Buffalo He lunamakaʻāinana o nā lālani nui nui ikaika, a kupaianaha hoʻi. I ka helehelena, like like lākou me ka bison ʻEulopa, hiki iā lākou ke huikau maʻalahi. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā holoholona o nā ʻano ʻelua i kekahi me kekahi, e hana ana i keiki, i kapa ʻia he bison.
ʻO ka nui, ka makaʻu ʻole a me ka mālie hiki ʻole i ka holoholona ke hoʻoulu i ka makaʻu a me ka mahalo. Hāʻawi nā ana o nā herbivores iā lākou me kahi kiʻekiʻe i hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā ungulate e noho nei ma ka honua.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Bizon
He mammal chordate ka bison. ʻO lākou nā ʻelele o ke kauoha o artiodactyls, ka ʻohana bovids, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka genus a me nā ʻano bison. Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana i hana ʻia, ua ʻike nā zoologists i ka wā o ka Pliocene, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 5.5-2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala, ua noho lākou ma ka honua.
ʻ suggestlelo nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēlā manawa ʻo ka panalāʻau noho kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina hema o ʻEulopa. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, i ka Pleistocene, hoʻolaha nā holoholona ma loko o ʻEulopa, a ma hope ua hōʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻ claimlelo nā ʻepekema ʻo ke alahaka ʻo Beringian, kahi i noho ma kahi o 650 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i kōkua iā lākou e hele i laila. I kēia wahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o bison, i noho ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Beringia. ʻO ka bison o kēlā manawa ua aneane palua ka nui o ka bison o kēia au. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka hikiwawe o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā wahi nohona, akā naʻe, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa a me ke aniau, aneane hapalua ka bison.
Video: ʻO Bizon
Ma kahi o 100,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka ka makahiki hau, ua pālahalaha ka heluna kanaka o ka bison steppe ʻEulopa ma ʻAmelika Hema. I kēia wahi, noho lākou i ka tundra Beringian a me nā steppes. I kēlā manawa, loaʻa i kēia ʻāpana nā kūlana āpau no kahi noho maikaʻi a me ka hana hou ʻana. Ma muli o kēia, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou helu i nā heluna nui o nā mammoth, nā dia, nā bipi musk, a me nā ungulate ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o nā loli i nā kūlana aniau, i hoʻomaka ma kahi o 14,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, piʻi nui ka wai i ka moana, no laila ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka Bridge Beringian. Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kaiaolaola, a ʻo kahi hopena kahi i hoʻopau loa ʻia ka wahi noho o ka bison Eurasia.
Ua hana ʻo bison bison i bison ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻololi kēia ʻano i ka noho ʻana i nā ululāʻau deciduous ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka panalāʻau o ka ʻāina ʻAmelika, aia kahi huikau o ka bison antique a me steppe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia he ʻelua ʻano bison: nahele a me kahi kūloko.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 16, ua pālahalaha nā holoholona, nui ka heluna kānaka - ua piha he 600,000 mau kānaka. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i nā lehulehu he nui a noho i kahi ʻāpana mai ka Misisipi a i ka Rocky Mountains, noho i kahi ʻāpana mai Alaska a i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Mekiko.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: holoholona bison
Kupaianaha maoli ka helehelena o ka holoholona. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi mākua ma ka mae ʻana ma kahi o ʻelua mau mika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 2.7-3 mika. Kaumaha o ke kino - 1000 - 1200 kilo. Ma waena o kēia mau māmela, hōʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine a ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO ka nui o hoʻokahi wahine makua ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻehiku haneli mau kilokika.
He mana ka poʻo o ka bison, nui a aia ma ka ʻāʻī nunui a manoanoa. Ma ke poʻo aia nā mānoanoa, ʻoi, a me nā pepeiaohao lōʻihi, ua pelu nā wēlau i ke kino. Liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao o nā holoholona, poepoe, hūnā ʻia i ka hulu hipa. Nui, poepoe, ʻeleʻele nā maka i kahi mamao loa mai kēlā me kēia. He lae kiʻekiʻe, nui a haʻi ʻia hoʻi ʻo Bison.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūlike ka ʻeleʻele, ka lole elongated ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma a me nā forelimbs. ʻO kēlā ʻano ʻahu ke hana i ka holoholona i formidable.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻololi o ka ʻāʻī i ke kino, he puʻupuʻu nui kā ka holoholona, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ke kino o ka holoholona me ka weliweli. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hope o ke kino ma mua o ka mua, uhi ʻia me ka lauoho pōkole, lahilahi, māmā.
ʻAʻole lōʻihi nā holoholona, akā ikaika a ikaika nā lālā me nā mākala ulu maikaʻi. He huelo liʻiliʻi kā Bison, ma ka wēlau o laila kahi lau huluhulu ʻeleʻele. Ua ulu ikaika ʻo Herbivores i ka hoʻolohe a me ke ʻano o ka pilau.
ʻO kaʻeleʻele o kaʻahuʻula heʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a hina hina hina paha, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi aka māmā o ka pale. Ma kahi o ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino, ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele i nā ʻelele āpau o kēia ʻano.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi. He haʻalulu nā holoholona i ka huluhulu mānoanoa, e like me ke ʻano o ka pāpale.
Ma hea e noho ai ka bison?
Kiʻi: Bison ʻAmelika
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nohona nui o ka bison ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. I nā kenekulia i hala aku nei, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka heluna bison ma mua o 60 miliona mau kānaka. Noho nā hānai nui ma nā wahi āpau. Ma muli o ka luku ʻia o nā holoholona, ua emi nui kā lākou helu, a ʻo ka wahi noho he ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau wahi ma ka wahi ʻo Missouri.
I ka wā ma mua loa, alakaʻi nā holoholona i kahi nohona nomadic, neʻe i ke kau anuanu i ka hema a me nā wahi, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka mahanahana ua neʻe lākou i hope. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi hanana, ʻoiai ka palena o ka wahi e ka mahiʻai a me ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
Koho ʻo Bison i kahi wahi me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo momona, lush e like me nā wahi no ka noho. ʻIke nui lākou i nā awāwa pau ʻole, a i nā ulu lāʻau ākea paha. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā heluna bison i nā ulu lāʻau, nā awāwa, nā pāpū.
ʻO nā wahi e noho ai ka bison i nā kūlana kūlohelohe:
- ka wahi a puni ʻo Lake Athabasca;
- ka ʻāpana o ka loko kauā;
- ʻĀpana komohana o Missouri;
- lāʻau ulu a me kaʻauwai kahawai: Buffalo, Peace, Birch.
Hiki iā Bison ke ulu lāʻau a i ʻole steppe. ʻO nā mea i makemake e noho i nā awāwa a me nā wahi ākea e pili ana i ka hema o Kanada. ʻO nā heluna e koho i ka ululāʻau ma ke ʻano he wahi o ka noho ʻana ma ka ʻākau.
He moʻolelo mōʻaukala hoihoi. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina nui kahi i noho ai ʻo New York i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu, i hana ʻia ma muli o ka nui o nā kino o ka bison i poholo i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ana e ʻau i kēlā ʻaoʻao ʻo Hudson Strait.
He aha ka ʻai a ka bison?
Kiʻi: Bison Red Book
ʻO ka bison kahi lāʻau wale nō. Pono e ʻai ke kanaka makua he 25-30 mau kilogram o nā mea kanu i kēlā me kēia lā.
He aha ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ka papaʻai a ka holoholona:
- Lichens;
- Moss;
- ʻAla palaoa;
- Mauʻu;
- Nā ʻōpiopio o nā laʻalāʻau;
- Nā lālā;
- Luscious, lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, hoʻomaka lākou e hānai i nā ʻūlū mea kanu. Hoʻololi kūpono nā holoholona i ke ola a hiki i nā hau paʻa paʻa a hiki i -25 a lalo. ʻO nā lālā ikaika e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻeli i nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka paʻa ʻana o ka hau, hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha mau mika ka manoanoa. Lulu lākou iā lākou me ko lākou mau mākia a ʻeli i nā lua me ko lākou lae. ʻO kēia ke kumu i loaʻa ai i nā mea he nui nā ʻōhule ʻōhule ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke poʻo.
I kēlā me kēia lā, pono nā holoholona i ka waihona wai e kinai i ko lākou make wai. ʻAʻohe ala e ona ai a lawa wale i ka wā hau a me ka hau o nā waihona wai. Hānai ʻia nā holoholona i ka wā ahiahi, a i ʻole i ke kakahiaka. No laila, hoʻemi ʻia ka makaʻu o ka lilo ʻana i mea pio i kahi mea ʻaihue, a ʻoi aku, i ke ao, i loko o kahi wā o ka lā ikaika, peʻe lākou i ka malu o nā mea kanu, a i ʻole ka ulu lāʻau.
Aia i ka nui a me ka nui o nā meaʻai, auwana nā pūʻā bison mai kahi a kahi. Ke koho ʻana i kahi ala, pili nā holoholona i nā wai o ka wai. Hiki ke uhi i nā wahi lōʻihi. Ma hope, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻi me ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ko lākou wahi noho ma mua. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o ka meaʻai, keu hoʻi i ke kau anuanu, e hoʻopili i ka maikaʻi o ka pale. No laila, i nā hau hauʻeha, hiki i nā holoholona i nele i ka meaʻai mea kanu ke ʻeha i ke anuanu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Bizon
ʻO Bison nā holoholona launa pū ʻia. Hana lākou i nā pua nui, a i nā manawa ma mua i hōʻea i 17,000 - 20,000 mau kānaka. ʻO ke poʻo o kahi pūʻā puaʻa nui ʻoi aku ka naʻauao a me ka mua, akā ʻo nā kāne ikaika loa. I loko o nā ʻano holoholona he nui, hiki i kekahi mau kāne kāne ke kaʻana like i ke alakaʻi.
ʻO nā kāne, me nā wahine a me nā keiki hānau, hana i kahi ʻāpana, kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka hana a nā kāne nui e pale aku i nā holoholona mai nā malihini a me nā ʻenemi. Mahalo i kā lākou hoʻolohe maikaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka pilau, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike a ʻike i ka weliweli ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi. Hiki iā Bison ke ʻike i kahi malihini e ka honi ma kahi mamao o 3000 mau mika.
ʻOiai ko lākou nui kino, kaupaona a me ka mana, hiki i nā holoholona ke wikiwiki a wikiwiki. Hiki iā lākou ke lanakila i nā keakea a i ʻelua mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, holo a hiki i nā wikiwiki a hiki i 50 km / h. No kēia mau kumu i haʻalele ai nā poʻe o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokau i kēia pilikua.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻeleu a me ka dexterity ma ka ʻāina, he ʻauʻau kai maikaʻi loa lākou a hiki ke uhi i nā wahi nui e ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Ma waho, he clumsy ka bison, kaohi loa a mālie. Inā ʻaʻohe kumu hoʻonāukiuki, ʻike ʻia ka holoholona e mālie loa. Inā huhū ʻoe i bison, lilo ia i mīkini make maoli. I ka huhū, hele a kolohe loa ʻo ia, aloha ʻole a loko ʻino hoʻi.
Aia kekahi mau hihia ke bison, ke alualu ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue, kuʻi ʻia i lalo nā mea nāwaliwali a maʻi. I kēia ala, ua hoʻolei lākou i ka ballast pono ʻole. Akamai loa kēia lunamakaʻāinana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki ke nānā pono i ke kūlana. I ka wā o ka hakakā, ke lanakila ka ʻenemi, hoʻi hope ʻo ia me ka waiho ʻole iā ia iho i kahi weliweli make.
Pili nā holoholona i ke kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi ma o ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau leo - kuli, hoʻoweliweli a me ka haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Bison Cub
He mea maʻamau ʻole ka bison e hana i nā paʻa paʻa lōʻihi a lōʻihi hoʻi. I loko o ka wā o ka male, hiki i kahi kāne kāne ke loaʻa i kahi wahine holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, kahi e komo ai ʻekolu a ʻelima a ʻoi paha wahine. Lōʻihi nō ke kau ʻana o ka moʻo - hala ia mai Mei a i waena o ka hoʻoilo. I kēia manawa, hoʻohui nā kāne mehameha, a ʻo nā holoholona paha, me nā heluna wahine.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pūʻā nui, kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā kāne a me ka hakakā no ke kuleana e komo i kahi pilina me ka wahine. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaua ma waena o nā kāne ma ke ʻano o ke kīkēkē ʻana i ka lae a me ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, pau kēlā mau hakakā i ka make ʻana o kahi ʻenemi nāwaliwali. Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea lanakila me ka nānā o ka wahine. Kuhi nā kāne i ka wā rutting i kahi kani ikaika, ikaika, a puʻupuʻu hoʻi, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o kahi hekili. Hiki iā lākou ke lohe ʻia ma kahi o 5-7 mau mile.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wā hānau, kahi no 9-9.5 mau mahina. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, nānā ka wahine i kahi kaʻawale, kahi mamao loa no ka hānau hānau a me nā lau i ka manawa o ko lākou hoʻomaka. Inā ʻaʻohe ona manawa e loaʻa ai, hānau ʻia ka bipi keiki i ka ʻohana. Hiki i hoʻokahi wahine ke hānau i hoʻokahi bipi keiki, he mea nui ʻole ka hānau ʻana o nā pēpē ʻelua. Hōʻike nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ka pipi i ka palupalu a mālama i ka pēpē - palu lākou, pale, mālama iā ia.
Ma 1.5-2 mau hola ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka pēpē ke kū a neʻe ma hope o ka makuahine.
ʻAi ʻo Bipi wahine i ka momona o ka waiū o ka makuahine nui-kalori ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki. Loaʻa ke kaupaona me ka wikiwiki, ikaika a oʻo. ʻEliu loa nā keiki bipi, pāʻani, a hoʻomaha ʻole, makemake lākou e lele a holo. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa pale ʻole a maʻalahi lākou i nā mea ʻaihue, no laila aia mau lākou i ke kahua o ka ʻike a nā mākua. Ua hōʻea ʻo Bison i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki 3-5. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe he 23-26 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o bison
Kiʻi: holoholona Bison
Ma muli o ko lākou ikaika, ikaika a me ka nui nui, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi o ka bison ma waena o nā lunamaka o ka honua holoholona i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nā ʻīlio hae, nāna e ʻimi holoholona keiki bipi, a me nā ʻelemākule a me nā mea maʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i nā Predators ke lanakila i nā buffalo ʻōpio a ikaika, ʻoiai lākou e ʻai iā lākou, e hoʻouka iā lākou me kahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa. Ua emi nui ka heluna o nā lehulehu Bison i nā kenekulia i hala aku nei ma muli o ka hana a ke kanaka hana. Ua ʻimi ʻimi ʻia lākou e nā Indians, nona ke ʻano o ke ola i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i kēia mau mammals herbivorous mana.
ʻO ka waiwai ka elelo a me ka puʻupuʻu, kahi hale waihona o ka momona, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā waihona no ka wā hoʻoilo. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻili holoholona ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai no ka hana lole ʻana, a ʻo nā wahi mānoanoa a mānoanoa hoʻi e hoʻohana i nā kāmaʻa a me nā kapuwaʻi nona. Ua hoʻohana nā India i nā ʻāpana āpau o ke kino o nā holoholona me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole.
Ma waho aʻe o nā lole, nā hale lole, nā mea holo, nā pā o nā kaʻa, nā kāʻei, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia mai ka ʻili a me nā ʻili. ʻO ka lauoho Bison ka mea e ulana ai nā kaula ikaika. Hoʻohana ʻia nā iwi e hana i nā mea ʻoki ʻoi, nā pono kīhini, hoʻohana ʻia ka lepo e hana i wahie, a hoʻohana ʻia nā mauʻu i mea e kāpili ai.
Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema a hiki i ka makahiki 1840, ʻaʻole i hoʻokau ka hana a ke kanaka i ka hoʻopau loa ʻana i nā laha a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o kāna helu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Bison mai ʻAmelika
I nā kenekulia i hala iho nei, ua hōʻole ka helu o nā bison i kahi pae catastrophic. I nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 35,000 poʻo. ʻO ka nui he stepison bison. He mea kūpono nō hoʻi ia e mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā holoholona ma nā mahiʻai pilikino. Wahi a nā kuhi o nā zoologists, ʻo ka helu o nā ungulate i mālama ʻia i ka lawe pio ʻana i 5000 mau kānaka.
Ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano nāhelehele i loko o ka puke Red. Ua hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana o kahi laha ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka luku loa. Hānai nui ʻia ʻo Bison no nā hana ʻoihana ma nā mahiʻai kūikawā. Wahi a nā kuhi o nā zoologists, aia ma kahi o ka hapalua miliona mau poʻo ma ka ʻāina o ia mau mahiʻai.
I ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 18, aia ma kahi o 60 miliona poʻo o nā holoholona i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Ma hope o 1840, ua hoʻomaka kahi ʻimi ʻimi na nā herbivores. Ua mālama ʻia ia i ka laulā kupaianaha wale nō 25 mau makahiki ma hope. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana o kahi laina kaʻaahi transcontinental, a i mea e ʻumeʻume ai i nā mea kaʻa, a, no laila, loaʻa kālā, ua kono ʻia nā mea kaʻahele e lilo i poʻe komo i kahi huakaʻi pīhoihoi.
Hiki i nā poʻe kaʻa o ke kaʻaahi neʻe ke wehe i ke ahi i nā holoholona hānai maluhia, me ka waiho ʻana i nā kānaka he nui e make ana. Ua pepehi ʻia lākou i mea e loaʻa ai kaʻiʻo e hānai i nā limahana i hana i ke kūkulu ʻana o ke alahao. Aia kekahi nui loa o nā bison ʻaʻole i ʻoki pinepine ʻia ko lākou mau kupapaʻu, ʻo ka elelo wale nō ka mea i ʻoki ʻia.
He moʻolelo mōʻaukala hoihoi. Ua ulu mau ka nui o nā mea ʻimi holoholona bison. Ma o 1965, aia ma mua o ʻelua miliona o lākou. ʻO ka mea makemake nui loa - Buffalo Beale - luku ʻia i 4280 mau kānaka.
Kiaʻi Buffalo
Kiʻi: Bison mai ka puke ʻula
Ua helu ʻia ʻo Bison i loko o ka puke Red international me ke kūlana o kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane make. I ka makahiki 1905, ua ʻike a hoʻomaopopo ka mana o ʻAmelika i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā holoholona i ka pau ʻana o ka make, a ua hana i ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i nā holoholona. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau mālama mālama ʻāina - Montana, Oklahoma, Dakota, a ʻo ka panalāʻau nona ka malu o nā luna kūloko. ʻO kēlā mau hanana i hāʻawi i kā lākou hopena.
I loko o ʻelima mau makahiki, ua pāpālua ka heluna holoholona, a ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe i 9,000. Ma Kanada, ua hana pū ʻia kekahi hana nui, a ua hopena i kahi neʻe nui a me ka hana a nā luna a me nā kamaʻāina kūloko, i manaʻo ʻia e hakakā me ka luku ʻia o ka bison.
I ka makahiki 1915, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Wood Buffalo National Park, i hoʻolālā ʻia e mālama a hoʻonui i ka helu o ka lāʻau bison. Buffalo palekana ʻia e nā mea hoʻoulu kuleana holoholona a i kēia lā e pili ana i 35,000 mau kānaka.
Lā paʻi: 27.03.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 9:11
