli no ka hoʻohui hou ʻia;
- ʻo ka hoʻolohe ʻana he manaʻo ia i hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei ka noiʻi e makaʻala loa lākou i nā kani pinepine.
- kū hoʻokahi nā niho i ka maka o ia mea a hoʻolālā ʻia e haki;
- ke kino o ke kai otter, koe ka ihu a me nā pale paw, ua uhi ʻia me ka hulu mānoanoa, nona nā papa ʻelua. ʻO ka undercoat ʻeleʻele pōkole nui loa (1 miliona mau lauoho i kēlā me kēia mika mika), e hoʻolilo ana iā ia i momona o nā māmela āpau.
ʻO kahi pale o ka lauoho lōʻihi, wai ʻole, pale pale e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka undercoat e ka mālama ʻana i ka wai anuanu mai kou ʻili. He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ke kala me nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi hina, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī i ke kala ma mua o ke kino. ʻAʻole like me nā māmela moana ʻē aʻe e like me nā sila a me nā liona kai, ʻaʻohe momona o ke kai otters, no laila pili lākou i kēia hulu mānoanoa, pale wai ʻole e hoʻomehana i ke anuanu a me ka Moana Pākīpika.
Ma hea e noho ai ke kai otter?
Kiʻi: Calan (kai otter)
Noho ke kai otters i nā kai kahakai me kahi hohonu o 15 a 23 m a aia ma loko o ⅔ kilomita mai ke kahakai. E koho paha lākou i nā wahi i pale ʻia mai ka makani ikaika o ka moana, e like me nā kahakai pōhaku, nā limu pākuʻu a me nā ʻaʻa ākea. ʻOiai pili ikaika nā otters kai me nā substrates pōhaku, hiki nō iā lākou ke noho i nā wahi kahi i haku ʻia ka wahi kai i ka lepo, ka one a i ʻole ka silt. Ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou palena ʻākau e ka hau, no ka mea hiki i ke kai otter ke ola i ka holo ʻana o ka hau, ʻaʻole naʻe ma ka hau hau.
I kēia lā, ʻekolu mau ʻāpana o E. lutris e ʻike ʻia:
- ʻo ke kai otter a ʻo ʻAsiatic (E. lutris lutris) kahi e noho ai mai nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril a i ka ʻākau a i nā ʻAilana Komohana ma ke komohana Pākīpika.
- aia ke kai hema hema a Kaleponi paha (E. lutris nereis) aia ma ke kapakai o Kaleponi waena;
- ua pālahalaha aku ka ʻohana kai ʻākau (E. lutris kenyoni) ma nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o Alaska a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā wahi like ʻole.
ʻIke ʻia nā kai kai, ʻo Enhydra lutris, ma nā wahi ʻāina ʻelua ma kahakai Pākīpika: ma nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril a me Commander mai ke kapakai o Lūkia, nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian ma lalo o ke kai ʻo Bering, a me nā wai kahakai mai ka Alaskan Peninsula a hiki i ka Moku ʻo Vancouver ma Kanada. A ma ke kahakai waena hoʻi o Kaleponi mai ka mokupuni ʻo Agno Nuevo a i Point Sur. Loaʻa nā otters kai ma Kanada, USA, Russia, Mexico a me Iapana.
Ua palena ka ʻili hau i ko lākou wahi ʻākau ma lalo o ka latitu ʻākau o 57 °, a ʻo ka wahi o nā ululāʻau kelp (limu) e kaupalena ana i ko lākou palena hema ma kahi o 22 ° latitu ʻākau. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka 18th - 19 mau kenekulia i hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā otters kai.
Noho ke kai otters i nā ululāʻau kahakai o ke algae brown nunui (M. pyrifera) a hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o kā lākou manawa hana no ka mahiʻai ʻana. ʻAi lākou, hoʻomaha a mālama iā lākou iho ma luna o ka wai. ʻOiai hiki ke luu i nā otters kai ma kahi o 45m, makemake lākou i ka wai kai a 30m hohonu.
He aha ka ʻai a ke kai otter?
Kiʻi: Otter kai otter
Hoʻopau nā kai hāters ma luna o 100 mau ʻano o nā pio. Hoʻolilo lākou i ka ikaika i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino o 38 ° C. No laila, pono lākou e ʻai i 22-25% o ko lākou kino kaumaha. ʻO ka metabolism o kahi holoholona he 8 manawa o kahi holoholona ʻāina o kēia nui.
ʻO kā lākou papaʻai nui nā:
- ʻino kai;
- pūpū;
- mussels;
- nahenahe;
- crustaceans;
- hoku kai;
- nā kapa komo, etc.
ʻAi pū nā Otters i nā pāpaʻi, heʻe, heʻe a me ka iʻa. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, pili ka papa kuhikuhi i ka nohona. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hapa nui o kā lākou wai mai kā lākou mea pio, akā inu pū lākou i kai kai e kinai i ko lākou make wai. I ke aʻo ʻana i nā makahiki 1960, ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka heluna kai otter, 50% o nā meaʻai i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōkuhi kai he iʻa. Eia nō naʻe, i nā wahi me ka nui o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe, ua hana ka iʻa i mea ʻole i ka papaʻai.
ʻAi nā otters kai i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Aia ka hopu i ka kai. Hoʻohana lākou i kā lākou whiskers maʻalahi e huli i nā mea liʻiliʻi i nā moena kelp ākea a me nā āpau. Hoʻohana nā holoholona i nā wāwae o mua e neʻe ai e hopu i ka mea pio a waiho i nā invertebrates i nā pelu o ko lākou ʻili ma lalo o ko lākou mau lima, e ʻai ana ma luna o ka papa. ʻAi ʻia nā kaiā kai ma 3-4 mau lā i ka lā.
Hōʻoki nā otters kai Kaleponi i nā pio me nā mea paʻakikī. Paʻa kekahi mau otters i ka pōhaku ma ko lākou umauma a kīkē i kā lākou mea pio ma kahi pōhaku. Pohaku kekahi i ka mea hiki. Mālama ʻia hoʻokahi pōhaku no nā luʻu he nui. Holoi pinepine nā mea holo kai i kā lākou mea pio ma ke kaomi ʻana i ke kino a hoʻohuli i loko o ka wai. ʻAihue nā kāne i ka meaʻai mai nā wahine inā loaʻa ka manawa. No kēia kumu, hānai nā wahine i nā wahi kaʻawale.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: puke ʻula ʻo Kalan
Akoakoa nā ʻope kai ma nā hui i ka wā hoʻomaha. Hōʻalo nā wahine e hōʻalo i nā kāne ke ʻole ka male ʻana. Noho lākou i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i ke kai akā hoʻomaha i ka ʻāina. Kūkā ke kai otters ma o ka hoʻopili kino ʻana a me nā hōʻailona kani, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ka leo. Hoʻohālikelike ka uē o kahi cub i ka uē o ka manu kai. Ohumu nā wahine ke hauʻoli maoli lākou, a ʻūʻū paha nā kāne ma kahi o.
Pōhiō ʻoi aku ka pīhoihoi a makaʻu ʻole paha o nā mākua, ʻū, a i ʻole, i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi, uē. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka pilina o nā holoholona, ʻaʻole lākou e pili i ka pilikanaka. Noho ka poʻe otters i ka manawa he nui wale, a hiki i kēlā me kēia mākua ke kū kaʻawale i kā lākou mau pono e pili ana i ka hopu holoholona, mālama pilikino a me ka pale ʻana.
Hoʻohana nā ʻāpana kai i ka neʻe ʻana, ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kino e ʻauʻau, e huki ana i nā lālā mua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lālā hope a me ka huelo e kāohi ai i ka neʻe. ʻAʻau lākou i ka wikiwiki o 9 km. he hola ma lalo o ka wai. E luʻu ke mahiʻai ʻana ma kahi o 50 a 90 kekona, akā hiki i nā ʻope kai ke noho ma lalo o ka wai no ʻaneʻane 6 mau minuke.
ʻO ke kai otter kahi manawa o ka hānai ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i ke kakahiaka, e hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi hola ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka lā, ma hope o ka hoʻomaha a hiamoe paha i ka waena o ka lā. Hoʻomau ka ʻai ʻana no nā hola he nui ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea a hoʻopau ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, a ʻo ke kolu o ka manawa ʻai e pili ana i ke aumoe. ʻOi aku ka hānai ʻana o nā wahine me nā bipi keiki i ka pō.
Ke hoʻomaha a hiamoe paha, ʻauʻau nā otters kai ma ko lākou kua a wahī iā lākou iho i ka limu e pale ai i ka ʻauheʻe. Pili ko lākou mau lālā hope i waho o ka wai, a pelu hoʻi ko lākou alo i luna o ka umauma a pani lākou i ko lākou mau maka. Mālama pono lākou a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ko lākou hulu e mālama i kāna mau mea pilikino.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻO otter kai pēpē
ʻO nā kai otters nā holoholona polygamous. Pale aku nā kāne i ko lākou panalāʻau a launa pū me nā wahine e noho ana. Inā ʻaʻohe wahine ma ka ʻāina o ke kāne, hiki iā ia ke hele e ʻimi i ipo wahine i ka wela. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā mea noi me ka pahū a me nā hōʻailona kani, kākaʻikahi ka hakakā. Ke loaʻa nā wahine ʻohana kai kāne i wahine wahine maʻalahi, hana pāʻani lākou a i kekahi manawa me ka hakakā.
Kū ka kamaʻilio i ka wai a hoʻomau i loko o ka wā holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, ma kahi o 3 mau lā. Mālama ke kāne i ke poʻo o ka wahine a i ʻole ka ihu o kona mau ā i ka wā o ke kope. Kū pinepine nā scars ʻike ʻia ma luna o nā wahine i hoʻokumu ʻia e ia mau hana.
Hāpai ka kai otters i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Aia nā piko i ka momona ma Mei-Iune ma nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a ma Ianuali-Malaki i Kaleponi. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano mammalian i hoʻopaneʻe i ka implantation, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hoʻopili ka embryo i ka paia o ka kōpū i ka manawa koke ma hope o ka momona. Noho ʻo ia i kahi kūlana ulu ulu, e ʻae iā ia e hānau ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi. ʻO ka implantation lohi e alakaʻi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hāpai ʻana, mai 4 a 12 mau mahina.
Hānau ka wahine wahine ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, a hānau ʻia kēlā me kēia 2 makahiki. ʻO ka pinepine, hānau ʻia kahi cub e kaupaona ana mai 1.4 a 2.3 kg. ʻIke ʻia nā māhoe 2% o ka manawa, akā hoʻokahi wale nō keiki e hiki ke hānai maikaʻi ʻia. Noho ka cub me kona makuahine no 5-6 mau mahina ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. ʻO nā wahine makua e 4 makahiki, nā kāne i ka makahiki o 5 a 6 mau makahiki.
Ke nānā mau nei nā makuahine o ke kai i kā lākou mau hunahuna, kaomi ʻana i ko lākou umauma mai ka wai anuanu a nānā pono i kona huluhulu. ʻOiai e ʻimi ana i ka meaʻai, waiho ka makuahine i kāna pēpē e lana ana i loko o ka wai, i kekahi manawa wahī ʻia i ka limu ke ʻau ʻole ʻo ia. Inā ala ke keiki, uē nui ʻo ia a hoʻi kona makuahine. Aia kekahi mau mea i ka wā a ka makuahine i hāpai ai i kā lākou keiki i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka make ʻana.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ke kai o ka moana
Kiʻi: Kalan
ʻO nā predators alakaʻi o nā māmela o kēia ʻano nā kohola kohola a me nā liona kai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i nā aeto ʻōhule ke kiʻi i nā keiki mai ka papa o ka wai ke hele ko lākou mau makuahine no ka meaʻai. Ma ka ʻāina, peʻe i ke one i ka wā ʻino, hiki i ke kai otter ke alo i nā hoʻouka mai nā bea a me nā coyotes.
Ma Kaleponi nō hoʻi, ua lilo nā manō keʻokeʻo nui i poʻe ʻaihue nui na lākou, akā ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e ʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe ʻono kai holoholo kai. Make nā ʻaukā kai mai nā nahu mākala. ʻO ka kohola kohola (Orcinus orca) kahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia he kuleana no ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kai otter ma Alaska, akā he hōʻike ʻole ka hōʻike ma kēia wahi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o nā kai hāters:
- coyotes (Canis Lantrans);
- manō keʻokeʻo nui (Carcharadon charcarias);
- ʻaeto ʻōhule (Haliaeetus leucocephalus);
- kohola kohola (Orcinus orca);
- liona kai (Zalophus californiaianus);
- kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
ʻOiai nā ana i hana ʻia e kūʻē i ka hopu holoholona ʻana o ke kai, ua kū ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o ke kai. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ke kumu o nā pilikia kaiapuni. ʻO ka nui o ka poʻe i nā wahi kahi e puʻunaue ʻia ai nā otter kai e ulu mau nei, a ʻo ka mea e hoʻonui ai ka hiki i nā pilikia i hana ʻia e ke kanaka.
Holo ke kūlanakauhale, e hāpai ana i nā feline feline i ke kai, lawe mai iā Toxoplasma gondii, kahi parasite obligate e pepehi i nā otters kai. Pili pū kekahi nā maʻi maʻi Sarcocystis neurona parasitic me nā hana a ke kanaka.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻĀlika kai holoholona
Manaʻo ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka otter kai mai ka 155,000 a i ka 300,000 a hoʻonui i kahi arc ma ka ʻĀkau Pakipika Hema mai ka ʻākau o Iapana a i ke kikowaena ʻo Baja California Peninsula ma Mekiko. ʻO ke kālepa huluhulu, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 1740, ua hoʻemi i ka nui o nā otters o ke kai ma kahi o 1,000-2,000 i 13 mau kolone liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā moʻo ʻimi ʻimi ʻimi na ka mōʻaukala ʻo Adele Ogden i hoʻokumu i ka palena komohana o ka huli holoholona mai ka mokupuni Kepani ʻĀkau o Hokkaido a me ka palena hikina ma kahi o 21.5 mile ma ka hema o ka ʻāpana komohana o Kaleponi ma Mekiko.
Ma kahi o ⅔ o kāna pae mua, aia kēia ʻano ma nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻōla, me nā kiʻekiʻena lehulehu i kekahi mau wahi a hoʻoweliweli i nā lehulehu i kekahi. Aia kahi kai kūpaʻa o ka poʻe kai i kēia manawa ma nā ʻāpana o ke kapakai hikina o Russia, Alaska, British Columbia, Wakinekona, a me Kaleponi, me recolonization ma Mekiko a me Iapana. ʻO nā kuhi o ka helu o ka poʻe i hana ʻia i loko o ka manawa mai 2004 a 2007 hōʻike i ka huina o 107,000.
Pono ke kai otters no ke olakino a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kaiaolaola algal. Ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he mau kī nui a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke kaiāulu, ka mālama ʻana i nā invertebrates o ka herbivorous. Alualu ke kai otters i nā urchins kai, a laila pale i ka overgrazing.
Kiaʻi kai otter kai
Kiʻi: Kalan mai ka Red Book
I ka makahiki 1911, i ka manawa e maopopo ai i kēlā me kēia mea ke kaumaha o ke kūlana o nā kai otters, ua kau inoa ʻia kahi ʻaelike kūwaho e pāpā ana i ka ʻoki kai ʻana. A i kēia manawa ma 1913, ua hoʻokumu nā mea aloha i ka mālama kūlohelohe mua ma nā ʻAlekan ʻAlekan i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ka USSR, pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona i ka makahiki 1926. Ua komo pū ʻo Iapana i ka pāpā holoholona ma 1946. A i ka makahiki 1972, ua ʻāpono ʻia kahi kānāwai kūwaho e pale aku ai i nā mea hoʻomake kai.
Mahalo i nā ana i lawe ʻia e nā kaiāulu kūwaho, e ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā otters moana e 15% i kēlā me kēia makahiki a i ka makahiki 1990 ua hiki i ka ʻelima o kona nui kumu.
Wahi a ka Otter Foundation, ua hōʻole ka heluna o nā kai otters o Kaleponi mai Iulai 2008 a Iulai Iulai 2011. ʻAʻole i hoʻonui nui nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma waena o 1990 a 2007. Ua waiho ʻia ʻo Enhydra lutris ma lalo o ka Endangered Species Act (ESA) i ka makahiki 1973 a ke helu ʻia nei ma CITES Appendices I a me II.
Ma Kanada, pale ʻia nā ʻotera kai ma lalo o ke Kanawai o nā Laha Hoʻoweliweli. E like me ka 2008 IUCN ʻili kai (E. lutris) manaʻo ʻia ua aneane make. ʻO nā ʻāpana kai (ke kai otter) he palupalu i ka emi nui ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, me ka ninini ʻana o ka aila i mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ka anthropogenic.
Lā paʻi: 05/18/2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 20:32
