Nilgau Nui nā antelope Āsia, akā ʻaʻole ka mea nui ma ka honua. ʻO kēia ʻano kekahi o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Manaʻo kekahi mau zologist ua like lākou me he bipi lā ma mua o nā antelope. Kuhi pinepine ʻia lākou me he antelope nui India. Ma muli o ka like o ka bipi, manaʻo ʻia ka nilgau he holoholona laʻa ma India. I kēia lā, ua aʻa lākou a hānai maikaʻi ʻia i ka waihona Askanya Nova, a ua hoʻolauna ʻia i nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui o ka honua.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Nilgau
ʻO Nilgau a i ʻole "bipi polū" he hopena ia i ka mokuna India. ʻO ia wale nō ka lālā o ka punana Boselaphus. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa binomial mai ka mea loea Kelemania ʻo Peter Simon Pallas i 1766. ʻO ka inoa slang "Nilgai" mai ka hoʻohui o nā huaʻōlelo mai ka ʻōlelo Hindi: zero ("blue") + gai ("cow"). Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka inoa i ka makahiki 1882.
Video: Nilgau
ʻIke ʻia ka holoholona e like me ka antelope keʻokeʻo-alo. ʻO ka inoa generic ʻo Boselaphus mai kahi hui o ka latina bos (bipi a bipi paha) a me ka Greek elaphos (dia). ʻOiai ʻo ka genus ʻo Boselafini i kēia manawa me ka ʻole o nā ʻelele ʻApelika, ua hōʻoia nā fossil fossil i ka noho mua ʻana o ka genus ma ka ʻāina ma ka hopena o Miocene. Ua kākau ʻia ʻelua ʻano ʻohana antelope o kēia ʻohana i loaʻa nā ʻano like me nā lāhui e like me Eotragus Ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻano i ka 8.9 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a hōʻike i ka "primitive" ʻoi loa o nā bipi ola āpau.
Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o ka genus Boselaphus i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kumu o ka pepeiaohao, kona ʻāpana iwi nui. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe pepeiaohao o nā wahine o ka Nilgau, he mau wahine wahine ko ko lākou ʻohana mōʻaukala me nā pepeiaohao. Ua hoʻokau ʻia nā ʻohana fossil i loko o ka subfamily Cephalophinae, a ʻo nā duikers ʻApelika wale nō kēia e pili ana.
ʻO nā mōʻalihaku o Protragoceros a me Sivoreas e pili ana i ka hopena o Miocene i loaʻa ʻaʻole wale ma Asia akā ma ka hema hoʻi o ʻEulopa. Ua hōʻike kahi noiʻi 2005 i ka neʻe ʻana o Miotragoceros i East Asia ma kahi o ʻewalu miliona mau makahiki i hala. Noho ʻo Nilgau e pili ana i ka Pleistocene i loaʻa ma nā ana Kurnool ma ka hema o India. Hōʻike nā hōʻike e alualu ʻia lākou e nā kānaka i ka wā Mesolithic (5000-8000 mau makahiki i hala)
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: holoholona Nilgau
ʻO Nilgau ka antelope cloven-hoofed nui loa ma ʻAsia. ʻO kona kiʻekiʻe poʻohiwi he 1-1.5 mau mika. 1.7-2.1 mau mika ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino. Kaupaona nā kāne 109–288 kg, a ʻo ka nui o ke kaupaona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 308 kg. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā wahine, ke kaupaona ʻia 100-213 kg. Kuhi ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i kēia mau holoholona.
He anelope paʻa me nā wāwae wīwī, kahi kua i hope, kahi ʻāʻī hohonu i hoʻokumu ʻia me kahi kiko keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻāʻī a me kahi mane pōkole o ka lauoho ma ke kua a ma ke kua hoʻi e hoʻopau ana ma hope o nā poʻohiwi. ʻElua mau kiko keʻokeʻo i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka maka, pepeiao, pāpālina a me ka auwae. ʻO nā pepeiao, pena ʻia ʻeleʻele, he 15-18 cm ka lōʻihi.ʻO kahi mane o nā lauoho keʻokeʻo a hina hina keʻokeʻo paha, ma kahi o 13 cm ka lōʻihi, aia ma ka ʻāʻī o ka holoholona. Aia ka huelo i 54 cm ka lōʻihi, he mau kiko keʻokeʻo kona a ʻeleʻele ke kala. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka forelegs a māka pinepine ʻia me nā kākini keʻokeʻo.
Ma kahi kokoke i nā poʻe keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole albinos, ua ʻike ʻia ma Sarishki National Park (Rajasthan, India), ʻoiai ʻo nā kānaka me nā kiko keʻokeʻo i hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā zoo. Pololei nā kāne i nā pepeiaohao pōkole. ʻEleʻele ko lākou kala. Hōʻokiwi ʻole nā wahine.
ʻOiai he ʻalani-brown nā wahine a me nā ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka pouli o nā kāne - polū hina-hina kā lākou kapa. I ka ʻāpana ventral, ʻo nā ʻūhā o loko a me ka huelo, keʻokeʻo ke kala o ka holoholona. Eia kekahi, hele mai kahi kaha keʻokeʻo mai ka ʻōpū a hoʻonui i ke kokoke i ka moku gluteal, e hana ana i kahi pale i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka palule he 23–28 cm ka lōʻihi, palupalu a palupalu. Loaʻa ka ʻili o nā kāne i ka ʻili a me ka ʻāʻī e pale ai iā lākou i nā hoʻokūkū. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole insulate maikaʻi ka huluhulu mai ke anuanu, no laila, hiki i kahi anuanu koʻikoʻi ke make no ka nilgau.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nilgau?
Kiʻi: Nilgau antelope
ʻO kēia antelope kahi hopena o ka India subcontcent: ʻike ʻia nā lehulehu i India, Nepal a me Pakistan, ʻoiai ma Bangladesh ua pau. ʻIke ʻia nā pipi nui ma ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo Terai ma nā kapuwai o nā Himalaya. Maʻamau ka antelope ma nā ʻĀkau ʻĀkau. Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka poʻe ma India ma hoʻokahi miliona ma 2001. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ʻo Nilgau i ka ʻāina ʻAmelika.
Ua lawe ʻia ka lehulehu i Texas i ka makahiki 1920 a me ka makahiki 1930 ma kahi mahi holoholona nui 2400 hectare, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mahina nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ka hopena he heluna hihiu i lele i mua i ka hopena o ka 1940 a palahalaha aʻe i nā lālā pili pono.
Makemake ka Nilgau i nā wahi me nā laʻalāʻau pōkole a me nā kumulāʻau hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka nāhelehele a me nā kula mauʻu. Kūleʻa lākou i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, akā ʻaʻole paha e ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ululāʻau paʻa. He holoholona laulā ia e hiki ke hoʻomaʻa i nā ʻano nohona like ʻole. ʻOiai he sedentary a emi iho ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke haʻalele i ko lākou mau panalāʻau inā maloʻo nā kumu wai āpau a puni lākou.
Hoʻololi ka nui o nā densities holoholona ma nā wahi ʻāina a puni ʻo India. Hiki iā ia ke pae mai 0.23 a i 0.34 mau kānaka ma kmkm ma Indravati National Park (Chhattisgarh) a me 0.4 mau kānaka no km km ma Pench Tigr Wildlife Refuge (Madhya Pradesh) a mai 6.60 a 11.36 mau kānaka ma 1 km uka ma Ranthambore a me 7 nilgau no 1 km uka ma Keoladeo National Park (ʻelua ma Rajasthan).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loli kau i ka nui ma Bardia National Park (Nepal). ʻO ka maʻamau ka 3.2 mau manu ma kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika i ke kau maloʻo a me 5 mau manu ma kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika i ʻApelila i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau maloʻo. Ma South Texas ma 1976, ua ʻike ʻia ka mānoanoa ma kahi o 3-5 mau kānaka ma kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai kahi ningau?
Kiʻi: Nilgau
ʻO Nilgau nā mea ulu lāʻau. Makemake lākou i nā mauʻu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau e ʻai ʻia i nā nāhele maloʻo o India. Hiki i kēia mau antelope ke hānai i nā mauʻu a me nā wana wale a i ʻole nā mea hānai hui e hoʻopili i nā lālā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi. Hiki iā Nilgau ke kūpale i ka pilikia o ka hānai holoholona a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu i ko lākou wahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka dia. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hōʻea i nā lālā kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole pili iā lākou i nā mea kanu ma ka honua.
ʻO nā dia ʻo Sambar a me nā dia de Nilgau ma Nepal i nā makemake like me ka papaʻai. Hoʻopili kēia papaʻai i ka nui o ka protein a me ka momona. Hiki iā Nilgau ke ola no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka ʻole o ka wai a ʻaʻole inu mau i ke kauwela. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma India kahi i make ai ʻo nilgau, no ka wela paha a me ka nui ʻole o ka wai.
Ua aʻo ʻia kahi papaʻai nilgau i ka Sarish Reserve i ka makahiki 1994 i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa o nā kau i nā makemake holoholona, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mauʻu i ka wā ua, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela e hānai pū ai.
- pua (Butea monosperma);
- lau (Anogeissus pendula, Capparis sepiaria, Grewia flavescens a me Zizyphus mauritiana);
- pods (Acacia nilotica, A. catechu a me A. leukophlea);
- nā huaʻai (Zizyphus mauritiana).
ʻO nā mea kanu nāhelehele i makemake ʻia e komo pū me Desmostachia bi-pinnate, kākalaioa kakalaioa, pigeon manamana, a me vetiver. ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau e ʻai me Nile acacia, A. Senegalese, A. keʻokeʻo, mulberry keʻokeʻo, Clerodendrum phlomidis, Crotalaria burhia, Indigofera oblongifolia, a me Ziziphus monetchaet.
Loaʻa nā hua o Paspalum distichum i ka lepo o Nilgau no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. Loaʻa nā hua o ka Nile acacia a me Prozopis bipi i ke kau maloʻo, a me nā hua barnacle i ka wā o ka ua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: nā holoholona Nilgau
Hoʻoikaika ka antelope nilgau i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. ʻAʻole launa pū nā wahine a me nā ʻōpio me nā kāne no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki, koe wale nō nā wā hānau. ʻO ka hui maʻamau o nā wahine a me nā ʻōpio he liʻiliʻi a he ʻumi a ʻoi iki paha, ʻoiai ʻo 20 a 70 paha mau hui e kū mai kēlā me kēia manawa.
I ka makahiki 1980 ka nānā ʻana ma Bardia National Park (Nepal), ʻekolu mau kānaka i ka awelika, a me ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā antelope ma Gir National Park (Gujarat, India), i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 1995, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka helu o nā lālā kau bipi kau
Eia naʻe, ʻekolu mau pūʻulu ʻokoʻa e hana maʻamau:
- hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau wahine paha me nā keiki bipi ʻōpio;
- mai ʻekolu a i ʻeono mau wahine wahine makua a me hoʻokahi makahiki me nā keiki bipi;
- nā hui kāne me ʻelua a ʻewalu paha lālā.
He maka maikaʻi ko lākou a he lohe, he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā dia keokeo, akā ʻaʻohe ona ʻaʻala maikaʻi. ʻOiai he hāmau ʻo ninghau, hiki iā lākou ke uwō e like me ka leo ke hoʻoweliweli. Ke alualu ʻia e nā mea ʻino, hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i nā wikiwiki a i 29 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola. Kuhi ka Nilgau i ko lākou mau panalāʻau e ka hana ʻana i nā puʻu lepo.
Kūlike nā hakakā no nā kāne ʻelua a pili i ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā ʻāʻī o kekahi a i ʻole ke hakakā ʻana e hoʻohana ana i nā pepeiaohao. He koko ke kaua, ʻoiai ka ʻili pale hohonu, hiki ke hana ʻia nā lacerations, a hiki i ka make. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi kāne ʻōpio e hōʻike i kahi kūlana hoʻolohe ma ka Sarish Reserve, e kukuli ana i mua o kahi kāne makua e kū pololei ana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Nilgau Cub
Hōʻike ʻia nā hiki ke hoʻohua i nā wahine mai nā makahiki ʻelua, a kū ka hānau mua, ma ke ʻano he rula, ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki, ʻoiai i kekahi mau manawa hiki i nā wahine ma lalo o ka makahiki hoʻokahi a me ka hapa ke hui maikaʻi. Hiki i nā wahine ke hānau hou ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. I nā kāne, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka wā o ke oʻo ʻana a ʻekolu mau makahiki. Lilo lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki ʻehā a ʻelima paha.
Hiki i ka male ʻana i loko o ka makahiki, me nā piko o ʻekolu a ʻehā mau mahina. ʻO ka manawa o ka makahiki i ka wā e kū ai kēia mau piko i ke ʻano o ka honua. Ma Bharatpur National Park (Rajasthan, India), ʻo ka wā hānau hānau mai ʻOkakopa a Pepeluali, me kahi piko i Nowemapa a me Kekemapa.
I ke kau moʻo, i ka wā o ka rut, neʻe nā kāne i ka ʻimi wahine i ka wela. Ua hele a kolohe nā kāne a hakakā i ke aupuni. I ka wā o ka hakakā, hoʻāhu ka poʻe kūʻē i ko lākou umauma a hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻenemi, e holo ana me ko lākou mau pepeiaohao e kuhikuhi iā ia. Lilo ka bipi lanakila i hoa no ka wahine i koho ʻia. He 45 mau minuke ka lōʻihi o ka noho aloha ʻana. Hele aku ke kāne i kahi wahine e hoʻokipa, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona poʻo i ka honua a hiki ke hele mālie i mua. Lick ke kāne i kāna ʻāpana kino, a laila kaomi i ka wahine a noho ma luna.
ʻO ka manawa hānau he ʻewalu a ʻeiwa mau mahina, a ma hope o ka hānau ʻia ʻana o hoʻokahi keiki bipi a mau māhoe paha (i kekahi manawa a ʻo nā triplets kekahi). I kahi ana i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 2004 ma ka Sariska Nature Reserve, ua helu ʻia nā keiki hānau pālua a 80% o ka nui o nā keiki bipi Hiki i nā keiki bipi ke hoʻi i ko lākou wāwae ma waena o 40 mau minuke o ka hānau a me ka hānai ponoʻī ʻana i ka pule ʻehā.
Hoʻokaʻawale nā wahine hāpai iā lākou iho ma mua o ka hānau ʻana a hūnā i kā lākou keiki no nā pule mua. Hiki ke lōʻihi a hala kēia mahina. Haʻalele nā kāne ʻōpio i ko lākou makuahine ma ka ʻumi mau mahina e hui pū me nā hui laepua. ʻO ke ola o kahi nilgau i ka nahelehele he ʻumi mau makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka nilgau
Kiʻi: Nilgau antelope
Hiki i nā antelope ke hele a makaʻu a makaʻala ke hoʻopilikia ʻia. Ma kahi o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka uhi, hoʻāʻo lākou e holo i kahi weliweli. Noho mālie ʻo Nilgau, akā ke hoʻopilikia ʻia, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokuʻu i nā ralo guttural pōkole. ʻO nā poʻe pīhoihoi, ka hapanui ma lalo o ʻelima mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki, hoʻopuka i kahi halulu kūmū e kū ana i ka hapalua kekona, akā hiki ke lohe ʻia a 500 m ka mamao.
He ikaika loa ʻo Nilgau a he holoholona nui, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā predator ke kū me lākou. No laila, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o ka nilgau:
- Tiger ʻ Indiannia;
- he liona;
- leopadi.
Akā ʻaʻole kēia mau ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i mau mea hihi nui no ka antelope Nilgau a makemake e nānā i nā mea pio liʻiliʻi, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ka nui o lākou i ke kūlohelohe, aneane ʻole e alualu ʻia kēia mau antelope. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻāʻo nā ʻīlio hihiu, nā ʻīlio hae, a me nā hyena bela e alualu i nā holoholona ʻōpio i loko o ka pā.
Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau zologists i ka ʻano o ka pale ʻana o Nilgau i ka ʻōpio, ʻo ia ka mua e hōʻeha i nā mea ʻaihue inā ʻaʻohe a lākou koho. Ke huki nei i ko lākou ʻāʻī i loko o kā lākou kua i kūlou, hele hewa lākou i ka predator huna a lele wikiwiki, e hoʻokuke ana i ka ʻenemi i waho o ka pā, kahi e loaʻa ai kahi pūʻā me nā antelope ʻōpio.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: holoholona Nilgau
ʻAʻole makaʻu ka heluna o Nilgau i kēia manawa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou e like me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). ʻOiai pālahalaha ka holoholona ma India, kākaʻikahi lākou ma Nepal a me Pakistan.
ʻO nā kumu nui o kona luku ʻia ʻana i kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua a me ka luku ʻia ʻana ma Bangladesh ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ka wao nahele a me ka hoʻoneoneo ʻana o ka nohona, ka mea i hoʻonui i ke kenekulia 20. I India, pale ʻia ka nilgai ma lalo o ka Appendix III o ke Kānāwai Kuleana Mea Ola Liʻiliʻi 1972.
Aia nā wahi pale nui no ka nilgau ma India holoʻokoʻa a hoʻokomo pū ʻia:
- Pāka Aupuni Gir (Gujarat);
- Pāka Aupuni ʻo Bandhavgarh;
- Waihona Bori;
- Pāka Aupuni ʻo Kanh;
- Pāka Aupuni ʻo Sanjay;
- satpur (Madhya Pradesh);
- Tadoba Andhari ʻAahu Kūlohelohe (Maharashtra);
- Kumbhalgarh kūlohelohe;
- Sultanpur National Park ma Gurgaon;
- Pāka Aupuni ʻo Ranthambore;
- ʻO Saris tiger ʻāina mālama.
E like me ka 2008, ka helu o nā kānaka hihiu nilgau ma Texas he ʻaneʻane 37,000 ʻāpana. Ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe, loaʻa pū kekahi mau lehulehu i nā mokuʻāina ʻAmelika o Alabama, Misisipi, Florida a me ka mokuʻāina ʻo Tamaulipas ʻo Mekiko, kahi i pau ai lākou ma hope o ka mahuka ʻana mai nā wahi mahi manu ʻē. ʻO ka helu o ka poʻe kokoke i ka palena ʻo Texas-Mekiko i koho ʻia ma kahi o 30,000 (a ʻo 2011).
Lā paʻi: 22.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 22:27
