Aia kekahi manu hoihoi i loko o ka ʻohana starling - mynaʻo ia ke kumu o ka hopena o nā hopena i nā kānaka. Aloha kekahi iā ia no kona hiki kupaianaha e hana hou i nā hui kani like ʻole (me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe). Ke hakakā nei nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka Mynah, e noʻonoʻo nei iā lākou nā ʻenemi ʻoi loa e hōʻeha i ka ʻāina mahiʻai. He aha ke ʻano o ka mina a he aha kā lākou kuleana i ke kaiaolaola o nā ʻāina like ʻole?
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Maina
ʻO ka genus Acridotheres i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka ornithologist Palani ʻo Maturin Jacques Brisson i ka 1816 a ua koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he myna maʻamau. Hoʻohui ka inoa ʻo Acridotheres i nā huaʻōlelo Helene kahiko akridos "ʻūhini" a me -thēras "ʻimi holoholona".
Pili loa ʻo Mains (Acridotheres) i kahi hui o nā starling honua mai Eurasia, e like me ka starling maʻamau, a me nā ʻano ʻApelika e like me nā aniani kilohi Lamprotornis. Me he mea lā ua lilo lākou i kekahi o nā hui ulu wikiwiki loa i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Ua iho mai nā lāhui ʻApelika a pau mai nā kūpuna i hōʻea mai Central Asia a ua loli i nā ʻano tropical tropical.
Video: Maina
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia paha lākou i loko o kā lākou laulā o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka fragmentation evolutionary i ka wicker starling a me Sturnia species i ka Early Pliocene Early, i ka wā i komo ai ka Honua i ka makahiki hau i hala 5 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Loaʻa i ka genus he ʻumi mauʻano:
- crna myna (A. cristatellus);
- ala ululāʻau (A. fuscus);
- myna keʻokeʻo-alo (A. javanicus);
- kola myna (A. albocinctus);
- lane pālolo (A. cinereus);
- lane nui (A. grandis);
- myna ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele (A. melanopterus);
- lane busty (A. burmannicus);
- kahakai Mainana (A. ginginianus);
- myna maʻamau (A. tristis).
ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka starling red-billed (Sturnus sericeus) a me ka starling hina (Sturnus cineraceus), ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka hui, akā kokoke loa lākou i ka genus Lepidoptera o ka ʻohana peacock-eyed a me ka subfamily Arsenurinae. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hāʻawi hewa ʻia lākou i ka genus Acridotheres.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu myna
He manu ʻo Maina mai ka ʻohana starling (Sturnidae). He pūʻulu ia o nā manu passerine i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "Selarang" a me "Teck Meng" ma ka ʻōlelo Malay a me Kina, ma muli o kā lākou helu kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole kaʻu hui i kahi hui kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "myna" e wehewehe ai i kekahi starling i ka subcontcent India. Ua kolone ʻia kēia laulā ʻāina e nā ʻano loli i ka ulu ʻana o nā starling.
He manu waena lākou me nā wāwae ikaika. He wikiwiki a pololei hoʻi kā lākou lele, a he launa lākou. Hoʻomoana ka hapanui o nā laha i nā lua. Ua lilo kekahi mau laha i mea kaulana no ko lākou akamai mū.
Loaʻa i nā ʻano maʻamau o ka myna ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 23 a 26 cm a kaupaona mai 82 a 143 gram. 120 a 142 mm o ko lākou ʻēheu. ʻO ka wahine a me nā kāne he monomorphic ka hapanui - ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kāne a he ʻēheu nui kona nui. He nuku melemele ko ka mynae maʻamau, nā wāwae a me ka ʻili a puni nā maka. ʻEleʻele ka plumage a ʻeleʻele i ke poʻo. He kiko keʻokeʻo ko lākou ma nā wēlau o ko lākou huelo a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ko lākou kino. I nā moa, loaʻa i nā poʻo ke kala ʻeleʻele i haʻi ʻia.
ʻOi aku ka ʻōlinolino o ka plumage o nā manu, koe wale nā poʻo a me nā huelo lōʻihi, ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau kūpuna. Huikau pinepine kuʻu me nā manorins ʻoki pouli ʻeleʻele. ʻAʻole like me mynae maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau manu a hina ka hapanui. ʻAneʻane make ka Balna myna i ka nahelehele. He manu ākea ākea omnivorous me kahi ʻano teritorial ikaika, hoʻopili maikaʻi ka myna i nā wahi kaiāulu.
Ma hea e noho ai ka myna?
Kiʻi: holoholona Myna
He ʻāina maoli nā mākua ma ʻAsia Hema. ʻO kā lākou wahi hānau hānau maoli mai Afghanistan ma o India a me Sri Lanka a Bangladesh. Aia lākou ma kahi o nā wahi tropical o ka honua, koe wale nō ʻo ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka myna maʻamau kahi ʻano noho i India, ʻoiai ʻo nā neʻe ʻana o ka manu ma ka hikina a ke komohana i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa.
Hōʻike ākea ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻolauna a hoʻolauna ʻia ka myna maʻamau i ʻApelika, Hawaii, Israel, ʻAmelika Hema ʻĀkau, Nūhōlani a me ʻAukekulelia, a loaʻa ka myna crested ma Wanekoua, Colombia.
I kekahi manawa ʻikea ka manu ma Russia. ʻO kona kūpaʻa kupaianaha e kōkua i ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana i nā lehulehu. Hiki ke nānā mau ʻia i ka helu ma Moscow. ʻO nā kūpuna o nā kolone kūloko he mynahs, i loaʻa i nā hale kūʻai holoholona e nā mea aloha pipi hihi ʻole e aʻo i kā lākou ʻōlelo.
He mau hiki ko kēia mau manu no kekahi mau manawa, mahalo i ka hoʻolaha mau ʻana, nui nā kamaʻāina o ke kapitala i loaʻa nā ala exotic. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻike nā haumāna hulu iā lākou iho ma ke alanui - noho pū me kēia manu leo nui nui ʻole ka hiki ʻole, pono ʻoe e lilo i mea hoihoi a kuli paha i nā pepeiao ʻelua e leʻaleʻa i kāna hui.
Noho ka myna maʻamau i kahi ākea o nā wahi noho i nā wahi mehana me ke komo ʻana i ka wai. I kona ʻano kūlohelohe, noho ka myna i nā wahi mahiʻai ākea ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma waho o nā kūlanakauhale i nā māla home, i ka wao nahele a i ʻole ka ulu lāʻau. Hōʻalo kēia mau manu e hōʻalo i nā lau nahele.
ʻO kā Myna wahi noho mua:
- ʻIrana;
- Pakitana;
- Inia;
- Nepala;
- Butane;
- Banagaladesa;
- Sililanaka;
- Apekanikana;
- Usepekikana;
- Takisitana;
- Tukemenikana;
- Maianamara;
- Malaia;
- Sinapoa;
- peninsula Thailand;
- Indochina;
- Iapana;
- Nā Mokupuni Ryukyu;
- Kina.
Kū pinepine lākou i nā ululāʻau maloʻo a me nā ululāʻau hāmama hapa. Ma ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā manu ma 3000 mau mika ma luna o kaʻilikai. Makemake nā mākua e noho i ka pō i nā kū kaʻawale o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe me kahi uhi paʻa.
He aha ka meaʻai a myna?
Kiʻi: Maina i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO kaʻu mau omnivores, hānai lākou i nā mea āpau. ʻO kā lākou papaʻai nui nā hua, nā lī, nā larvae, a me nā kolo. Hoʻohui, ʻimi lākou i nā hua a me nā moa o nā laha ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa hele aku lākou i ka wai papau e hopu iʻa. Akā pinepine ka hānai ʻana a ka myna i ka honua.
I nā wahi noho, ʻai nā manu i kekahi mea mai ka ʻōpala i ʻai ʻia i ka ʻōpala lumi kuke. ʻAi pū nā manu i nā mea mamele liʻiliʻi e like me nāʻiole, a me nā moʻo a me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi. He poʻe aloha lākou i nā nananawewe, nā ʻenue honua a me nā pāpaʻi. Hānai nui ka myna maʻamau i nā hua a me nā huaʻai, a me ka wai ʻono a me nā pua.
Aia i ka ration meaʻai a Myna:
- poʻe amphibians;
- nā mea kolo;
- he iʻa;
- hua moa;
- kalaiwa;
- nā mea kolo;
- nā ʻōiwi honua;
- ʻenuhe honua;
- wai ilo a i ʻole kai ʻino;
- crustaceans;
- na anoano;
- palaoa;
- nā nati;
- huaʻai;
- nectar;
- pua.
Lawe kēia mau manu i nā pōmaikaʻi nui i ke kaiaolaola ma o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻūhini a me ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻūhini. No laila, ua loaʻa i ka genus kona inoa Lākina ʻo Acridotheres, "hunter for grasshoppers." Luku ʻo Myna i 150 mau inseka i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
He mea nui kēia mau manu no ka pollination a me ka lūlū hua ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā kumulāʻau he nui. Ma Hawaii, hoʻopuehu ia i nā hua Lantana Camara a kōkua pū i ke kaua i nā ilo (Spodoptera mauritia). Ma nā wahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ai lākou, ua hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mynae i nā manu manu ʻōiwi ma muli o kā lākou ʻimi manu ʻana i nā hua a me nā moa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Naʻu
ʻO nā ala maʻamau nā holoholona kaiaulu. Hoʻokumu nā manu ʻōpio i nā hipa liʻiliʻi ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ko lākou mau mākua. Hānai nā mākua i nā pua o 5 a 6 paha, ʻo kēlā me kēia manu, nā pālua a me nā hui ʻohana. Ma waho o ka wā hānau, noho lākou i nā hui nui i hiki ke kaʻina mai ka ʻumi a i nā kaukani. Kūpono kēlā ʻano noho no ka pale ʻana mai nā mea hōkai. I ka wā hoʻoulu, hiki i ka myna ke kolohe a me ka hana kolohe, ke hoʻokūkū nei me nā hui ʻē aʻe no nā wahi pūnana.
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēia mau manu me ke ʻano tame a sociable. Komo lākou i ka alloprinting i nā pālua. Manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano manu e kamaʻilio manu no kā lākou hiki ke hana hou i nā leo like ʻole a me ka ʻōlelo a ke kanaka.
ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ke ola o nā manu. ʻAe ʻae ʻia ʻo ke ola maʻamau no nā kāne ʻelua he 4 mau makahiki. ʻO ka nele i ka meaʻai a i ʻole nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe kahi mea palena no ke ola o kaʻu. ʻO ke koho maikaʻi ʻole ʻia o nā pūnaewele pūnana a me nā wā maikaʻi ʻole nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hoʻohuli i ka helu make.
Kamaʻilio nā mākua e ka leo me nā kānaka ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe. He ʻano laulā kā lākou o nā kani kani i hiki ke makaʻala i nā manu ʻē aʻe. I ka lā, e hoʻomaha ana nā kāne ma ka malu i nā "mele" e ka semi-bowing a me ke kūlou ʻana i ko lākou hulu. Ke hele a kokoke ka makaʻu, ʻuā kuʻi ʻo mynae.
Hana kekahi mau mākua i kahi trill kūikawā ke hele lākou i ko lākou pūnana me ka meaʻai. ʻO kēia hōʻailona ka mea e noi aku ai i nā moa i mua. I ke pio ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohālike i ka ʻōlelo a ke kanaka. Hīmeni pinepine nā kāne. Hoʻokomo nā ʻāpana manu i nā mele hīmeni nui i ka puka ʻana a me ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Manu Manu
He monogamous a he teritori ʻo Lainas. Noho pū nā kāne Hawaiʻi i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. I nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻokumu nā kāne i ka mua o ka puna. I ka wā hānau (ʻOkakopa a Malaki), hoʻokūkū ka hoʻokūkū no nā pūnaewele pūnana. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā kaua ikaika ma waena o nā kāne ʻelua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pilina o nā kāne e ke kāhi ʻana a me ka bobbing ʻana o ke poʻo, me ka trill.
Ke hakakā hakakā nei ʻo Maina no nā wahi pūnana i nā lua, e alualu ana i nā mea hoʻokūkū a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā moa o nā manu ʻē aʻe mai ka pūnana mai.
Ua hōʻea ʻo Mynae i ka oʻo makua ma kahi o 1 mau makahiki. Hoʻomoe nā wahine wahine i ʻehā a ʻelima mau hua i loko o kahi paʻa. ʻO ka manawa incubation mai 13 a 18 mau lā, i ka manawa e hoʻoulu ai nā mākua i nā hua. Hiki i nā moa ke waiho i ka pūnana ma kahi o 22 mau lā ma hope o ka hatch, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele no ʻehiku mau lā a ʻoi paha. Hōʻike ʻia, ma muli o ka wahi ʻāina, hoʻopuka ʻo mynae i 1 a 3 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia kau.
I ko lākou wahi home, hoʻomaka ka manu i ka pūnana i Malaki, a hoʻomau ka hānau a hiki i Kepakemapa. ʻOiai ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā moa i ka pūnana, hiki i nā mākua ke hoʻomau i ka hānai a pale ʻana i kēia ʻōpio no 1.5 mau mahina ma hope o ka hatching. He kuleana like nā mākua ʻelua i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i ka wahi pūnana. Hoʻokomo pū lākou i nā hua, akā hoʻonui ka wahine i ka manawa i ka punana. Hoʻokū hoʻokahi ʻo ia i ka pō āpau, a ʻo ke kāne he manawa liʻiliʻi wale nō i ke ao.
Pā makapō nā keiki. Hānai nā mākua ʻelua i ka ʻōpio no ʻaneʻane 3 mau pule i ka pūnana a me 3 mau pule i ka wā lele ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pūnana. Hāpai nā mākua i ka meaʻai i kā lākou mau moa i ko lākou nuku. Ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana o nā pīpī ʻōpio, hoʻomau lākou i ka hānai ʻana me ko lākou mau mākua, ʻoiai nā mākua e hoʻomau iā lākou e pale aku i nā mea ʻaihue. Hoʻomaka kekahi mau manu ʻōpio i ka pālua ʻana inā ʻeiwa wale nō o lākou mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻole makemake pinepine e hānau i ka makahiki mua o ke ola.
Naʻu mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Kiʻi: myna maʻamau
ʻAʻoleʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻaihue lane. Hiki i nā nahesa kūloko ke hoʻouka i nā manu a lawe paha i kā lākou mau hua. ʻO nā pōā pūnana pū kekahi ka ʻioʻōlohilohi (Corvus Splendens) a me nā pōpoki home (Felis Silvestris). Eia hou, hoʻouka ka Java mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) i nā pūnana e lawe i nā moa a me nā hua manu. ʻAi ke kanaka (Homo sapiens) i kekahi o nā mokupuni o ka Pākīpika i kēia mau manu. Noho pū ʻo Myna e pale iā lākou iho mai nā mea ʻaihue, e hana ana i nā pua hipa he nui. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou kekahi i kekahi me nā leo weliweli o ka pilikia e hiki mai ana.
Akā ma waho o kēia, ke hoʻāʻo nei ka poʻe e luku i ka mine, no ka mea kipaku aku lākou i nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā holoholona. No nā makahiki, ua nānā ka poʻe manu manu i ke kaumaha loa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka myna e noho aliʻi ma luna o nā wahi o kāna noho kuʻuna, e noho ana ma ke kūlanakauhale ma hope o ke kūlanakauhale. Ke ʻike nei i kēia hulu manu o ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale maluhia me kā lākou leo heahea a ʻano maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e kūkulu i kahi hoʻopiʻi hoʻopaʻi.
Eia nō naʻe, akamai loa ka myna a haʻalele pinepine i nā mea alualu, e hoʻohana nei i ko lākou ʻike a me ka hana paʻakikī e aʻo. Ua aʻo koke lākou e hōʻalo i nā pahele i hoʻonoho ʻia no lākou a inā loaʻa, e aʻo aku i kā lākou mau hoa e noho mamao aku ma ke kau ʻana i nā hōʻailona pilikia nui.
Akā he nāwaliwali ko ka mine a ua hoʻohana maʻalea ʻia i kahi pahele hou i hana pono ʻia e hei i kēia mau manu. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei ka hei i kāna hoʻāʻo nui mua loa. He ʻenehana ʻole ia, akā hoʻokumu ʻia ia i ka ʻike maopopo i kaʻu biology a me ka lawena.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā manu i kahi home mai kahi home, e kono ana i nā manu a hoʻowalewale iā lākou e noho. ʻAi nā manu no kekahi mau lā a i ka manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ka hilinaʻi, maʻalahi lākou e hopu. I kekahi manawa paʻa ʻia nā manu ʻelua i mea e lure ai i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻeleʻele a e hiamoe mālie nei nā manu, hiki ke hemo i ka piko o nā hei a nā manu e hoʻopau ʻia e ka carbon dioxide. Hiki ke hoʻohana hou i ka hei i kekahi lā aʻe.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: holoholona Myna
Hiki i ka mine ke hoʻokau ma kahi o nā wahi āpau a, a ʻo ka hopena, ua lilo i ʻano lōkō i nā wahi ma waho o kā lākou pae kūlohelohe. Ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he pests no ka mea ʻai lākou i nā hua a me nā hua o nā mahi mahiʻai e like me nā lāʻau fiku a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Maina kahi ʻano laha ma muli o ka walaʻau a me nā lepo a lākou e hana ai kokoke i ka nohona kanaka.
Ke hoʻonui wikiwiki nei kā Myna pae i ka makahiki 2000 i hoʻolaha ʻia ai kekahi o nā ʻano laha nui loa o ka honua e ka IUCN Species Survival Commission. Ua lilo kēia manu i hoʻokahi o nā manu ʻekolu ma nā ʻano he 100 kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa ka hopena ma ka biodiversity, ka mahiʻai a me nā makemake o ke kanaka. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, hoʻoweliweli nui kēia ʻano i ke kaiaolaola ma Australia, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "Pest / Pest Pilikia".
Ke ola nei ʻo Maina i nā wahi kaona a me nā kaona. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Canberra, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia he 110 poʻe o ka laha ma waena o 1968 a me 1971. I ka 1991, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka myna ma Canberra i 15 mau manu ma kēlā me kēia kilomika. I ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻelua i ka awelika heluna kanaka o 75 mau manu ma kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika i ka wahi like.
ʻAi aku ka manu i kāna kūleʻa kūleʻa i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale nui o Sydney a me Canberra i kāna kumu hoʻomohala. Ke hoʻomohala nei i nā wahi ākea o India, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka myna i nā kūkulu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻohe mea kanu i loaʻa ma nā alanui kaona a me nā mālama kūlohelohe kūlanakauhale.
Maʻamau myna (me nā starling ʻEulopa, nā manu liʻiliʻi o ka hale a me nā nūnū mauna hihiu) pohō nā hale kūlanakauhale. Keakea ʻia kona mau pūnana e nā auwai a me nā hāwele, e hoʻopilikia ana i nā hale ma waho.
Ka lā paʻi: 05/06/2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 13:36
